生物滞留系统对城市路面径流的净化性能小型试验与模拟

为研究生物滞留系统对西北典型城市路面径流的净化性能,设计了多组不同结构的生物滞留小型试验柱,通过室外试验、数理统计和模型模拟,研究填料类型、填料厚度、淹没区深度、植物种类等因素对生态滞留设施水质净化效果的影响。研究表明:沙子和粉煤灰混合填料对污染物的综合去除率为85.03%,净化效果最佳;增加人工填料厚度可以提高对污染物浓度的净化效果,在40,50,60cm 3种厚度对比下,填料厚度为60cm时,综合去除率为56.61%,污染物净化效果最佳;淹没区深度的变化对氮素净化效果的影响比较明显,在20,30,40cm 3种淹没区深度下,40cm淹没区深度时TN去除率为50.84%,净化效果最佳;黄杨和黑麦草植物组合净化效果最佳,在NO_3~--N的净化效果方面,相比于水蜡+麦冬草,前者可将净化效果提升10%左右。建立了生物滞留系统净化效果与各影响因素的多元线性回归模型,模拟精度良好。采用Hydrus-1D模型对TN在生态滞留系统中的迁移进行模拟,结果可靠。     

模拟盐度变化对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响

为探究人工湿地处理含盐生活废水的可行性,本研究构建了小尺度的人工湿地模拟系统,比较了不同盐度(0.0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%)下人工湿地芦苇的生长情况以及几种典型污染物的去除效果。结果表明:①盐度对人工湿地中芦苇生长的影响表现出"低盐促进"、"高盐抑制"的特点,在0.5%进水盐度下,芦苇有最高株高1.22 m和最大基径0.48cm;②人工湿地对COD的去除率总体表现为随盐度的升高先升高后降低,在盐度为0.5%时,COD去除率达到最高84.86%;③当进水盐度为0.5%时,人工湿地对氮磷的去除几乎没有受到盐度的抑制;当进水盐度高于1.0%,随着盐度的升高,TN(总氮)、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~–-N、TP(总磷)的去除率均显著降低(P0.05),在2.0%盐度下分别下降到了44.40%、58.89%、49.23%、49.49%,相较0.0%盐度时分别降低了38.5%、23.4%、23.8%、19.2%。④不同污染物受盐分抑制程度不同,氮比磷更容易受到盐分的抑制,NH_4~+-N比NO_3~–-N更容易受到盐分的抑制。     

几种植物去除污染水体中养分效果研究

对城市尾水和人工模拟富营养化水体进行了静态培养试验.通过比较不同植物对城市尾水中氮、磷去除效果,以及它们在不同磷浓度条件下对不同形态氮素去除效果研究,目的在于筛选出适合治理富养分污染水体的植物品种.研究结果表明,空心菜(Ipomiea aquatica)、酸模(Rumex acetosa)、莎草(Cyperus glomeratus)3种植物都能很好地吸收尾水中的营养物质,且生长状况良好.经3种植物处理的城市尾水,其氮、磷浓度随水培时间的增加而降低.莎草、酸模对污水中TN的去除率达90%以上,其中莎草最高,达93.4%;空心菜对全磷的去除率最高达76.9%.NH_4~+-N在处理前期变化显著,且莎草的净化效果最好达94.4%;污水中NO_3~--N含量随着水培时间的增加而逐渐下降,但在试验后期NO_3~--N又有所增加.酸模去除NO_3~--N效果最好,达65.4%.另外3种植物对NH4+-N和NO_3~--N都具有一定的吸收作用,并且优先吸收NH_4~+-N.且从对于NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N净化效果看,莎草>酸模>空心菜.     

生物炭和秸秆添加对海南热带水稻土氮素淋溶的影响

通过室内土柱模拟淋洗试验,研究不同水分条件下添加秸秆和生物炭对海南热带水稻土氮淋失的影响。物料添加设对照(CK)、添加生物炭(B)、生物炭+水稻秸秆(BCS)、水稻秸秆(CS)4个处理,培养水分设75%田间持水量(WHC,模拟旱作土壤)和淹水(模拟水田)2个水平。结果表明,生物炭和秸秆添加均可以提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和有效磷含量。75%WHC条件下,相比CK,BCS和CS处理显著增加土壤NH_4~+—N的淋失量,分别增加16.30%和48.56%,B处理无显著差异;CS处理增加土壤NO_3~-—N淋失,BCS处理降低土壤NO_3~-—N淋失,B处理对硝、铵态氮淋失无显著影响;BCS和CS处理显著增加土壤硝、铵态氮总量(S)淋失,B处理对S无显著影响。淹水条件下,相比CK,B处理降低土壤的NH_4~+—N和S的淋失,分别降低16.30%和12.81%,而对NO_3~-—N淋失量无显著影响;CS处理土壤降低土壤NH_4~+—N、NO_3~-—N和S的淋失,分别降低19.26%,33.96%和22.37%;BCS处理降低土壤NH_4~+—N和S的淋失,分别降低14.52%和14.19%,但对NO_3~-—N淋失影响不显著。综上,海南热带地区稻菜轮作种植模式下,旱作条件秸秆还田增加土壤NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N的淋失,但生物炭对硝、铵态氮淋失无影响;水田时,生物炭添加可以降低土壤NH_4~+—N淋失,对NO_3~-—N无影响,秸秆还田后土壤NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N的淋失均降低。     

不同生物质灰渣填充密度下处理生活污水的效果研究

以生物质灰渣为研究对象,采用土柱淋溶模拟法,研究在不同生物质灰渣填充密度R1(0.3g/cm~3)、R2(0.35g/cm~3)、R3(0.4g/cm~3)下,生物质灰渣对生活污水中主要污染物即化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_3—N)、总磷(TP)的去除效果。结果表明:生物质灰渣对COD的去除率随着填料密度的增加先升高后降低,表现为R2(59.1%)R1(58.0%)R3(44.4%),其中R2处理效果明显优于R1和R3处理;R1、R2、R3对TN的去除率分别为84.8%,43.3%,26.1%,而对污水中氨氮的去除效果良好,去除率均达到97%以上;对污水中TP而言,3种密度下平均出水TP浓度分别为0.406,0.249,0.406mg/L,平均去除率大小为分别为R2(91.3%)R1(85.8%)R3(85.6%),去除效果较好。在试验后期由于被吸附的磷被释放出来,故对污水中TP的去除效果并不明显,但R2处理效果仍优于其他2种处理。总体而言,生物质灰渣可有效去除污水中COD、TN、NH_3—N和TP,其中NH_3—N和TP的除去率均在85%以上,生物质灰渣填料密度为0.35g/cm~3的处理效果最好。     

不同粒径生物质灰渣填料净化生活污水的试验研究

以生物质灰渣为研究对象,采用室内土柱淋溶模拟法,研究了不同粒径组合的生物质灰渣对生活污水中化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH+4-N)的去除效果。结果表明:(1)COD的去除效果随粒径的增加而增加,L1处理(0.25~0.5mm粒径组合)对COD的去除效果最好,去除率在79.2%以上;(2)试验运行期间,出水TN浓度随进水次数的增加而增加,前期各处理均保持较高的TN去除率,整个试验过程L6处理对TN的去除效果最明显;(3)出水TP浓度随着试验的进行逐渐升高,在整个试验过程中,出水TP浓度表现为L6L5L2L3L1L4处理,其中L4处理对TP的去除效果稳定,平均去除率达48.7%,小粒径填料对TP的去除效果较差;(4)各处理均能有效的去除氨氮,去除率均在90%以上,但较大粒径的填料对氨氮的去除效果更好。总体而言,小粒径生物质灰渣对TN有较好的去除效果,大粒径填料L1处理对COD和氨氮去除效果较好,均一中粒径的L4处理对TP的去除效果较好。     

聚天门冬氨酸钙盐对水稻田面水中三氮动态变化的影响

利用桶栽试验探究不同浓度水平的聚天门冬氨酸钙盐(PASP-Ca)对水稻田面水中铵态氮(NH_4~+)、硝态氮(NO_3~-)和总氮(TN)浓度动态变化的影响。结果表明,施氮后,田面水中TN、NH_4~+和NO_3~-分别于第1,3,9天达到最大值,随后逐渐降低。NO_3~-/TN多在0.1以下,(NH_4~++NO_3~-)/TN多在0.5以上。因此,可以将NH_4~+和TN作为农田水污染防治的主要监测指标,NO_3~-作为辅助指标。添加一定浓度的PASP—Ca能对田面水中氮素浓度的变化起到缓释作用,其中0.3%浓度水平的PASP—Ca效果相对较好,田面水中NH_4~+和TN的下降速率分别为3.452,4.806mg/(L·d),与单施氮肥(CK)相比,分别降低了11.68%和16.25%;同时,NH_4~+的平均浓度为6.999mg/L,较CK低了3.88%;NO_3~-的平均浓度为0.396mg/L,较CK低了24.83%;TN的平均浓度为20.077mg/L,较CK提升了3.10%。施氮后田面水中TN浓度随时间呈对数递减,而NH_4~+浓度在施氮后3天内随时间呈对数增加,之后随时间呈对数递减趋势。施氮后的9天内是防止稻田田面水中氮素流失的关键时期。     

不同水力负荷下生物质灰渣填料系统处理生活污水的研究

以生物质灰渣为填充材料,采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验方法,研究了5种水力负荷下生物质灰渣填料对生活污水的处理效果。结果表明:在试验初期,系统内部微生物的活性弱,导致系统出水COD和TN浓度较高。随着进水次数的增加,各指标出水浓度逐渐降低,到后期,随着吸附消纳的饱和,TN、TP和铵态氮浓度表现出逐渐升高的趋势。在整个系统运行期间,5种水力负荷下生物质灰渣对COD的平均去除率分别为39%,62.7%,60.7%,59.1%,60.2%;TN平均去除率分别为34.3%,84%,73.8%,67.4%,40.4%;5种水力负荷下TP出水浓度最高为1.248mg/L,平均出水浓度在0.149~0.496mg/L之间,TP平均去除率为83%~97.6%,去除效果较好;生物质灰渣对铵态氮的去除效果最好,平均去除率高达98%以上。试验后期,在W5处理的高水力负荷运行中,装置出现堵塞现象,系统不能正常运行。总体而言,水力负荷为7.5~10cm3/(cm2·d)时,生物质灰渣的处理效果最好。     

有无内部存水区的植生滞留槽中氮磷营养盐去除效率研究

设计2套不同结构的模拟装置,探讨内部存水区(IWS)的设置对氮磷营养盐去除效果的影响。以物质去除效率法计算营养盐NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TN和TP的去除效率并进行ANOVA差异性分析,研究雨水径流营养盐浓度在模拟装置中的沿程变化。结果表明:IWS的设置对NH+4-N的去除无显著影响,平均去除率均大于95%;对NO-3-N、TN和TP的去除效率影响显著,NO-3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为90.98%,87.28%,显著高于无IWS的模拟装置;TP平均去除率为-45.58%,显著低于无IWS的模拟装置(90.97%),IWS区基质的磷含量较高是造成磷营养盐浸出、导致TP去除效率下降的重要原因。     

NaCl浓度对SBBR同步脱氮及N2O释放的影响

盐度是影响生物脱氮过程的重要因素。盐度增加会导致生物硝化和反硝化过程中N_2O的产生并释放。该文以添加NaCl的生活污水为研究对象,采用固定填料序批式生物膜反应器(sequencing batch biofilm reactor,SBBR),考察了不同NaCl浓度(0、5、10、15和20g/L)对SBBR脱氮性能及N_2O释放的影响。结果表明,试验NaCl浓度范围内,SBBR出水COD稳定在40～60mg/L。硝化过程NO_2~-/NO_3~-随NaCl浓度增加而增加。NaCl浓度≤10g/L时,NH_4~+-N去除率大于95%,N_2O产率由4.08%(NaCl浓度为0)增至6.72%(NaCl浓度为10 g/L)。NaCl浓度为20 g/L时,驯化后SBBR内平均NH_4~+-N去除率为70%,平均N_2O产率为13.60%。无添加NaCl时,N_2O主要产生于硝化阶段的AOB好氧反硝化过程,SBBR内缺氧区有助于减少N_2O释放;高NaCl浓度条件下,N_2O主要产生于AOB好氧反硝化过程和内源同步反硝化过程,高盐度加剧内源反硝化阶段NO_2~-和N_2O之间电子竞争,抑制N_2O还原,其活性抑制性能与电子受体和初始C/N有关。与硝态氮还原速率和亚硝态氮还原速率相比,氧化亚氮还原速率受NaCl抑制最为明显,是导致高盐度条件下N_2O释放量增加的重要因素。     

膜生物反应器处理猪场污水研究

为探讨膜生物反应器(MBR)处理猪场污水的可行性和膜生物反应器的运行、操作条件,为膜生物反应器在处理猪场污水中的应用提供必要的基础参数,该文采用U型中空纤维膜和L式中空纤维膜生物反应器,对不同的化学需氧量(COD)及氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)进水浓度、溶解氧水平(DO)、污泥龄(SRT)进行了4种工况试验研究。结果表明,MBR作为猪场污水处理好氧段是可行的,当进水COD平均浓度为1860 mg/L,U型、L式膜平均去除率分别为84.10％,81.20％;NH⁺₄-N进水平均浓度为511 mg/L,U型、L式膜平均去除率分别为93.81％,93.61％。     

Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia Nitrogen Removal in a Non-saturated Layer of a Strengthened Constructed Rapid Infiltration System

A strengthened constructed rapid infiltration (SCRI) system is a sewage treatment system derived from a constructed rapid infiltration (CRI) system. The SCRI tank structure primarily includes saturated and non-saturated layers. The degradation of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the conversion of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) are primarily performed in a non-saturated layer. To study the COD and NH₄ ⁺-N removal process in a non-saturated layer, two organic glass columns with a radius of 2.5 cm and a height of 70 cm were loaded with layers of soil from the Shunyi district of Beijing. The primary goal of this research is to quantify the removal effect factors and the relationship of the COD and NH₄ ⁺-N in the non-saturated layer. The SCRI system functioned successfully under a wetting-drying ratio of 1:5 with hydraulic loading at 1.0 m³/ (m²·d) for over 2 months. Our results show that the removal rate of NH₄ ⁺-N is approximately 69.11%, and the removal efficiency of COD is approximately 90.46%. The removal of COD is only slightly affected by pH, while the removal of NH₄ ⁺-N is greatly influenced by pH.     

A Novel High Capacity Biofilm Reactor System for Treatment of Domestic Sewage

A lab-scale novel biofilm reactor system, Ultra-Compact Biofilm Reactor (UCBR), was studied to investigate its performance and operational characteristics for domestic sewage treatment. The reactor was operated at four different hydraulic retention times, namely, 90, 60, 30 and 15 min. The operating ranges of volumetric loading rates in terms of COD, BOD₅, NH⁺ ₄-N and TKN were 5.6-62.1 kg COD/m³ d, 2.6-32.5 BOD₅/m³ d, 0.6-3.2 kg NH⁺ ₄-N/m³ d and 0.82-6.2 kg TKN/m³ d, respectively. The COD, BOD₅ and NH⁺ ₄-N removal efficiencies at 90-min hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 60-min HRT could exceed 80%, 90% and 99%, respectively. The corresponding maximum biomass concentrations were 12.0 g/L and 15.0 g/L at 90-min HRT and 60-min HRT, respectively. At 30-min HRT, the biomass concentration increased to a maximum of 24.0 g/L. However, COD and BOD₅ removal efficiencies decreased to 75% and 80%, respectively, while the NH⁺ ₄-N nitrification efficiency decreased to only 25% to 30%. These observations suggested that high biomass concentration alone was not sufficient to provide a high removal capacity in a UCBR. Further reduction in HRT to 15 min led to an excessive biomass decline from 22.5 g/L to 4.0 g/L. On the whole, the UCBR was able to sustain COD removal and NH⁺ ₄-N conversion of up to 5.96-18.70 kg COD/m³ d and 0.73-1.00 kg NH⁺ ₄-N/m³ d, respectively.     

Optimization of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment by Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands Under Tropical Conditions: Plant Species Selection and Polishing by a Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland

Typha latifolia-planted vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSF CWs) can be used to treat petroleum refinery wastewater. This study evaluated if the removal efficiency of VSSF CWs can be improved by changing the plant species or coupling horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CWs) to the VSSF CW systems. The VSSF CWs had a removal efficiency of 76% for biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), 73% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 70% for ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N), 68% for nitrate-N (NO₃^?-N), 49% for phosphate (PO₄^3?-P), 68% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 89% for turbidity. The HSSF CWs planted with T. latifolia further reduced the contaminant load of the VSSF CW-treated effluent, giving an additional removal efficiency of 74, 65, 43, 65, 58, 50, and 75% for, respectively, BOD₅, COD, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^?-N, PO₄^3?-P, TSS, and turbidity. The combined hybrid CW showed, therefore, an improved effluent quality with overall removal efficiencies of, respectively, 94% for BOD₅, 88% for COD, 84% for NH₄⁺-N, 89% for NO₃^?-N, 78% for PO₄^3?-P, 85% for TSS, and 97% for turbidity. T. latifolia strived well in the VSSF and HSSF CWs, which may have contributed to the high NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃^?-N, and PO₄^3?-P removal efficiencies. T. latifolia-planted VSSF CWs showed a higher contaminant removal efficiency compared to the unplanted VSSF CW. T. latifolia is thus a suitable plant species for treatment of secondary refinery wastewater. Also a T. latifolia-planted hybrid CW is a viable alternative for the treatment of secondary refinery wastewater under the prevailing climatic conditions in Nigeria.     

Simultaneous Pollutant Removal and Electricity Generation in a Combined ABR-MFC-MEC System Treating Fecal Wastewater

Simultaneous power generation and fecal wastewater treatment were investigated using a combined ABR-MFC-MEC system (anaerobic baffled reactor-microbial fuel cell-microbial electrolysis cell). The installation of multi-stage baffles can benefit retaining the suspended solids in the system and help separate the hydrolysis-acidification and the methanogen processes. The efficiencies of the nitrification-denitrification process were improved because of the weak current generation by coupling the microbial electrochemical device (MFC-MEC) with the ABR unit. Maximum removal rates for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) were 1.35 ± 0.05 kg COD/m³/day and 85.0 ± 0.4 g NH₄ ⁺-N/m³/day, respectively, while 45% of methane (CH₄), 9% of carbon dioxide (CO₂), and 45% of nitrogen gas (N₂) contents in volume ratio were found in the collected gas phase. An average surplus output voltage of 452.5 ± 10.5 mV could be achieved from the combined system, when the initial COD concentration was 1500.0 ± 20.0 mg/L and the initial NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was 110.0 ± 5.0 mg/L, while the effluent COD could reach 50.0 mg/L with an HRT of 48 h. The combined process has the potential to treat fecal wastewater efficiently with nearly zero energy input and a fair bio-fuel production.     

湿地植物对农村生活污水中氮磷的净化作用

[目的] 探讨水生植物修复技术对农村生活污水的治理效果,为乡村生态综合治理提供思路借鉴和参考资料。[方法] 通过模拟室内控制试验的方法,选取不同生态型的6种湿地植物为研究对象,分析植株生物量、去除率、植物积累量、底泥吸附量等多项指标变化,研究不同水生植物及其组合对污水中氮磷的净化效果差异以及水生植物系统的脱氮除磷特征。[结果] 无论单一种植组或混合种植组,水生植物系统对污水中TN,NH₄⁺-N,TP均有较好的净化效果,平均去除率分别达到96.6%,93.2%和95.9%,显著高于对照组。单一种植的再力花长势最好,鸢尾地上和地下部分生物量的比值最大,混合种植的美人蕉以及单一种植的梭鱼草相对生长速率最低。挺水植物对氮素的吸收作用更好,苦草对磷的吸收效果更好。植物吸收氮、磷占系统总去除量的比例在6.9%~18.3%和4.1%~13.6%之间,底泥吸附氮、磷占总去除量的比例在14.0%~31.5%和26.3%~68.4%之间。微生物及其他植物的间接作用是植物系统脱氮除磷的主要影响因素。[结论] 再力花、鸢尾及苦草的镶嵌组合是在淮北平原区湿地植物种植的理想选择。对水生植物的组合方式、数量、时间等进行优化配置,能够有效用于农村生活污水的净化。     

碱蓬浮床对海水养殖尾水的修复效果

[目的]利用碱蓬浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水进行修复,为治理严重的海洋环境问题提供新的方法。[方法]通过设计一种兼具物理、化学、生物协同作用的新型组合式碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)浮床,研究其对富营养化海水养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的去除效果,并与传统浮床进行对比。[结果]组合式浮床对TN,NH_4~+-N,TP,COD_(Mn)的去除率分别为62.14%,93.94%,73.05%和60.91%,较传统浮床去除率分别提高了27.36%,21.27%,19.51%,12.43%。[结论]组合式浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水具有明显的修复能力。     

Nutrient Removal in Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetlands Treating Eutrophic River Water: Assessment of Plants, Intermittent Artificial Aeration and Polyhedron Hollow Polypropylene Balls

Seven experimental pilot-scale subsurface vertical-flow constructed wetlands were designed to assess the effect of plants [Typha latifolia L. (cattail)], intermittent artificial aeration and the use of polyhedron hollow polypropylene balls (PHPB) as part of the wetland substrate on nutrient removal from eutrophic Jinhe River water in Tianjin, China. During the entire running period, observations indicated that plants played a negligible role in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal but significantly enhanced ammonia–nitrogen (NH₄–N), nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) total nitrogen (TN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) removal. The introduction of intermittent artificial aeration and the presence of PHPB could both improve COD, NH₄–N, TN, SRP and TP removal. Furthermore, aerated wetlands containing PHPB performed best; the following improvements were noted: 10.38 g COD/m² day, 1.34 g NH₄–N/m² day, 1.04 g TN/m² day, 0.07 g SRP/m² day and 0.07 g TP/m² day removal, if compared to non-aerated wetlands without PHPB being presented.     

Trials of Treating Decentralized Domestic Sewage from a Residential Area by Potassium Ferrate(VI)

The present study aims to investigate the performance of potassium ferrate(VI) in treating decentralized domestic sewage from a rural scattered residential area. Major results were that around 90% of total phosphorus (TP) and 40% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be reduced when 25 mg L^?1 of ferrate(VI) was applied. The removal of ammonia and total nitrogen (NH₃–N and TN) was also monitored. However, the nitrogen removal during the chemical dosing was rather low. Big fluctuations of removal rates were observed against shock pollutants concentrations. Considering its strong ability in removing emerging organic pollutants and P, ferrate(VI) is competitive in the treatment of decentralized domestic sewage as an advanced treatment unit following some traditional treatment units.