豆科禾本科作物间作的根际生物过程研究进展

间作作为一种可持续发展的种植模式不仅具有产量和养分获取的优势,而且能够保证粮食安全、降低作物减产风险。在众多间作组合中,豆科禾本科作物间作由于种间促进及生态位互补作用,而在世界范围内被广泛应用。根际是作物-土壤-微生物相互作用的界面,是养分、水分及有害物质从土壤进入作物系统参与食物链物质循环的必经门户,在根际中所发生的生物过程不仅决定着养分的供应量和有效性,而且也影响着作物的生产力和养分利用效率。因此,本文从豆科禾本科间作的根际生物过程角度出发,综述了豆科禾本科间作对根系形态、根际微生物、根系分泌物及其生态效应的研究进展,为豆科禾本科间作体系在修复重金属污染土壤、提高土壤中养分有效性以及植物遗传改良等方面的应用提供理论依据。     

科研简讯

“间套作根系相互作用及其养分资源高效利用的机理研究”成果通过鉴定该项目由我校李隆教授和张福锁教授完成,2005年3月11日通过北京市科委鉴定,认为该成果在同类研究中处于国际领先水平。该项目针对我国间套作复合种植体系,进行了根系相互作用及养分资源高效利用机理的系统研究。取得的创新成果有:1)豆与玉米间作产量优势主要取决于地下部根系的良好分布及营养高效利用的共同作用;2)套作系统中豆科作物较强的根际酸化能力及其酸性磷酸酶活性促进了非豆科作物对磷的吸收,两作物在根系空间分布上有互补作用,这是间套作作物群体磷高效的主要机…     

根系分泌物对作物养分吸收利用的影响研究进展

根系分泌物是作物与土壤交流的主要媒介，对于土壤养分活化、作物养分吸收、作物生长等均有重要作用。为探究根系分泌物与作物、土壤和微生物之间的关系，利用不同的根系分泌物来实现种间促进、提高自然资源利用率和农业生产力，本文归纳总结了根系分泌物的分类、功能及对土壤养分（氮、磷、钾和铁）的活化、作物养分吸收和作物生长的影响，讨论了有关作物应对养分胁迫的不同机制，并提出研究展望：一是加强根系分泌物的鉴定手段，实现根系分泌物组分的原位无损伤鉴定和分析；二是运用多学科交叉知识进一步揭示根系分泌物所介导的作物养分高效利用的根土界面生物互作过程；三是加强验证根系分泌物影响植物应对生物和非生物胁迫的目标基因和微生物的功能定位研究，利用基因工程手段达到有效改善植物健康的目的；四是推进研究成果向科技应用转化的进程，利用仿生学原理将有益的根系分泌物应用到实际生产中。     

土壤连作障碍发生的原因及其调控研究进展

连作障碍是在农业生产中常见的现象。研究发现,发生连作障碍的土壤主要是因为植物根系微生物生态结构失调,产生并积累了病原微生物,且这种病原微生物大大抑制了有益根系微生物的生长,并进一步导致土壤养分丢失、土壤pH值失调,最终导致植物病虫害增加,作物产量和质量下降。通过施用根际促生菌、有机肥、嫁接和生物质炭等方法,能明显减少植物自毒物质,增加有益土壤微生物,并改善根际土壤微生物生态结构,从而减轻植物连作障碍的问题。     

根际微生物组构建的影响因素研究进展

基于根际微生物调控作物生长发育已成为生态健康和农业发展研究的热点。综述了国内外关于植物根际微生物组构建影响因素的相关研究进展,探讨了根际周边微生物从土壤进入植物根系内部的定殖选择过程,重点关注植物本体、土壤类型、地理位置、生长环境等因素对植物根际微生物组的调控作用,揭示国内外研究中发现的影响根际微生物组构建的主控因素,阐明根际微生物组-宿主复杂的互作关系,以期为绿色农业、环境生态保护等研究提供新的思路。     

玉米/大豆间作条件下养分的高效利用机理

通过盆栽模拟试验,研究了玉米／大豆间作条件下作物根系形态特征、根系活力、根际土壤有效养分含量和养分高效利用机理。结果表明,间作体系中的玉米地上生物学产量和经济产量较单作玉米增加38．73％和23．4％,增产显著。玉米／大豆间作条件下玉米根系形态特征、根系活力、根际土壤有效养分含量都显著高于单作作物,间作作物根际中土壤细菌、真菌数量、土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性较单作分别增加2．3倍、94．58％、53．38％、22．45％。有利于土壤中复杂态氮磷化合物转化为可给态的无机化合物,加速氮磷的分解和转移,提高根际土壤的有效养分含量。整个间作系统有明显的地上生物产量和经济产量优势。     

中国科学院南京土壤研究所黄瓜根系分泌物释放特性研究取得进展

正根系分泌物是植物根系释放到根际环境中的有机物质的总称,属土壤微生物易于分解的、可直接利用的碳源,是植物、土壤和微生物三者间的桥梁,在土壤结构形成、土壤养分转化、植物养分吸收、土壤微生物分布、环境污染修复等方面起着重要作用。根系分泌物在土壤中会迅速被微生物降解,同时根系分泌物本身含量较低、组分复杂,迫切需要建立可行、高效、稳定的根系分泌物收集、分离纯化和鉴定方法,以支撑根际研究。     

根际促生菌对植物生长的影响及其作用机制

长期以来,我国农业生产过度依赖化肥,忽视了植物-微生物-土壤系统巨大的生物学潜力。植物根际促生菌可以在根际释放养分,具有促进植物生长的功能,是微生物肥料的主要来源菌种,具有广阔的应用前景。在我国化肥减施政策的约束下,研究植物根际促生菌的促生特性及其作用,对于推动农业的高产和高效具有重要作用。因此,本文综述了国内外关于植物根际促生菌在促进植物生长方面的作用机制及土壤-促生菌-植物互作机制的研究进展,并对其在微生物肥料开发、应用及推动绿色农业发展中的应用进行展望。     

根系分泌物的收集及其介导的种间互作

根系分泌物是植物根系向根际分泌的自身代谢产物,是植物与根际环境对话的调控者,调控植物与植物、植物与微生物、微生物与微生物的相互关系。近年来,国内外学者摸索出多种收集根系分泌物的方法,并借此初步揭示根系分泌物在土壤种间互作中发挥的重要作用。通过阐述根系分泌物的概念和收集方法,分析不同方法的利弊;着重阐述根系分泌物在植物-植物、植物-土壤微生物种间互作中的重要作用,以及种间互作在生态农业中的应用;并提出今后研究的主要问题和发展方向。     

植物根际促生菌的研究进展

植物根际促生菌是从植物根部分离出的微生物,借助其代谢过程或代谢产物,以改善植物生长条件,尤其是营养环境。如固定空气中的游离氮,参与土壤中养分的转化,增加有效养分,分泌激素,刺激植物根系发育,抑制有害微生物活动等。农业生产中大面积应用化肥、农药提高作物产量的同时,也产生了极大的环境问题,并且使生产成本提高。随着现代生物科学技术的进步,人们对应用微生物来代替化肥和农药寄予了厚望,从而对植物与根际促生菌关系的研究给予了高度重视。     

Effects of maize-soybean relay intercropping on crop nutrient uptake and soil bacterial community

Maize-soybean relay intercropping is an effective approach to improve the crop yield and nutrient use efficiency, which is widely practiced by farmers in southwest of China. To elucidate the characteristics of different planting patterns on crop nutrient uptake, soil chemical properties, and soil bacteria community in maize-soybean relay intercropping systems, we conducted a field experiment in 2015–2016 with single factor treatments, including monoculture maize(MM), monoculture soybean(MS), maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS), and fallow(CK). The results showed that the N uptake of maize grain increased in IMS compared with MM. Compared with MS, the yield and uptake of N, P, and K of soybean grain were increased by 25.5, 24.4, 9.6, and 22.4% in IMS, respectively, while the N and K uptakes in soybean straw were decreased in IMS. The soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and soil organic matter contents were significantly higher in IMS than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK. Moreover, the soil protease, soil urease, and soil nitrate reductase activities in IMS were higher than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK. The phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria dominated in all treatments. Shannon's index in IMS was higher than that of the corresponding monocultures and CK. The phylum Proteobacteria proportion was positively correlated with maize soil organic matter and soybean soil total nitrogen content, respectively. These results indicated that the belowground interactions increased the crop nutrient(N and P) uptake and soil bacterial community diversity, both of which contributed to improved soil nutrient management for legume-cereal relay intercropping systems.     

OPPORTUNITIES AND APPROACHES FOR MANIPULATING SOIL-PLANT MICROBIOMES FOR EFFECTIVE CROP NITROGEN USE IN AGROECOSYSTEMS

● Matching nitrification inhibitors with soil properties and nitrifiers is vital to achieve a higher NUE. ● Enhancing BNF, DNRA and microbial N immobilization processes via soil amendments can greatly contribute to less chemical N fertilizer input. ● Plant-associated microbiomes are critical for plant nutrient uptake, growth and fitness. ● Coevolutionary trophic relationships among soil biota need to be considered for improving crop NUE. Soil microbiomes drive the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and regulate soil N supply and loss, thus, pivotal nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Meanwhile, there is an increasing awareness that plant associated microbiomes and soil food web interactions is vital for modulating crop productivity and N uptake. The rapid advances in modern omics-based techniques and biotechnologies make it possible to manipulate soil-plant microbiomes for improving NUE and reducing N environmental impacts. This paper summarizes current progress in research on regulating soil microbial N cycle processes for NUE improvement, plant-microbe interactions benefiting plant N uptake, and the importance of soil microbiomes in promoting soil health and crop productivity. We also proposes a potential holistic (rhizosphere-root-phyllosphere) microbe-based approach to improve NUE and reduce dependence on mineral N fertilizer in agroecosystems, toward nature-based solution for nutrient management in intensive cropping systems.     

Understanding the biochar's role in ameliorating soil acidity

Extensive acidic soils, which suffer from accelerated soil acidification, are found in southern China. Soil acidity, aluminum toxicity, and nutrient deficiencies severely limited crop productivity in acidic soils. It has been widely reported that crop residue biochars can ameliorate acidic soils and increase crop productivity. Here, we summarized the positive effects and mechanisms involved in the correction of soil acidity, the alleviation of aluminum toxicity and the increase of soil pH buffering capacity by crop residue biochars. The carbonate, oxygen-containing functional groups and silicates in biochars are the major components responsible for their efficacy in amending acidic soils and resisting soil re-acidification. We conclude that application of crop residue biochars may be a better option than traditional liming to ameliorate acidic soils. Nonetheless, further researches into soil acidification are still required to address some issues that are controversial and poorly understood.     

豆科和非固氮植物氮磷利用效率的比较研究

为深入理解物种养分利用策略,服务于农作物的施肥管理,选择固氮植物大豆及非固氮植物苋菜和稗草为研究对象,同时选择另一试验的苜蓿作为豆科植物的补充材料,利用温室施肥试验研究了固氮和非固氮植物氮(N)、磷(P)元素积累量与生长速率的关系以及NUE的差异。结果表明:豆科植物氮素利用效率在整个生育期显著低于非豆科植物;豆科植物苗期磷素利用效率高于其后几个时期。固氮植物中氮磷积累量每增加一倍对应的总生长速率平均增加0.5~0.7倍(大豆N:0.69,P:0.54;苜蓿N:0.52,P:0.53),显著低于非固氮植物总生长速率2~3倍的增加量(苋菜N:2.75,P:2.23;稗草N:2.87,P:2.10)。4种植物氮磷NUE的差异,体现了固氮与非固氮植物在其生活史中不同的养分利用和分配方式,及不同的环境养分适应策略,但差异背后的生理机制仍需进一步的研究。此外,若要提高化肥利用效率,应在豆科植物生长初期少施氮肥,增施磷肥。     

Maize–legume intercropping promote N uptake through changing the root spatial distribution,legume nodulation capacity,and soil N availability

Legume cultivars affect N uptake, component crop growth, and soil physical and chemical characteristics in maize–legume intercropping systems. However, how belowground interactions mediate root growth, N fixation, and nodulation of different legumes to affect N uptake is still unclear. Hence, a two-year experiment was conducted with five planting patterns, i.e., maize–soybean strip intercropping (IMS), maize–peanut strip intercropping (IMP), and corresponding monocultures (monoculture maize (MM), monoculture soybean (MS), and monoculture peanut (MP)), and two N application rates, i.e., no N fertilizer (N–) and conventional N fertilizer (N+), to examine relationships between N uptake and root distribution of crops, legume nodulation and soil N availability. Results showed that the averaged N uptake per unit area of intercrops was significantly lower than the corresponding monocultures. Compared with the monoculture system, the N uptake of the intercropping systems increased by 31.7–45.4% in IMS and by 7.4–12.2% in IMP, respectively. The N uptake per plant of intercropped maize and soybean significantly increased by 61.6 and 31.8%, and that of intercropped peanuts significantly decreased by 46.6% compared with the corresponding monocultures. Maize and soybean showed asymmetrical distribution of roots in strip intercropping systems. The root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RSAD) of intercropped maize and soybean were significantly greater than that of the corresponding monocultures. The roots of intercropped peanuts were confined, which resulted in decreased RLD and RSAD compared with the monoculture. The nodule number and nodule fresh weight of soybean were significantly greater in IMS than in MS, and those of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP. The soil protease, urease, and nitrate reductase activities of maize and soybean were significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monoculture, while the enzyme activities of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP. The soil available N of maize and soybean was significantly greater increased in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monocultures, while that of IMP was significantly lower than in MP. In summary, the IMS system was more beneficial to N uptake than the IMP system. The intercropping of maize and legumes can promote the N uptake of maize, thus reducing the need for N application and improving agricultural sustainability.     

中国冬油菜氮素养分管理策略

油菜是中国重要的油料作物,长江流域是其最主要种植区域,该区域的气候、土壤和种植制度决定了土壤养分供应特征、油菜生长和养分需求特征。作物高产、经济和养分高效是农业生产及其可持续发展的决定因素,油菜氮素吸收和土壤氮素供应在时间和空间上的不协调造成氮的缺乏或过量是油菜产量和收益的重要限制因子,合理的氮肥施用是保证油菜高产和氮肥高效的关键。论文从作物氮素需求、土壤氮素供应、氮肥施用关键技术及其配套措施等方面综述了国内外油菜氮肥管理的进展。在此基础上,结合中国冬油菜种植区域土壤和作物的特点,提出以"前促后稳"为核心,协调作物氮素需求和土壤氮素供应的冬油菜氮素养分综合管理策略。该策略的核心内容是:通过调节氮肥施用时期、比例和配比,满足油菜前期快速生长的氮素需求,后期则主要通过发挥土壤氮素供应,促进油菜氮素转移再利用;综合考虑不同轮作、秸秆还田条件下土壤氮素供应特点及后效,统筹氮肥的施用;配合合理密植、水肥管理、同其他元素肥料配施、机械深施等措施,以协同增效的方式实现油菜的高产和氮肥的高效。     

LysM-type mycorrhizal receptor recruited for rhizobium symbiosis in nonlegume Parasponia

Rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis is generally considered to be unique for legumes. However, there is one exception, and that is Parasponia. In this nonlegume, the rhizobial nodule symbiosis evolved independently and is, as in legumes, induced by rhizobium Nod factors. We used Parasponia andersonii to identify genetic constraints underlying evolution of Nod factor signaling. Part of the signaling cascade, downstream of Nod factor perception, has been recruited from the more-ancient arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis. However, legume Nod factor receptors that activate this common signaling pathway are not essential for arbuscular endomycorrhizae. Here, we show that in Parasponia a single Nod factor-like receptor is indispensable for both symbiotic interactions. Therefore, we conclude that the Nod factor perception mechanism also is recruited from the widespread endomycorrhizal symbiosis.     

不同镁肥对大豆生长和养分吸收的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验方法,研究不同镁肥对不同土壤大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merrill)生长发育和养分吸收的影响。结果表明:施用硫酸镁和氧化镁肥对大豆植株地上部生长和养分吸收具有明显的影响,但对根系的影响相对较小。2种镁肥在不同土壤类型上的效果表现各异,在褐土和褐土性土上施用硫酸镁肥对植株地上部生长和养分吸收影响明显,而氧化镁肥在石灰性褐土上施用效果显著。研究结果表明,在合理施用氮、磷、钾肥基础上,在褐土和褐土性土上施用适量的硫酸镁或在石灰性褐土上施用适量的氧化镁对大豆植株生长和养分吸收都有明显的促进作用。     

Soil Organic Nitrogen and Its Contribution to Crop Production

Plant growth and crop production depend to a large extent on soil N supplying capacity （SNSC）： The higher the SNSC, the higher the dependence of crops on soil and the lower the N fertilizer recovery. Of the SNSC, soil organic N （ON） played a key role in supplying N nutrient to crop production and still does in many subsistence and low-input farming systems. In this paper, soil ON contents, types, chemical components and its contribution to plant production are reviewed up to date in details, the characteristics of ON in dryland soils discussed together with its chemical components, and the mineralization and availability to plants of some important chemical components are emphasized at the last part for practical considerations.