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季节性冻融土壤水热耦合运移模拟 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
根据季节性冻融条件下土壤垂直一维水热运移状况,在地表能量质量平衡条件下,利用水热耦合模型对土壤温度和水分变化进行了模拟。模拟时考虑土壤冻结时冰和水对土壤体积热容、热传导及导水度的影响,并考虑了雪盖层的影响。本模型由实验所在地2008年1月1日至2010年12月31日连续3 a气象数据驱动,用实测地温、水分和冻结深度数据进行验证。结果表明,在地面以下0、5、40、80、160 cm等不同深处模拟温度与实测温度均方根误差(RMSE)分别为3.65、1.59、1.75、1.35、1.64℃,冻结深度也趋一致。除去表层,其他不同深度土壤含水量模拟值与实测值平均误差在3%左右,均方根误差低于4%。此模型及参数化方案能够模拟季节性冻融条件下一定深度土壤温度、水分运移状况,可用于多年冻土区活动层水、热变化规律研究,并可与生态过程模型耦合,从而改进冻土环境下生态系统模型中土壤温度、水分和冻融深度的模拟精度。 相似文献
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该文以河套灌区永济灌域为研究对象,建立考虑冻融影响的分段式水均衡模型,预报12种井渠结合节水情景的地下水动态响应。结果表明:冻融期间气温对地下水埋深的影响在时间上滞后46.5 d,两者相关关系明显;地下水开发利用越多、秋浇采用黄河水的比例越小,节水规模越大,同时地下水位下降越明显。12种节水情景中,节水规模占现状引水量的5.7%~15.5%,全灌域平均地下水埋深增加0.05~0.24 m,井渠结合区地下水埋深增加0.16~0.38 m;灌域引黄水量与地下水埋深关系用二次函数进行拟合,决定系数R~2达到0.88以上;灌溉水利用效率的提高以及地下水位下降引起潜水蒸发的减小是井渠结合节水的实质。分析结果表明,考虑冻融影响的水均衡模型简单实用,可为中国西北干旱半干旱地区开展井渠结合地下水响应预报提供参考。 相似文献
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为分析季节性冻融对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以藏东南色季拉山森林土壤为研究对象,通过野外控制性试验利用湿筛法测定团聚体组成,分析了0—10 cm, 10—20 cm, 20—30 cm深度土层各粒径团粒结构变化,以及土壤含水量(SWC),0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA)、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)、分形维数D、可蚀性K值各指标之间的关系。结果表明:(1)季节性冻融导致大团粒含量减少,小团粒含量增加,土壤结构失调。(2)含水量是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素之一。(3)季节性冻融作用整体上导致MWD,GMD变小,D值与K值变大,降低了土壤团聚体稳定性。(4)当土壤冻融次数在一定范围内STF-One中,WSA有所增加,土壤稳定性有所增强。(5)土壤团聚体WSA,MWD和GMD均与D值和K值呈负相关。(6)在SFT-Ys类型土壤中土壤结构变化,0.5 mm粒级是重要临界点。综上,研究为季节性冻融对土壤稳定性的影响提供数据支持,为冻土潜在受侵蚀情况提供理论依据。 相似文献
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利用天山北坡季节性冻土区的军塘湖流域观测场2013年和2014年冻融期冻土深度及各层土壤的温湿度数据,研究季节性冻土的冻融规律及冻融过程中土壤含水量的变化特征,探讨各层土壤水分分布及迁移特征对融雪径流的影响。结果表明:冻融过程中冻土深度会发生变化,且温度不同冻融速率不一;土壤水分的迁移受制于土壤温度的变化,特别是表层10cm土壤温湿度相关性极大;对比2013年,2014年数据,土壤表层10cm内的含水量变化会对融雪水的下渗有调控作用,从而影响下垫面的径流量。研究季节性冻土冻融过程及对融雪径流的影响,会对准确预报融雪性洪水有重要意义。 相似文献
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季节性冻融条件下草地入渗特性的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
通过对比分析季节性冻融条件下草地与裸地入渗试验结果,得到了草地冻融条件下的入渗规律。结果表明,在冻融各阶段,地表0~40 cm深度范围内,草地地温均高于裸地,但土壤含水率低于裸地;在土壤初冻和融化阶段,草地入渗90 min累积入渗量大于裸地,但其初始入渗强度小于裸地初始入渗强度;在土壤完全处于冻结状态时,草地与裸地的入渗过程、入渗量基本相同。研究结果为草地冻融土壤入渗特性的进一步研究奠定基础,为区域水土保持与生态修复工程及季节性冻土区冬春灌溉提供参考。 相似文献
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土壤冻融交替生态效应研究进展 总被引:22,自引:2,他引:20
土壤冻融作用是高纬度和高海拔地带性土壤热量动态的一种表现形式.国际上关于冻融的研究多集中在北方高纬度地带,特别是苔原、泰加林和北极生态系统,越来越集中在全球变化对冻融生态系统土壤过程的效应方面.已有研究表明冻融作用会引起土壤团聚结构破坏并导致冻融侵蚀、土壤溶液中养分浓度升高而导致土壤养分流失、土壤解冻后还可能导致土壤呼吸和N素矿化以及一些痕量气体短时间释放增加等,这些研究表明了冻融过程对土壤物理、化学、生物等各方面的效应.我国有大面积北方季节性地带冻土和青藏高原高海拔冻土,而在土壤冻融作用及生态效应方面的工作较少,值得关注和深入研究. 相似文献
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季节性冻融土壤水盐动态预测BP网络模型研究 总被引:11,自引:4,他引:7
冻融土壤水盐运移模拟预测一直是冻土物理学和土壤水科学研究的热点和难点,而冻土水盐运动的特殊规律与分配特性是影响河套灌区土壤盐渍化发生、发展和演变的重要因素。该文基于内蒙古河套灌区5个冻融期(1994~1999)的水分、盐分和温度的田间实测资料,利用人工神经网络对冻融土壤水盐耦合运移进行了联合预测。结果表明:初冻期地下水埋深、初冻期含水率、初冻期含盐量、秋浇水量、11月到翌年4月的月平均地温等10个影响因子可以有效表征冻融土壤水分和盐分之间的强烈耦合关系,神经网络预测模型具有较好的精度。该研究为冻融条件下土壤水盐动态预报和灌区灌溉管理的研究开辟了新的途径。 相似文献
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To evaluate the validity of different indices in estimating soil readily mineralizable N, soil microbial biomass (Nmic), soil active N (SAN), soluble organic N (SON), net N mineralization rate (NNR) and gross N mineralization rate (GNR) in mineral soils (0-10 cm) from six forest stands located in central Germany were determined and compared with two sampling times: April and November. Additionally, soil density fractionation was conducted for incubated soils (with addition of ^15NH4-N and glucose, 40 days) to observe the sink of added ^15N in different soil fractions. The study showed that Nmic and NNR in most stands differed significantly (P 〈 0.05) between the two sampling times, but not GNR, SAN and SON. In November, no close relationships were found between GNR and other N indices, or between Nrnic, SON, and SAN and forest type. However, in April, GNR was significantly correlated (P 〈 0.05) with Nmic, SAN, and NNR along with Nmlc under beech being significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) than under conifers. Furthermore, density fractionation revealed that the light fraction (LF, 0.063-2 mm, 〉 1.7 gcm^-3) was not correlated with the other N indices. In contrast, results from the incubation study proved that more 15N was incorporated into the heavy fraction (HF 〈 0.063 ram, 〉 1.7 g cm^-3) than into LF, indicaing that more labile N existed in HF than in LF. These findings suggested that attention should be paid to the differences existing in N status between agricultural and forest soils. 相似文献
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为探究全球气候变暖对东北农田黑土氮、磷有效性的影响,该研究以东北农田黑土为研究对象,采用红外辐射增温技术模拟气候变暖(增温5 ℃),将样地分为增温组(W)和对照组(C)来进行野外原位试验,通过测定土壤温度、土壤湿度、冻融循环次数、积雪厚度、冻结深度、铵态氮(ammonium N,${\\rm{NH}}_4^+-{\\rm{N}}$)、硝态氮(nitrate N,${\\rm{NO}}_{3}^{-}-{\\rm{N}}$)、全氮(total N,TN)、微生物量氮(microbial biomass N,MBN)、速效磷(available P,AP)、全磷(total P,TP)浓度,分析不同指标在冬季增温下的动态变化过程及其响应。结果表明:冬季增温显著提升土壤温度和含水率,进而增加土壤的冻融循环次数,并且减少了土壤积雪深度和冻结深度,使冻结时间点延后和融化时间点提前。增温组土壤相较于对照组,经过整个冬季后,土壤${\\rm{NH}}_4^+ -{\\rm{N}}$、${\\rm{NO}}_{3}^{-}-{\\rm{N}}$、TN、MBN和TP浓度分别降低126.38%、146.98%、51.23%、21.48%和12.61%, AP浓度提升了25.54%(P<0.05)。在冬季增温过程中,各时期土壤温度的提升会对土壤有效养分产生显著影响,导致在融化期氮素大量的流失。研究结果可为后续春季合理高效施肥,改善东北农田土壤质量提供理论基础。 相似文献
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有机肥和化肥长期施用对土壤活性有机氮组分及酶活性的影响 总被引:42,自引:9,他引:42
本文以中国农业科学院山东禹城长期定位施肥试验为平台,研究了长期施用有机肥和化肥26年后对土壤活性氮库不同组分[颗粒有机氮(POM-N)、 可溶性有机氮(DON)、 微生物量氮(SMBN)及轻组有机氮(LFOM-N)]及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与不施肥相比,长期施肥显著提高了土壤全氮、 颗粒有机氮、 可溶性有机氮、 微生物量氮以及轻组有机氮的含量,长期施有机肥效果好于化肥,施用高量有机肥效果好于施用常量有机肥。常量施用量下,50%有机肥和50%化肥配施处理其土壤全氮和活性有机氮库各组分含量与高量化肥处理的相当。长期施化肥处理土壤全氮及活性有机氮库各组分含量随施肥量的增加而显著增高。POM-N对土壤全氮的贡献率最高,且明显受施肥方式的影响,LFOM-N对土壤全氮的贡献率不随施肥方式的改变而变化。长期施肥处理土壤脲酶、 碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性显著增加,它们之间及与土壤全氮、 速效磷及有机碳含量间呈现显著或极显著相关性,脲酶活性与土壤各活性氮组分间也存在显著或极显著相关性; 但长期施肥后土壤过氧化氢酶的活性低于不施肥 相似文献
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Gemma A. Miller Robert M. Rees Bryan S. Griffiths Joanna M. Cloy 《Soil Use and Management》2020,36(2):285-298
Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha−1 ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N2O, CO2 and CH4 were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO2 fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N2O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N2O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils. 相似文献
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Some microbial nitrogen (N) cycling processes continue under low soil moisture levels in drought-adapted ecosystems. These processes are of particular importance in winter cropping systems, where N availability during autumn sowing informs fertilizer practices and impacts crop productivity. We evaluated the organic and inorganic N-cycling communities in a key cropping soil (Vertosol), using a controlled-environment incubation study that was designed to model the autumn break in south Australian grain growing regions. Soils from wheat, lucerne, and green manure (disced-in vetch) rotations of the Sustainable Cropping Rotations in Mediterranean Environments trial (Victoria, Australia) were collected during the summer when soil moisture was low. Microbial community structure and functional capacity were measured both before and after wetting (21, 49, and 77 days post-wetting) using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism measures of bacterial and fungal communities, and quantitative PCR of nitrogen cycling genes. Quantified genes included those associated with organic matter decomposition (laccase, cellobiohydrolase), mineralization of N from organic matter (peptidases) and nitrification (bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase and nitrite oxidoreductase). In general, the N cycling functional capacity decreased with soil wetting, and there was an apparent shift from organic-N cycling dominance to autotrophic mineral-N cycling dominance. Soil nitrate levels were best predicted by laccase and neutral peptidase genes under drought conditions, but by neutral peptidase and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase genes under moist conditions. Rotation history affected both the structural and functional resilience of the soil microbial communities to changing soil moisture. Discing in green manure (vetch) residues promoted a resilient microbial community, with a high organic-N cycling capacity in dry soils. Although this was a small-scale microcosm study, our results suggest that management strategies could be developed to control microbial organic-N processing during the summer fallow period and thus improve crop-available N levels at sowing. 相似文献
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土壤增氧方式对其氮素转化和水稻氮素利用及产量的影响 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
以3种不同生态型水稻品种中浙优1号(水稻)、IR45765-3B(深水稻)和中旱221(旱稻)为材料,比较研究了不同增氧方式(T1-增施过氧化钙、T2-微纳气泡水增氧灌溉、T3-表土湿润灌溉和CK-淹水对照)下稻田土壤氮素转化和水稻氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明:1)增氧处理明显改善土壤氧化还原状况,3种增氧方式下土壤氧化还原电位均高于CK。稻田增氧促进土壤氮素硝化,在分蘖期和齐穗期T1、T2和T3的土壤硝化强度和脲酶活性均显著高于CK,反硝化强度显著低于CK。2)不同增氧处理对水稻氮素吸收的影响不同,在拔节期、齐穗期和完熟期3品种的植株氮素积累量均表现为T1、T2显著高于CK,而T3显著低于CK;在完熟期,T1处理下中浙优1号、IR45765-3B和中旱221植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了21.2%、13.2%和17.0%,而T2处理下3品种的植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了14.3%、6.9%和9.1%。3)与CK相比,T1和T2显著提高水稻籽粒产量和收获指数,氮素籽粒生产效率与CK无显著差异,而T3显著增加水稻氮素干物质生产效率和氮素籽粒生产效率。可见,施用过氧化钙和微纳气泡水增氧灌溉能有效改善稻田土壤氧化还原状况,不仅显著提高水稻产量,而且显著增强稻田氮的硝化而减少氮素损失,从而提高水稻氮素积累量和氮素收获指数。 相似文献