玉米弯孢叶斑病菌Clm1 基因的克隆及其功能验证

 从玉米弯孢叶斑病菌中克隆到MAPK 基因之一的Clm1,其与玉米小斑病菌中的ChMps1 基因同源。采用InversePCR 和RACE 技术获得了该基因的全序列及其所在区域的旁侧序列。该基因cDNA 全长1. 251 kb,编码416 个氨基酸。通过农杆菌介导的转化方法对其进行了敲除。Clm1 敲除突变体在细胞壁完整性,分生孢子产量及形态方面发生明显变化,其侵染离体叶片的能力明显下降,纤维素酶活性有所下降,说明该基因与弯孢叶斑病菌细胞壁完整性及致病性有着密切的联系。     

凸脐蠕孢菌玉米、高粱专化型的细胞壁降解酶活性及基因表达分析

为探明玉米专化型和高粱专化型凸脐蠕孢菌的细胞壁降解酶在致病过程中的作用,采用酶活性检测方法测定了2种专化型的细胞壁降解酶活性,并检测了相关基因的表达。结果表明:高粱专化型凸脐蠕孢菌的聚甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG)活性为115.84 U/mg,略高于玉米专化型;玉米专化型的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)的活性分别为151.76 U/mg和168.53 U/mg,略高于高粱专化型;且同一种专化型菌株的细胞壁降解酶活性存在差异。2种专化型的细胞壁降解酶基因表达量存在差异,Cx基因在2种专化型互作过程中均随病程的延长而大幅度上调表达;高粱专化型的PG基因随病程的延长大幅度上调表达,而玉米专化型的PG基因随病程的延长上调表达量有所下降;高粱专化型的PMG基因随病程的延长大幅度上调表达,而玉米专化型的PMG基因随病程的延长下调表达。推测产酶能力、基因表达和基因时间表达的差异可能是引起凸脐蠕孢菌专化型致病专化性的诱因之一。     

玉米新月弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)的RAPD分析

 对分离自玉米弯孢菌叶斑病标样中的77株新月弯孢菌和1株来自水稻的新月弯孢菌进行RAPD分析表明,菌株间具有丰富的遗传多样性,在相似系数约0.60处,所有菌株被聚为3个组,但88.0%的菌株聚入第Ⅰ组内,其余菌株被聚入另外2个组内。第Ⅰ组内共有69个菌株,包含来自不同区域的致病性较强的菌株,是玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的优势类群,其余2个类群主要是一些致病能力较弱或不致病的菌株。结果表明,新月弯孢菌种内菌株的遗传多样性与致病性相关,但与菌株地理来源无明显的直接关系。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌生理分化及鉴定技术

 从我国20余个主栽玉米品种和20个骨干自交系中筛选出沈135、78599-1、Mo17、477、C8605、E28、7922和黄早4等8个自交系,作为鉴别寄主来研究弯孢叶斑病菌的生理分化。研究表明,弯孢叶斑病菌[Curvularia lunata(Wakker) Boed.]在温室进行的苗期鉴定与田间成株期鉴定的生理分化结果一致。苗期鉴定具有操作简单、鉴定环境条件易控制等特点。通过8个鉴别寄主将采自我国玉米产区的20株弯孢叶斑病菌分为6个致病类型,其中类型A致病性强、分布广,为优势致病类群;类型D主要分布在我国零星发生的地区,为弱致病类群。同时研究了影响病菌生理分化鉴定的主要环境因子,其中湿度、温度和植株营养状况对病菌生理分化鉴定结果有明显影响。本研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、弯孢菌叶斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

转DsRed荧光蛋白的新月弯孢Curvularia-lunata菌株构建

本研究通过农杆菌介导转化方法(ATMT),利用DsRed荧光蛋白基因对玉米弯孢叶斑病致病菌新月弯孢进行遗传转化。通过转化子的荧光蛋白基因和潮霉素B抗性基因的PCR检测,菌丝体和分生孢子的荧光观察,hyg基因的Southern杂交验证,以及荧光蛋白基因插入位点的TAIL-PCR分析,确定了DsRed荧光蛋白基因插入与表达对新月弯孢转化子的影响。结果表明:测定的4株转化子基因组中均成功整合了DsRed荧光蛋白目的基因片段;转化子在生长发育和致病性方面与野生型菌株存在一定差异,分别有2株在产孢量方面略高于野生型菌株,4株转化子在纤维素酶活性和粗毒素致病力方面均低于野生型菌株,有3株转化子在果胶酶活性上较野生型菌株有提高,1株转化子的致病力显著低于野生型菌株;获得其中3个转化子插入位点的侧翼序列。     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌致病类型分化研究

 利用鉴别寄主和同工酶技术,对采自黑龙江、吉林、辽宁和河北4省玉米弯孢叶斑病菌菌株的致病类型进行分析。研究表明,鉴别寄主技术将26个菌株的致病类型划分为4种类型,其中强和中等致病类型主要分布在辽宁省瓦房店市、吉林省公主岭市和河北省保定市。玉米弯孢叶斑病菌在酯酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶同工酶谱存在差异,不同菌株间的某些同工酶谱带数差异显著。     

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病在豫南发生危害

近年来,玉米弯孢菌叶斑病在河南驻马店、周口、漯河、南阳等地市发生日趋严重,已严重阻碍了当地玉米生产发展,一般减产15%~20%,发生严重的减产50%以上。1玉米弯孢菌叶斑病发病特点与危害状1.1发病晚,蔓延迅速据在驻马店、周口、漯河等市农业科学研究所玉米试验地和玉米大田的调查,玉米弯孢菌叶斑病在玉米抽雄散粉后的8月初开始发病,然后迅速蔓延,到8月中下旬达到高峰,许多感病品种叶片布满病斑,严重的到8月下旬即枯死。1.2病害相互交织发生在玉米成株中后期的两大病害—玉米弯孢菌叶斑病和玉米锈病几乎同时发病,相互交织在一起,在玉米试验田…     

酶联免疫技术检测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的研究

本文通过提取玉米弯孢菌叶斑病病原菌蛋白质，免疫家兔制备抗血清，用不等弯孢菌、玉米小斑病菌，玉米圆斑病菌和玉米大斑病菌（与弯孢菌相似或相近）蛋白吸附除去抗血清中的交叉反应抗体，提高了抗体的特异性，建立了酶联免疫检测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的技术，应用ABC-ELISA和间接ELISA检测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病，比较了两种方法的灵敏性和特异性。结果显示ABC-ELISA较间接ELISA检测灵敏度高2到5倍。     

玉米新月弯孢叶斑病研究进展

 玉米弯孢叶斑病是一种世界性玉米病害,也是中国玉米产区的主要病害之一。20多年来,国内外在该病害发生规律、致病性分化与诱导抗性机理、生物防治技术等方面开展了深入研究。本文主要就该病害优势致病菌新月弯孢菌 [Curvularia lunata (Wakker)Boedijn]的生物学特性、致病因子与生理分化机理、毒素结构鉴定、毒素合成与调控、诱导抗病性分子机理等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期对玉米弯孢叶斑病防控技术的创新提供参考。     

玉米新月弯孢叶斑病研究进展

 玉米弯孢叶斑病是一种世界性玉米病害,也是中国玉米产区的主要病害之一。20多年来,国内外在该病害发生规律、致病性分化与诱导抗性机理、生物防治技术等方面开展了深入研究。本文主要就该病害优势致病菌新月弯孢菌 [Curvularia lunata (Wakker)Boedijn]的生物学特性、致病因子与生理分化机理、毒素结构鉴定、毒素合成与调控、诱导抗病性分子机理等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期对玉米弯孢叶斑病防控技术的创新提供参考。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.