新疆野果林疫霉菌对植物叶片致病性的测定与分析

[目的]从病原菌和寄主两个维度,探究新疆野果林中疫霉菌对野果林内主要树种叶片的致病性,了解新疆野果林衰退的可能原因及疫霉对新疆野果林造成的潜在风险。[方法]利用菌丝块接种离体叶片的方法,将诱捕自新疆野果林的5种疫霉(Phytophthora plurivora、P.gonapodyides、P.lacustris、P.gregate、P. sp.)接种到苹果、杏、山楂和核桃的健康离体叶片上,一周后观察测量、计算病斑大小,并用R软件对数据进行双因素方差分析和作图。[结果]实验结果及数据分析表明:供试5种疫霉菌株接种到4种植物叶片上后,病斑大小存在显著性差异。其中,P.plurivora和P.lacustris产生的病斑较大,最大分别为18.68 cm~2和14.14 cm~2;寄主植物中,核桃和杏树叶片产生病斑较大,最大分别为18.68 cm~2和9.55 cm~2。[结论]供试树种和菌种对叶片病斑大小都有显著影响;供试5种疫霉对苹果、杏、山楂、核桃叶片的致病性依次为:P.plurivoraP.lacustrisP.gregate≈P.gonapodyidesP. sp.;苹果、杏、山楂和核桃这4种植物叶片对以上5种疫霉菌的感病性依次为:核桃杏山楂苹果。     

不同生境新疆野苹果叶片解剖结构及其与抗寒性的关系

为给新疆野苹果抗寒性状的筛选提供理论依据,以新疆霍城县、巩留县、新源县、额敏县和托里县共5个地区野苹果林的叶片为研究对象,采用石蜡制片法制作切片,观察不同生境新疆野苹果叶片解剖结构,测量其叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海面组织厚度、栅海比、叶片组织结构紧密度(CTR)、叶片组织结构疏松度(SR)等指标,分析其抗寒性差异。结果表明,托里县的叶片栅海比和CTR最大,SR最小,与其它4个自然居群野苹果叶片解剖结构存在显著差异(P0.05),表明其抗寒能力较强。5个自然居群新疆野苹果抗寒性由强到弱排序依次为:托里县野苹果、额敏县野苹果、巩留县野苹果、霍城县野苹果、新源县野苹果。     

新疆野苹果及栽培品种花粉矿质元素的遗传多样性

为了进一步明确新疆野苹果的分类地位和亲缘关系,并为野生苹果种质资源的开发与利用奠定基础,以28份新疆野苹果和28份新疆不同栽培品种苹果树的花粉为试材,通过扫描电镜X射线能谱仪对花粉壁微区进行了矿质元素定性定量的测定分析。结果表明:新疆野苹果的变异系数为3.30%～418.50%,比栽培品种更加具有丰富的遗传多样性;新疆野苹果和栽培苹果花粉中矿质元素含量较多的元素组成基本一致,矿质元素含量的排列顺序也近乎相同,但也存在着差异性。     

新疆野苹果种群受损现状

[目的]为新疆野苹果种群的资源保护和开发利用提供参考.[方法]以新疆野果林不同自然分布区的野苹果为调查对象,在不同海拔、不同坡向、不同坡度设置20个样方,进行野苹果种群受损情况的实地调查.[结果]样地中未受损野苹果树为376棵,占总数的34.03％,其中有357棵为野苹果树苗,占未受损野苹果总数的94.68％.受损新疆...     

红豆树立木的主要性状特征研究(Ⅱ)

红豆树胸高心材出现在10 a以后,相同立地环境且同龄的红豆树立木,其心材出现有迟早和大小的差别.心材材积与胸径呈幂函数关系、心材直径与胸径呈直线关系、心材直径与树高呈对数关系、心材直径与冠长呈直线关系、心材直径比率与胸径呈自然对数函数关系;红豆树心材率达2倍以上标准差进行优树选择时,可望选出选择差较大、心材比率在90.2%的优树.Ⅰ级侧枝枝粗与胸径、冠长呈直线关系,与树高关系、枝下高不存在有实际意义的相关关系.红豆树林分中,通直的Ⅰ级木占调查样本数的33.7%、Ⅱ级木占21.1%、Ⅲ级木占24.7%、Ⅳ级木占17.5%、Ⅴ级木占3%.冠长与胸径呈直线关系、与树高呈对数关系,冠幅与胸径呈对数关系.     

新疆野苹果林中疫霉菌种类鉴定及致病性研究

[目的]通过研究新源县和巩留县野苹果林中疫霉菌的种类和致病性差异,为探讨新疆野苹果林衰亡原因提供基本资料,为野苹果林病害防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用疑似疫霉病害样品采集、土壤诱捕、林间溪流诱捕等方法对新疆野苹果林中的疫霉菌进行了调查采样和监测诱捕,并利用选择性培养基分离获得疫霉纯菌株。通过形态学观察和rDNA-ITS序列分析相结合的方法对所获得的疫霉菌株进行分类鉴定,并通过离体叶片接种试验对所鉴定的疫霉菌进行致病性测定。[结果]依据形态学特征和序列分析,鉴定得到5个种共计88株疫霉,分别为65株湖沼疫霉Phytophthora lacustris Brasier,Cacciola,Nechwatal,JungBakonyi、16株节水霉状疫霉Phytophthora gonapodyides(Petersen) Buisman、3株多寄主疫霉Phytophthora plurivora T. JungT. I. Burgess、2株聚疫霉Phytophthora gregata T. Jung,M. J. C. StukelyT. I. Burgess和2株Phytophthora sp.1。将前4种疫霉接种离体野苹果叶片后,发现它们均产生病斑,其中湖沼疫霉在离体叶片上产生的病症最为明显。[结论]新疆野苹果林中具有多种疫霉菌,且所鉴定的4种疫霉菌均对野苹果叶片有一定的致病性。     

不同居群新疆野苹果生理响应差异与抗寒性的关系

为给苹果抗寒砧木的筛选提供参考依据,分别在新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁州的新源县、巩留县、霍城县、托里县、额敏县等5个居群新疆野苹果林中采集果实,取其种子进行层积处理,然后分别种在营养袋中,待其自然生长3个月后,将生长良好的整株幼苗进行低温处理,取其叶片进行相关试验,测定和分析其相对电导率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明:随着处理温度的降低,新疆野苹果的相对电导率、25~0℃时的可溶性糖含量与脯氨酸含量、25~-5℃时的MDA含量与可溶性蛋白含量、25~0℃时的SOD活性、25~-5℃时的POD活性、25~0℃时的CAT活性和处理温度均呈负相关,而0~-10℃时的可溶性糖含量、-5~-10℃时的MDA含量、0~-10℃时的SOD活性、-5~-10℃时的POD活性、0~-10℃时的CAT活性与处理温度均呈正相关;不同居群新疆野苹果的各项生理指标在变化过程中均产生了差异,不同居群新疆野苹果的抗寒性由强到弱依次为:托里县野苹果、额敏县野苹果、巩留县野苹果、霍城县野苹果、新源县野苹果。     

缙云山常绿阔叶林雪灾受损特征及影响因素

[目的]探讨西南地区亚热带常绿阔叶林在雪灾中的受损程度和特征,并分析其主要影响因素,为森林保护和管理提供科学参考。[方法]2016年1月23日雪灾后,在缙云山的常绿阔叶林、马尾松林和杉木林中分别设置调查样方,将样方中所有树木分为七个受损等级,确定样方内所有树高≥5 m个体在雪灾中的受损等级,并记录受损树木的胸径和所处地形的坡度,利用Pearson相关分析,分析胸径大小、坡度与树木受损之间的关系;计算不同森林类型受损指数,并利用单因素方差分析判断不同森林类型受损指数之间的差异。[结果]共调查了树木1 041株,受损树木占17.96%,其中轻度受损和重度受损个体占总受损个体比例分别为57.22%和42.78%。树木受损比例随胸径增加而增加;树木受损类型与胸径之间关系密切,断枝少个体比例与胸径显著正相关(P0.01),在轻度损伤中所占比例最高(55.22%),与之相反,倒伏个体比例与胸径显著负相关(P0.05),在重度损伤中所占比例最高(42.78%)。树木受损类型与坡度之间也有一定关系。随着坡度的增加,折断个体的比例逐渐上升,与坡度显著正相关(P0.01);另外随着坡度的增加,断枝多和倒伏个体的比例增加,树木受损程度加重。不同森林类型之间的受损程度差异显著(P0.05),受损指数结果为栲树林马尾松林杉木林。[结论]缙云山常绿阔叶林在此次雪灾中受到了一定的损害,胸径、坡度和森林类型是影响树木受损程度和类型的主要因素。小径级树木主要以压弯为主,中等径级个体主要以折断和倒伏为主,大径级个体主要以断枝为主。坡度较大的生境中的树木更易在雪灾中受到损害。常绿阔叶林(栲树林)在雪灾中的受损程度相比于常绿次生针叶林(马尾松林和杉木林)更大。本研究对亚热带常绿阔叶林在突发自然灾害中的保护和管理能提供一定的参考和指导。     

新疆野苹果与部分栽培品种花粉形态的比较

为了从孢粉学角度探讨新疆野苹果与部分栽培品种的亲缘关系,以新疆伊犁地区的新源县、巩留县、伊宁县、霍城县和塔城地区的托里县共5个居群中的野苹果及18份不同栽培苹果品种的花粉为试材,采用扫描电镜技术对其形态、大小、萌发孔和纹饰进行了观察,并以电子显微镜对其进行了定量测定。结果表明:与新疆栽培品种相比,除了纹饰有细微不同之外,新疆野苹果的其它形态特征相近,差异不明显,这说明新疆野苹果是新疆栽培苹果品种的重要种源之一。     

新疆野苹果资源类型表型性状鉴定及优异资源的初步筛选

为了筛选出具有优异性状的新疆野苹果种质资源类型,以新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州新源、巩留和霍城县的41个新疆野苹果不同类型单株为试材,于其开花期对其花色、单序花朵数,花冠直径、花瓣长与宽、花柄长及1年生枝节间长度,树高、胸径、冠幅等形态指标进行了调查和观测,于其果实成熟期采其果实,测量其单果质量、果实纵横径、果柄长、可溶性固形物含量等数量性状指标;并就新疆野苹果对小吉丁虫的抗性进行了调查,对新疆野苹果果实黑星病发病程度及病情指数进行了统计。结果表明:供试的41个新疆野苹果不同类型果实的主要数量性状存在较大的变异,其变异系数为21%～63%,其中,单果质量的变异系数最大,为63%,最大值为67.50 g,最小值为4.30 g;果肉质地的遗传多样性指数最高,为1.306,其中,绵软类型的分布频率为50%;果实风味的遗传多样性指数为0.959,酸和极酸类型的分布频率合计为84.2%;巩留县莫合野果林中新疆野苹果的黑星病病情指数最低,为0.39%,表明其抗病性较强;新源县交吾托海野果林中对苹果小吉丁虫具有高抗性的新疆野苹果树的分布频率达到13.04%,部分枝条被苹果小吉丁虫危害后其伤口能自行愈合,表现出明显的抗性。初步筛选出的对苹果小吉丁虫具有抗性的单株类型有2个,其类型编号分别为XY-29和XY-34;具有抗苹果黑星病特性的单株类型有3个,其类型编号分别为XY-35、GB-9和HDM-7。新疆野苹果不仅在果实性状上存在丰富的遗传多样性,在树体高度、1年生枝节间长、对苹果小吉丁虫和黑星病的抗性等方面表现出的变异也都很丰富。     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma</Emphasis> species associated with bark beetles infesting three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species in Nikko,Japan

Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied.     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

A new norlignan from Taxodium ascendens

A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC₅₀ value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC₅₀ values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus mucronatus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) vectored by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">urussovi</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Hokkaido,Japan

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda has been recovered for the first time from adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus urussovi (Fischer), in Hokkaido, Japan. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zuccarini) Carrière and Abies sachalinensis (Fr Schmidt) Masters infested with M. urussovi larvae. PCR–RFLP analysis indicated that B. mucronatus in Hokkaido is the European type.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Dry matter production and allocation in Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia seedlings in response to soil water deficits

Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions.