不同品种板栗质地分析

以采自河北、河南两省的6种板栗品种(塔丰、遵玉、早丰、大板红、红油栗、大板栗)为试材,采用质构仪质地多面分析法对其进行分析测定,比较不同品种板栗的果仁质地特性,探讨反映板栗果实质地状况的评价参数。结果表明,不同品种间质地构成和变化特性存在较大差异,其中大板红在硬度、胶黏性方面最高,大板栗品种在弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性方面较好,在果仁内聚性方面最好的为塔丰。板栗各质地参数间的相关性表明,硬度与咀嚼性、胶黏性呈显著正相关(P0.05),内聚性与胶粘性、咀嚼性呈显著正相关(P0.05),弹性与胶黏性、咀嚼性呈一定的负相关,胶黏性与咀嚼性呈极显著正相关(P0.01),故硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性均能较好地反映板栗的质地特性。     

贮藏方法对猪血肠品质的影响

以气味、凝胶强度、质构及色泽为评价指标,对猪血肠在常温、冷藏和冻藏条件下的品质变化进行了比较,分析不同贮藏方法对猪血肠品质的影响。结果发现,猪血肠常温贮藏1 d后异味明显,4 d后完全变质;冷藏16 d后异味明显,55 d后变质;冻藏54 d内无明显异味。猪血肠的凝胶强度受常温和冻藏条件影响小,冷藏有利于提高猪血肠的凝胶强度。常温贮藏降低了猪血肠的回复性;冻藏严重降低了猪血肠的硬度、回复性及咀嚼性;冷藏提高了猪血肠的硬度和咀嚼性,但降低了猪血肠的回复性。常温贮藏2 d后猪血肠的a*值有显著提高(p0.05);冷藏69 d内猪血肠的a*值低于12;冻藏过程中猪血肠的a*值变化很小。     

速冻低温保鲜处理对鲜切甘蓝品质的影响

以鲜切甘蓝为试材,用0.3%异VC+0.3%柠檬酸浸泡护色20 min,在1%柠檬酸+1%VC溶液中漂烫(65℃)1 min,然后分别在-20℃、干冰和-60℃温度下速冻后于-18℃或0℃条件下贮藏20 d,研究不同速冻与低温保鲜处理对鲜切甘蓝贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,经护色和漂烫后采用干冰速冻处理,于0℃下贮藏20 d,鲜切甘蓝仍能够较好地保持叶绿素、VC和还原糖等营养品质,抑制腐败微生物生长,具有良好的硬度、胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性、回复性等质构特性,色泽正常,气味清香,其感官品质显著好于其他处理。     

不同机械损伤对葡萄果实质地的影响

以红地球葡萄果实为试料,采用质构分析法（TPA）研究了不同高度跌落机械损伤对葡萄果粒感官品质及质地变化的影响,并分析各指标相互关系。结果表明：葡萄果实经不同高度机械跌落后,随着跌落高度的增加,其感官品质发生很大变化;当跌落高度小于60 cm时,外观观察无明显差异,当跌落高度≥80 cm后,外观差异明显,损伤的果粒数量和损伤级数均增加明显;损伤指数与跌落高度回归拟合度高（R2=0.985）,100 cm和160 cm高度跌落时,损伤指数分别是60 cm处理的4倍和8倍之多;随跌落高度的增加,果实硬度和咀嚼性值呈下降趋势,80~160 cm处理下降幅度明显大于其他处理;果实弹性、凝聚性和回复性呈增加趋势,80~160 cm处理均与对照呈极显著差异（P＜0.01）,100 cm和160 cm处理凝聚性分别增加了24.5%和31.0%,回复性大于其他3个处理;机械损伤指数与硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性呈负相关性,与凝聚性和弹性、回复性呈正相关。     

结晶果糖对戚风蛋糕品质的影响研究

利用结晶果糖替代传统戚风蛋糕中的蔗糖,对其品质进行多方面比较分析。结果表明,与蔗糖相比较,结晶果糖能使面糊比重和蛋糕烘焙损失率分别降低15.69%,16.17%,使蛋糕比容增加7.76%。另外,蛋糕的硬度、胶黏性和咀嚼性也能得到下降,内聚性、弹性和回复性都提高。感官评定结果显示,结晶果糖戚风蛋糕的品质明显优于蔗糖戚风蛋糕。     

南瓜香蕉果糕制备工艺及不同杀菌方式影响

为丰富果糕类品种,以南瓜和香蕉为主要原料,添加吉利丁片和柠檬汁研制了南瓜香蕉果糕,同时对生产工艺进行了优化,并探讨了不同的杀菌方式(微波、冷冻微波、超声波)对产品低温(4℃)贮藏期间(7 d)品质的影响。结果表明,南瓜香蕉果糕的最佳用量配比为南瓜350 g,香蕉150 g,吉利丁片7.5 g,柠檬汁2 mL;最佳的杀菌方式为冷冻微波杀菌,在该条件下可以得到南瓜香蕉果糕色差值为ΔL~*8.6,Δa~*6.56,Δb~*5.09,Δc~*8.01,ΔE11.95。在低温贮藏期间,产品硬度最低,弹性和胶黏性波动较小。     

竹荪浸提液+低温对竹荪种用菌蛋保鲜性状的影响

将竹荪留种用菌蛋采用竹荪浸提液喷雾,置于不同低温冷藏,研究菌蛋在冷藏期间生理指标和感官性状的变化。结果表明,随着贮藏时间延长,2℃条件下贮藏的竹荪留种用菌蛋失重率(11.44%)远低于4℃(30.16%)和6℃(15.59%)处理组,且达显著性差异;2℃处理组菌蛋多酚氧化酶活性[16.74 U·(min·g)~(-1)]低于4℃处理组[29.40 U·(min·g)~(-1)]和6℃处理组[22.32 U·(min·g)~(-1)];2℃处理组菌蛋白度值(53.53)高于4℃处理组(48.38)和6℃处理组(47.51),且2℃处理组菌蛋内聚性、弹性明显高于4℃和6℃处理组,红托竹荪菌蛋在2℃低温冷藏保鲜效果最好。     

贮藏温度对厚皮网纹甜瓜“川蜜脆玉”品质的影响

温度是影响果蔬贮藏效果的重要因素,为明确厚皮网纹甜瓜新品种“川蜜脆玉”的贮藏特性,以“川蜜脆玉”为试材,研究了3种低温（5、8、12 ℃）和室温条件对其采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,相对室温贮藏而言,低温贮藏可以有效降低甜瓜采后呼吸速率、腐烂率和腐烂指数,延缓丙二醛含量升高和硬度降低,维持果肉较高的亮度（L*值）,且在低温贮藏期间甜瓜未产生明显冷害现象。所有贮藏温度中,5 ℃冷藏效果最好,贮藏28 d时甜瓜仍具有较好的外观和内在品质。     

植物胶体与植物蛋白复配对午餐肉品质特性的影响

为改善传统午餐肉易软烂，质构松散的特性，以传统配方午餐肉为对照，选用魔芋胶、大豆分离蛋白及海藻酸钠为辅料进行复配优化，探究植物胶体与植物蛋白对午餐肉质构和感官品质的影响。结果表明，优化组的最佳配比为：魔芋胶添加量0.200%，大豆分离蛋白添加量2.687%，海藻酸钠添加量0.173%。优化组煮制前后的硬度、黏附性、弹性、咀嚼性均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比，优化组午餐肉煮制前后的组织形态和总体接受度评分均更高。研究表明植物胶体和植物蛋白的添加明显提高了午餐肉煮制前后的质构特性和感官品质。     

不同贮藏温度对秦阳苹果采后生理的影响

以早熟苹果新品种秦阳为试材,研究了秦阳苹果采后室温贮藏与低温冷藏中果实的呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率、失水率及果实内在品质的变化。结果表明,0～1℃冷藏能明显降低呼吸速率,推迟呼吸高峰的出现,显著抑制了果实的乙烯释放,室温贮藏乙烯最高峰值是0～1℃冷藏的1.72倍。0～1℃冷藏42d后,秦阳苹果较新鲜,较室温贮藏果肉硬度高出26.4%,总酸高0.31%。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.