昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂是以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为作用靶标的新型杀虫剂,由于其作用机制独特,对多种鳞翅目害虫具有良好的防治效果而得到广泛应用。但已经有多种害虫的田间种群对该类药剂产生了抗性,甚至导致田间防治失败。本文在综述昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性现状的基础上,重点总结了抗性机制方面的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步深入研究双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制提供借鉴。     

氟吡呋喃酮及其类似物研究进展

氟吡呋喃酮 (flupyradifurone) 是拜耳公司开发的新型丁烯内酯类杀虫剂,对刺吸式口器害虫具有优异的杀虫活性,与现有商品化新烟碱类杀虫剂相比,其作用机制独特,对蜜蜂低毒,自2014年上市以来就成为了农药学研究领域的热点。本文从氟吡呋喃酮的创制过程、生物活性及抗性、作用机制、代谢残留、对蜜蜂等非靶标生物的影响以及结构修饰等方面对该产品进行了综述。     

EPG技术在刺吸式昆虫取食行为研究中的应用

ＥＰＧ技术在刺吸式昆虫取食行为研究中的应用姜永幸，郭予元（中国农科院植保所北京１０００９４）昆虫取食行为研究技术简称ＥＰＧ，是近年来昆虫电生理学发展的新技术之一，主要用于研究刺吸式口器的昆虫对寄主植物的取食选择性，取食部位虫传病毒的机制和作物的抗虫机...     

昆虫鱼尼丁受体及以其为靶标的杀虫剂的研究进展

植物保护领域以昆虫鱼尼丁受体(ryanodine receptor,RyR)为靶标的杀虫剂的研发取得了突破性进展。对近年来RyR在分子结构、功能调节,以及对以RyR为靶标的杀虫剂的作用机制方面的研究进展进行了综述。昆虫RyR与哺乳动物RyR仅有约47%的同源性,因而是一个有效的杀虫剂靶标。昆虫RyR克隆与表达技术的成熟为新型杀虫剂的开发和作用机制的研究提供了有力的工具。昆虫RyR单通道、配体结合和免疫学特性的研究补充了RyR的电生理学数据。近年来开发的新型RyR杀虫剂通过激活害虫鱼尼丁敏感的细胞内钙离子释放通道来达到杀虫的效果。     

以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为靶标的化合物活性筛选方法研究进展

昆虫鱼尼丁受体(ryanodine receptor,RyR)是目前新型杀虫剂创制中备受关注的靶标之一。在以RyR为靶标的杀虫剂氟虫酰胺和氯虫酰胺商品化后,大量基于该靶标的新型化合物被设计并合成出来。为加速研发和快速准确筛选以昆虫RyR为靶标的药剂,主要以氟虫酰胺和氯虫酰胺的活性筛选研究为例,对作用于RyR化合物的各种活体筛选方法和离体筛选方法进行了综述。其中活体筛选方法主要包括:点滴法、浸叶法、浸卵法、浸虫法、注射法和喷雾法;离体筛选方法主要包括MTT法、膜片钳技术、荧光技术、膜片钳技术与荧光技术结合以及计算机模拟筛选。通过对各种方法的分析比较,认为离体筛选方法快速、准确,在新型RyR杀虫剂活性的筛选研究中将进一步得到应用。     

昆虫鱼尼丁受体结构功能及抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂可用于控制包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目等在内的多种重要农业害虫,作用机制新颖且对非靶标生物安全低毒,已成为目前全世界销量最高的杀虫剂品种之一。近期在抗性昆虫种群里发现的突变大幅降低了其效能,对各国的农业生产造成了巨大的经济损失。双酰胺类杀虫剂的分子靶标鱼尼丁受体作为近年来最受关注的新型热点靶标被广泛研究。本文总结了昆虫鱼尼丁受体结构和功能研究方面的最新发现,包括1)双酰胺类杀虫剂在昆虫鱼尼丁受体上的结合位点和作用方式;2)抗性突变对靶标结构功能的影响;3)双酰胺类杀虫剂结合位点以外的潜在新作用位点;4)传统和新作用位点在靶标和非靶标生物鱼尼丁受体上的结构差异,并对基于鱼尼丁受体结构的新一代绿色杀虫剂设计开发进行了展望。     

农业昆虫学 第三章 害虫怎样加害农作物

在生态系统的能量循环中,绿色植物是能的生产者,吃植物的动物(包括昆虫)是第一消费者。害虫和它的寄主植物就是以这样的关系联系在一起的。 一、昆虫取食造成的为害 农业害虫的口器主要是取食固体食物的咀嚼式口器,和取食液态食物的刺吸式口器。 咀嚼式口器害虫,如蛾、蝶类幼虫、甲虫的成、幼虫,还有蝗类、叶蜂类等等,都可以分别啮食作物的各部位,因而产生明显的伤残。缺该,钻成隧道等,使叶片的光合     

新型双酰胺类杀虫剂——溴虫氟苯双酰胺

溴虫氟苯双酰胺(broflanilide)是一种全新的双酰胺类杀虫剂,属于γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)门控氯离子通道负变构调节剂,目前主要用于防治鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫,对白蚁和蚊蝇等也有较好的杀虫活性。本文对溴虫氟苯双酰胺的结构类型、研发历程、作用机制、杀虫活性、安全性及代谢残留等进行了综述,并对该杀虫剂的发展趋势及应用前景进行了展望。     

干扰害虫生殖行为的弦音器瞬时感受器电位香草酸通道调节剂研究进展

瞬时感受器电位(transient receptor potential, TRP)通道是细胞膜上一类重要的阳离子通道,参与昆虫视觉、嗅觉、听觉、温度感知及机械感知等感觉功能的形成。其中瞬时感受器电位香草酸(transient receptor potential vanilloid,TRPV)通道为TRP家族中的一类亚家族,其成员nanchung (Nan)和inactive (Iav)基因所编码的蛋白复合物是杀虫剂吡蚜酮、双丙环虫酯以及氟喹酮的分子靶标。研究表明,TRPV通道调节剂类药剂的作用机制不同于传统的神经毒性杀虫剂。如吡蚜酮和氟喹酮会抑制桃蚜Myzus persicae的取食行为;吡蚜酮通过作用于昆虫的弦音感受器,使东亚飞蝗Locusta migratori表现出后足抬起并伸展的独特中毒症状;吡蚜酮和氟喹酮能影响黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的重力感受和听觉感受,破坏其正常的负趋地性行为;吡蚜酮能够干扰褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和黑腹果蝇的生殖行为,有效抑制其下一代种群数量,从而表现出持效期长的特点。我国褐飞虱田间种群已对吡蚜酮普遍产...     

稻粉虱的发生及其化学防治药剂筛选

稻粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus David et Subramaniam, 属半翅目粉虱科, 以刺吸式口器为害水稻叶片而导致产量损失, 是我国闽?赣?浙等稻区的一种偶发性水稻害虫, 近20多年已鲜有报道, 但2019年-2021年在中国水稻研究所富阳试验农场稻田暴发?本文描述了稻粉虱的为害症状和形态特征, 并配以原色照片; 克隆得到了稻粉虱线粒体DNA COⅠ基因片段, 发现其与烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci序列一致性最高(85.80%); 田间调查表明, 富阳试验农场及周边稻田稻粉虱均有不同程度的发生, 但前者发生量明显较高(每个分蘖最高可达251头), 推测可能与农场温室内的稻粉虱越冬虫源有关; 利用稻苗浸渍法评估了不同作用机制的7种杀虫剂对稻粉虱的毒力, 发现双丙环虫酯?氯虫苯甲酰胺?氟啶虫胺腈?氟啶虫酰胺和溴氰虫酰胺对稻粉虱成虫均有较好的杀虫活性, 其中前4种药剂推荐中剂量处理后72 h的校正死亡率均可达100%, 其LC50分别为3.028?3.769?6.405 mg/L和7.894 mg/L?本研究可为我国稻粉虱的识别诊断和化学防治提供重要依据?     

Flonicamid, a novel insecticide with a rapid inhibitory effect on aphid feeding

Flonicamid (IKI220; N-cyanomethyl-4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide), a pyridinecarboxamide compound, is a novel systemic insecticide with selective activity against hemipterous pests, such as aphids and whiteflies, and thysanopterous pests. The purpose of this study is to clarify the biological properties of flonicamid against aphids. Flonicamid is very active against aphids, regardless of differences in species, stages and morphs. This compound inhibited the feeding behaviour of aphids within 0.5 h of treatment without noticeable poisoning symptoms such as convulsion, and this antifeeding activity was not recoverable until death. The nymphs born from adults exposed to flonicamid for 3 h showed high mortality. The effect of flonicamid on the feeding activity of an individual aphid was studied using electronic monitoring of insect feeding behaviour (EMIF). Although the treated aphid attached the head of its proboscis to the leaf surface, salivation and sap feeding were strongly inhibited. These results suggest that the main insecticidal mechanism of flonicamid is starvation based on the inhibition of stylet penetration to plant tissues.     

主要农业害虫对茚虫威的抗性现状及其治理策略

茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物（decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW）后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,但是前者是使钠离子通道关闭延迟,而后者是阻断钠离子通道,开展相关基础研究,使菊酯类药剂与茚虫威合理地用于抗性治理中。本文综述了茚虫威的抗性现状、抗性机制与交互抗性、茚虫威的抗性风险评价,针对茚虫威的抗性特点提出了抗性治理策略。     

Field trial measuring the compatibility of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid with Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a commercial pepper greenhouse

BACKGROUND: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are among the most serious pests of sweet peppers in greenhouses. Chemical control is difficult because of their high reproductive rates and insecticide resistance, and seasonal inoculative releases of Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) are commonly used to reduce their populations. As chemical treatments are often needed in the crop against other pests, the side effects of methoxyfenozide (an insect growth regulator against lepidopteran pests) and flonicamid (a selective feeding inhibitor against sucking insects) were studied in both beneficial organisms in a commercial greenhouse. RESULTS: Orius laevigatus and A. swirskii were released at commercial rates (4–5 and 100 m^?2), and a strong establishment and a very homogeneous distribution were reached. One pesticide treatment with the maximum field recommended concentration of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid (96 and 100 mg AI L^?1) was done when they were well established, and their population levels were not affected either immediately or up to 30 days after treatment. CONCLUSION: The results are indicative of no impact of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid on the two natural enemies in the field, and both can be considered as potential alternatives to be included in IPM programmes in sweet pepper. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

钙粘蛋白片段与苏云金杆菌晶体毒素协同作用研究进展

从钙粘蛋白介导苏云金杆菌晶体(Bt Cry)毒素对害虫的毒杀过程、钙粘蛋白重复区和近膜区与Bt Cry毒素的分子间作用涉及的结合位点及可能的互作机制等方面,综述了钙粘蛋白片段与Bt Cry毒素协同作用的最新研究进展。昆虫钙粘蛋白某些片段在非折叠状态时,可与Bt Cry毒素形成寡聚体,从而增加Bt Cry毒素对靶标害虫的毒杀活性。相关研究成果有助于提高Bt Cry毒素毒杀害虫的能力,克服害虫抗药性,具有一定的应用前景。     

Novel use of nanostructured alumina as an insecticide

BACKGROUND: The worldwide need to produce an inexpensive and abundant food supply for a growing population is a great challenge that is further complicated by concerns about risks to environmental stability and human health triggered by the use of pesticides. The result is the ongoing development of alternative pest control strategies, and new, lower‐risk insecticidal molecules. Among the recent technological advances in agricultural science, nanotechnology shows considerable promise, although its development for use in crop protection is in its initial stages. RESULTS: This study reports for the first time the insecticidal effect of nanostructured alumina. Two species were used as model organisms, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), which are major insect pests in stored food supplies throughout the world. Both species experienced significant mortality after 3 days of continuous exposure to treated wheat. Nine days after treatment, the median lethal doses (LD₅₀) observed ranged from 127 to 235 mg kg^?1. CONCLUSION: Comparison of these results with recommended rates for commercial insecticidal dusts suggests that inorganic nanostructured alumina may provide a cheap and reliable alternative for control of insect pests. This study expands the frontiers for nanoparticle‐based technologies in pest management. Further research is needed to identify its mode of action and its non‐target toxicity, and to determine the potential of other nanostructured materials as pest control options for insects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

抑制性谷氨酸受体(IGluRs)通道及其相关杀虫剂的作用

抑制性谷氨酸受体(IGluRs)属于半胱氨酸环配体门控离子通道超家族,主要介导神经和肌肉细胞中抑制性的神经传递,目前仅在无脊椎动物中发现,在脊椎动物中尚未发现,因此是高选择性杀虫剂的理想靶标。IGluRs主要分布在无脊椎动物的神经和肌肉组织中,对控制吞咽、运动、感知和保幼激素的生物合成等可能起关键作用。人们对IGluRs的了解大多来自于对线虫和模式昆虫的研究,目前在线虫中共发现了4种α亚基和1种β亚基,是否有一种新的亚基类型如γ亚基尚不确定,从昆虫体内仅克隆了α亚基。就生理功能和药理特性而言,IGluRs与γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体最为类似,但其氨基酸序列却与甘氨酸受体相似性最高。作用于IGluRs的杀虫剂包括阿维菌素/美倍霉素类、苯基吡唑类杀虫剂氟虫腈以及吲哚二萜类化合物Nodulisporic acid等。对IGluRs的生理功能、分子特性、药理性质及相关杀虫剂的作用机理等的研究进展进行了综述。     

Teppeki® – Ein neues Insektizid im Ackerbau (Kartoffeln und Weizen)

Teppeki^®, a new insecticide with the active ingredient flonicamid (500?g/kg), is available for the German market since May 2007 in top fruits and arable crops. Flonicamid belongs to a new chemical class, called pyridinecarboxamides. For that, it could be used as an important tool in insecticide resistant management (IRM). The product works systemic and has a long lasting efficacy against all important aphid species. Registration is available with application rates between 140 and 160?g/ha for winter wheat and potatoes. It will be expanded to the use against virus vectors in seed potatoes soon. The following article shows for those indications trial data from the years 2000–2005, which prove the efficacy of the product.     

昆虫谷氨酸门控氯离子通道研究进展

谷氨酸门控氯离子通道(GluCls)介导快速抑制性神经传导,目前只发现于无脊椎动物中,是开发新型杀虫剂的理想作用靶标。GluCls属于半胱氨酸环超家族的配体门控离子通道,在昆虫中只发现有1个α亚基,但可以通过选择性剪接生成多种亚基剪接变体并且能够形成功能性受体。除了典型的神经传导功能外,GluCls还参与调控昆虫保幼激素合成及生长发育等生理功能。GluCls的氨基酸突变和表达量变化是导致昆虫对杀虫剂产生抗药性的部分原因。本文主要从GluCls的分子特征、选择性剪接、药理学性质、生理功能和昆虫的抗药性5个方面对昆虫GluCls的研究进展作一综述,为新型杀虫剂的研发提供理论基础。     

转Bt基因抗虫作物对非靶标生物的影响

迄今为止,已经获得了大量的抗虫转Bt基因作物。尽管这些作物中表达的Bt蛋白只是针对靶标害虫起到杀虫效果,但是抗虫转Bt基因作物是否会对非靶标生物产生影响一直存在争议。本文就抗虫转Bt基因作物对节肢动物群落、非靶标植食性昆虫、天敌和有益昆虫的影响进行了综述。综合评价认为,现有的抗虫转Bt基因作物对非靶标生物是安全的。     

Advances in insect phototaxis and application to pest management: a review

Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry