棉秆粉碎与搂膜联合作业机田间作业性能试验分析

为了检验研制的棉秆粉碎与搂膜联合作业机的结构和工作参数的合理性。文中对棉秆粉碎与搂膜联合作业机进行了三因素三水平正交试验,并对试验数据进行分析,通过分析得出影响残膜回收率的最优参数组合。     

棉秆集条与残膜回收联合作业机设计

介绍了棉秆集条与残膜回收联合作业机的工作原理及其基本结构,重点对传动系统与棉秆集条系统和残膜回收系统间的传动关系进行分析,通过对残膜回收系统中的挑膜机构进行详尽分析得出挑膜滚筒上凸轮参数的优化组合.样机试验效果表明,该联合作业机原理上可行.     

新疆农业科学院 农业工程公司 农业机械化研究所

<正>1JSM-1800A1型棉秸秆还田及残膜回收联合作业机产品介绍1JSM-1800A1型棉秸秆还田及残膜回收联合作业机是新疆农业科学院农业机械化研究所研制,新疆农业科学院农业工程公司生产的新型棉秸秆粉碎还田及残膜回收联合作业机具。该机具历经20多年的研究、试验、改进,产品技术成熟可靠,能一次性完成秸秆粉碎还田、残膜回收等作业,回收当     

新疆农业科学院农业工程公司农业机械化研究所

<正>1JSM-1800A1型棉秸秆还田及残膜回收联合作业机产品介绍1JSM-1800A1型棉秸秆还田及残膜回收联合作业机是新疆农业科学院农业机械化研究所研制,新疆农业科学院农业工程公司生产的新型棉秸秆粉碎还田及残膜回收联合作业机具。该机具历经20多年的研究、试验、改进,产品技术成熟可靠,能一次性完成秸秆粉碎还田、残膜回收等作业,回收当     

4JSM-2000B型残膜回收机棉秆粉碎装置设计与试验

地膜残留现已成为影响新疆棉区可持续发展的主要因素,而现有的残膜回收机具大多存在含杂率高的问题。为解决上述问题,研制了一种新型棉秆粉碎装置,主要由悬挂架、动力传递系统、刀片及刀辊等部件组成。该机采用螺旋单侧输出搅龙,将粉碎后的棉秆侧抛至地面,降低了残膜含杂率。设计了刀片线速度、刀辊旋转半径、刀辊转速及螺旋输送机构,并确定其结构尺寸。田间试验结果表明:当刀辊转速2200r/min、刀片离地高度60mm、机具作业速度1.5m/s时,棉秆粉碎合格率为90.2%,本研究可为棉秆粉碎装置的设计与改进提供理论支持。     

残膜回收联合作业机的现状与思考

本文以介绍残膜回收联合作业机为主线综述了近三年来国内主要残膜回收机的研究和发展情况,并介绍了利用常规机 具改装回收残膜的方法。文章强调指出残膜回收联合作业机 (将残膜回收和中耕、秸秆收获、秸秆粉碎还田、犁地或者整地等作 业结合起来）是适合我国国情的残膜回收机械的发展方向,搞好残膜的再生利用将带动残膜回收机械的发展。     

抖动链齿杆式残膜-土壤-秸秆挖掘与输送装置设计与试验

针对土壤层残膜回收装备存在挖掘阻力大、功耗高、易壅土等问题，设计抖动链齿杆式残膜-土壤-秸秆挖掘与输送装置，其中旋耕挖掘机构降低挖掘阻力并解决壅土问题，抖动链齿输送机构提高残膜-土壤-秸秆输送效率。建立输送链表面物料颗粒的受力模型，分析前进速度与输送链转速之间的变化关系，计算抖动轮与输送链转速；测定土壤剖面残膜和秸秆的含量及分布并建立虚拟仿真土槽，模拟棉田土壤中残膜和秸秆含量及分布特点。在EDEM中构建残膜-土壤-秸秆挖掘与输送装置仿真模型并设置挖掘铲入土深度150 mm,在不同前进速度(0.75、1、1.25 m/s)、旋耕刀片转速(210、230、250 r/min)、输送链转速(65、85、105 r/min)组合条件下，模拟挖掘与输送残膜-土壤-秸秆过程中的壅土效果和颗粒速度变化特性；根据仿真试验结果可知，在挖掘与输送装置前进速度较高的条件下易发生壅土问题，土壤层残膜、土壤和秸秆颗粒运动速度小于5 m/s。田间试验结果与仿真试验结果基本相同，在不同的因素水平组合条件下，田间试验测量壅土高度范围为71～246 mm;田间试验表明，当壅土高度小于等于90 mm时不会发生挖掘阻力较大...     

螺旋切分式种带清理装置设计与试验

针对东北地区免耕播种时易出现秸秆堵塞等问题,本研究设计一种螺旋切分式种带清理装置。通过理论分析,确定了清茬刀的排布方式和清茬刀刃口曲线参数,并得到影响种带清理效果的主要因素：拖拉机前进速度、螺旋切分式种带清理装置转速和螺距。在离散元软件EDEM中建立螺旋切分式种带清理装置仿真模型,以种带清秸率为试验指标,以前进速度、转速和螺距为试验因素,进行了二次回归组合仿真试验,建立了种带清秸率的回归模型,结果表明,前进速度、转速和螺距对种带清秸率影响极显著(P<0.01),其中转速影响最为显著。利用Design-Expert软件对影响因素进行优化求解,得到最优参数组合为：前进速度2m/s、转速400r/min、螺距570mm,最佳组合下种带清秸率为92.55%。在最优参数下进行了田间验证试验,试验种带清洁率比仿真减少了约2.89个百分点,基本满足玉米免耕播种的要求。该研究为东北地区免耕播种机秸秆清理与防堵装置的研究提供了参考。     

油菜联合收获机滚筒筛式复清装置设计与试验

针对油菜联合收获机脱粒分离作业后脱出物组分杂,籽粒细小不易分离,导致清选作业清洁率低、人工复清劳动强度大等问题,设计了一种挂接在粮箱上的模块化滚筒筛式复清装置。基于运动学与动力学分析了物料提升螺旋输送器和筛分装置的结构参数与运行参数范围;以滚筒筛式复清装置的损失率、清洁率及筛分效率为评价指标,以滚筒筛转速、筛网内助流螺旋叶片螺距和筛孔直径为影响因素,基于EDEM开展了三因素三水平正交试验,确定了最佳参数组合,并利用收获关键部件试验台开展了验证试验。仿真结果表明：当喂入量为0.6kg/s时,滚筒筛式复清装置的较优参数组合为筛孔直径5mm、滚筒筛转速105r/min、筛网内助流螺旋叶片螺距250mm,此时滚筒筛式复清装置损失率为0.92%、清洁率为98.96%、筛分效率为95.12%。台架验证试验表明,带有滚筒筛式复清装置的清选系统工作顺畅,在最佳参数组合条件下,滚筒筛式复清装置的损失率为0.96%、清洁率为98.67%、筛分效率为95.36%,对比未增加滚筒筛式复清装置前清洁率提升了4.38个百分点。研究可为油菜联合收获机清选装置结构改进和优化提供参考。     

4JSM-200G型茎秆还田残膜回收联合作业机的研制与试验

文中介绍了一种秸秆还田与收膜联合作业机的整体结构、工作流程、主要技术参数、特点及试验、使用情况。设计的皮带式输送装置可以避免粉碎秸秆与地膜混合影响收净率,并实现后抛均匀还田。经检测:该机残膜拾净率86.9%,茎秆平均留茬高度82 mm,茎秆粉碎长度合格率88.3%,达到了设计指标。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。