花生、玉米不同间作方式对花生生理性状以及产量的影响

为探究不同间作方式对花生生长发育以及产量的影响,研究提高花生、玉米间作综合单产的最优间作模式。设置了花生和玉米4:1间作模式(覆膜:DJ_1FM;露地:DJ_1)、花生和玉米4:2间作模式(覆膜:DJ_2FM;露地:DJ_2)、花生和玉米5:3间作模式(覆膜:DJ_3FM;露地:DJ_3)、花生单作处理(覆膜:DDHF;露地:DDH)和玉米单作处理(DDY)共9个处理。研究结果表明:覆膜有利于花生叶片净光合速率的提高,而从结荚期开始花生、玉米间作的覆膜和露地处理均显著降低了花生的净光合速率,各处理之间光合速率大小表现为DDHFDDHDJ_1FMDJ_1DJ_2FMDJ_2DJ_3FMDJ_3;花针期花生、玉米5:3模式覆膜和露地处理的叶绿素含量显著低于其他处理;花生、玉米间作对花生叶片叶绿素含量的影响与玉米所占比例成反比。花生、玉米5:3间作模式覆膜和露地处理的硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力在各个时期均低于其他各个处理,差异显著;各间作模式下花生都出现了产量显著下降的情况;花生、玉米4:2间作模式的玉米产量较单作玉米下降了24.9%,下降不显著。按照当年山东省粮食收购价格计算花生和玉米的收益花生、玉米4:2间作模式的覆膜处理经济效益明显高于其他间作处理。认为4:2间作模式覆膜处理为花生、玉米的最佳间作模式。     

玉米‖花生间作系统作物产量及根系空间分布特征的影响

在农业部阜新农业环境与保育科学观测试验站分别设置2行玉米:4行花生间作(2M4P)、4行玉米:4行花生间作(4M4P)和玉米单作、花生单作4个种植模式,开展不同种植模式对作物产量及产量构成因素、生物量和根系特征的影响研究。结果表明,2个间作模式的土地当量比(LER)为1.16~1.24,具有一定的产量优势和较高的土地利用效率。间作中的玉米干物质积累量与单作接近,间作花生干物质积累量较单作明显下降。对根系研究发现,间作减少作物的细根生长,2M4P、4M4P处理的比根长(SRL)较单作玉米和花生分别下降了25%、23%和18%、12%,复合系统作物根表面积密度(RSAD)在0~40 cm土层中能够占到总土层的80%以上,间作作物的RSAD显著高于单作,表明作物根系在表层分布较为密集,间作影响了作物的根系生长与分布。     

玉米花生宽幅间作碳足迹初探

为明确玉米花生宽幅间作农田碳足迹,探索有效途径实现低碳与高效的协同效益,依据全生命周期评价分析原理,建立农田碳排放核算模型,设置农用物资(种子、肥料、农药、地膜)投入、农机能耗(耕地、播种、灌溉、收获)、秸秆处理及氮肥施用导致的田间N2O直接和间接排放四个模块,估算山东聊城地区典型玉米花生3∶4和3∶6宽幅间作与传统玉米单作、花生单作单位面积和单位产值的碳足迹差异。结果表明,3∶4和3∶6间作模式单位面积碳排放分别为3782.44kg CO_2e/hm~2和3829.94kg CO_2e/hm~2,均低于花生单作的3930.64kg CO_2e/hm~2、高于玉米单作的1361.38kg CO_2e/hm~2;二种间作模式的温室气体排放主要来自肥料(包括肥料生产、氮肥施用导致的田间N2O排放)和地膜,3∶4模式下占总排放的60.09%,3∶6模式下占60.54%;3∶4模式单位净产值的碳排放强度为0.197kg CO_2e/元,高于花生单作(0.179kg CO_2e/元)和玉米单作(0.154kg CO_2e/元),3∶6模式为0.177kg CO_2e/元,低于花生单作,但若能避免玉米条带的重复施肥和冗余翻耕,二种间作模式单位产值的碳排放强度将低于玉米和花生单作。玉米花生宽幅间作不仅提高土地产出率和资源利用率,而且具有显著的经济效益和生态效益。     

灌溉与供磷对小麦//玉米//马铃薯间作系统小麦产量和品质的调控效应

为探讨灌溉与供磷在不同种植方式下对小麦产量和品质的影响及单作和间作群体间品质的差异,并揭示造成差异的机理,在土壤速效磷含量8.74 mg/kg的大田条件下,设计三个灌水水平和三个供磷水平进行田间试验.结果表明,灌水与供磷对小麦//玉米//马铃薯间作系统小麦籽粒品质及其产量都有明显的调控效应.供磷和灌水不同程度地增加了小麦籽粒产量,经济产量以中灌[1 050 m3/(ha·次)]和高磷(150kg纯P2O5/ha)处理最高.灌水降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和沉淀值,供磷却对灌水的负效应有明显的缓冲作用.供磷处理(P1、P2)与不供磷处理(P0)相比,单作小麦籽粒蛋白质含量平均提高0.35个百分点,间作提高0.48个百分点.籽粒蛋白质含量、面筋含量以及千粒重有显著的群体效应,间作均高于单作;相反,沉淀值在单作和间作之间差异不明显.     

玉米大豆间作对辽西地区作物生长和产量的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了玉米||大豆间作对辽西地区作物生长和产量的影响.结果表明:间作对玉米、大豆各项生长指标均有不同程度的影响;间作模式玉米的产量及产量性状指标均高于单作模式,尤其边行1的优势更为明显;灌溉条件与雨养条件下对比发现,间作模式下玉米产量性状指标差异不显著,而单作模式下穗长、穗粒数和产量灌溉处理高于雨养处...     

不同玉米大豆间作行比对大豆光合特性及产量的影响

为研究适合东北黑土区玉米大豆间作行比,促进玉米大豆间作模式推广应用,本研究以玉米大豆间作系统为主要研究对象,设置玉米单作(M)、大豆单作(S)、玉米大豆行比2∶4间作(M2S4)、玉米大豆行比4∶4间作(M4S4)和玉米大豆行比4∶6间作(M⁴S⁶)处理,分析不同间作行比对大豆株高及干物质积累、光合特性相关指标、产量及经济产值分析的影响。结果表明：间作显著增加了大豆株高,降低了干物质量,同时,随着玉米条带数的降低及大豆条带数的增加,光合参数Gs和Tr与单作处理之间呈显著性差异,而Ci则呈现相反的变化趋势。4∶4间作行比(M4S4)处理具有较好的间作优势,土地当量比为1.26,在考虑了政府补贴后,间作复合经济产值显著高于各单作处理,其中,M4S4处理最具有增收潜力。综上,M4S4模式为东北黑土区最佳玉米大豆间作配置方式。     

鲁西北地区夏玉米/大豆间作适宜模式分析

为探索鲁西北地区最适宜的夏玉米/大豆间作模式,选用豫单9953玉米和齐黄34大豆为材料进行大田试验,以玉米单作和大豆单作模式作为对照,设置夏玉米/大豆6种行比间作模式(2∶4、2∶6、2∶8、3∶4、3∶6、3∶8),分析比较不同间作模式对夏玉米、大豆生物学性状、产量及综合经济效益的影响。结果表明:间作下玉米秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、单穗粒重均显著优于单作玉米,具有一定正间作效应;大豆株高、底荚高度、分枝数、节数、有效荚数、单株粒数均比单作大豆低,具有一定负间作效应。2∶4、3∶4、3∶6、2∶6、3∶8和2∶8间作模式下土地当量比分别为1.32、1.28、1.21、1.18、1.14和1.11,增产效益明显,均具有间作优势,尤其2∶4间作模式增产优势最大,相比玉米单作增收值达到4 879.28元·hm~(-2)。综合考虑不同间作模式的经济效益及小型机械操作,2∶4间作模式较适宜在鲁西北地区推广应用。     

适宜机械化玉米-大豆间作生产模式研究

研究机械化条件下玉米-大豆间作的生产效益,为优化玉米-大豆间作模式提供理论基础.设置玉米单作(MM)、大豆单作(SM)、玉米大豆行比2:4间作(2/4I)和玉米大豆行比4:4间作(4/4I)种植模式,分析不同种植模式的作物产量、经济效益和土壤温室气体排放特征.结果表明,2/4I和4/4I模式均具有间作优势,土地当量比分...     

玉米II花生间作系统与玉米根功能及其保护酶活性关系研究

研究玉米单作、玉米II花生2∶4模式和4∶2模式3种种植方式对玉米根系空间分布和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同种植模式显著影响玉米的根系空间分布,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在间作模式下显著高于单作模式,间作能够延长玉米根系功能期特别是生长中后期根系功能,对玉米子粒产量的增加具有重要的促进作用。     

玉米||花生间作系统与玉米根功能及其保护酶活性关系研究

研究玉米单作、玉米||花生2∶4模式和4∶2模式3种种植方式对玉米根系空间分布和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同种植模式显著影响玉米的根系空间分布,根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在间作模式下显著高于单作模式,间作能够延长玉米根系功能期特别是生长中后期根系功能,对玉米子粒产量的增加具有重要的促进作用。     

Water use and yield of wheat/maize intercropping under alternate irrigation in the oasis field of northwest China

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of alternate irrigation (AI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping system in an oasis region of northwest China in 2006-2008. Three planting patterns, i.e., sole wheat, sole maize and wheat/maize intercropping. Three irrigation levels were applied for each treatment during 3 years. Results showed that land use efficiency of wheat and maize was significantly enhanced by intercropping system; land equivalent ratio (LER) of wheat/maize intercropping system in different treatments was all greater than 1.0. Moreover, significant difference in grain yield was observed between intercropping treatment and sole cropping treatment, in which the yield of intercropped wheat was 55.37-74.88% of sole wheat, and intercropped maize was 66.63-78.87% of sole maize. Wheat/maize intercropping treatments increased water use by 1.8-16.4% than half of the total water use of sole-cropping wheat and maize. Compared to sole cropping wheat treatments, wheat/maize intercropping with alternate irrigation significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) by 30.5-57.7%, 55.5-71.4% and 12.0-19.8%, and increased by 32.7-37.8%, 9.5-15.8% and 4.0-20.8% than sole cropping maize treatments in 2006-2008, respectively. Our results suggest that AI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method on wheat/maize intercropping in arid oasis field where intercropping planting is decreased because of limited water resource.     

不同类型玉米杂交种高矮立体间作种植技术研究

2001～2003年连续对8个不同类型的玉米杂交种进行了高矮立体间作种植比较试验,结果表明:(1)适合密植的紧凑株型杂交种和稀植大穗型杂交种高、矮间作种植均比单作种植产量显著提高,F值分别为5.10,6.31,5.19,4.86;株高、穗位高比单作稍有降低;抽雄、散粉、吐丝和成熟期均比单作提早;出籽率、百粒重均比单作高.(2)高、矮每隔2行、4行或每隔6行间作产量间无显著差异.(3)玉米杂交种高、矮间作种植的增产原因是有效地协调了群体与个体之间光合性状间彼此致约的矛盾,提高了光合作用效率.     

Integrating a simple shading algorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particular regard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercropping system

Wheat/maize related multi-cropping systems are the dominant cropping systems in North China. To improve and adjust those systems, and to study competition effects within intercropping, extended field experiments are necessary. As field experiments are time consuming, laborious and expensive, a viable alternative is the use of crop growth models that can quantify the effects of management practices on crop growth and productivity. Field experiments showed that intercropped maize yielded as high as monocropped maize, and grain yield of intercropped wheat increased by up to 32%. Based on a process-oriented modeling approach, this study focuses on analyzing and modeling competitive relationships in a wheat/maize relay intercropping system with regard to yield, solar radiation and microclimate effects. A simple shading algorithm was applied and integrated into the CERES models, which are part of the DSSAT software shell vs. 4.5. The algorithm developed estimates the proportion of shading as affected by neighbouring plant height. The model was tested to investigate the applicability of this shading algorithm within the CERES models in the simulation of grain yield and dry matter yield of wheat and maize. Model error of grain and dry matter yield for both species was below 10%. There was a tendency for grain yield to be simulated adequately but for dry matter yield to be slightly underestimated. Increased top soil temperature in intercropped wheat increased the mineralization of nitrogen and improved N supply. The wheat/maize system was N efficient. Thus, N dynamics were taken into account for simulation as well as CO₂ dynamics based upon modified wind speed. Wheat border rows were exposed to a higher wind speed until mid-June and to reduced wind speed thereafter. As a result, solar radiation, soil temperature and wind speed differed between monocropping and intercropping and could provide a starting point for simulating intercropping. Microclimate effects are often small, subtle or non-existent, while spatial and climate variability and the heterogeneity of plant populations can be considerable. Quantifying microclimatic effects may prove difficult but should not be neglected when simulating intercropping systems.     

旱地马铃薯间作玉米、玉米间作大豆效益分析

通过对马铃薯间作玉米、玉米间作大豆、净作玉米、净作马铃薯、净作大豆5种种植模式的比较分析认为：虽然间作时单一作物的产量、产值比净作时降低,但综合产量提高。通过调整搭配作物的种植密度可以达到作物间的相对平衡,从而获得各种作物的丰收。在作物搭配时应以其中一种作物为主,另一种作物为辅,不能同时并重。马铃薯间作玉米以马铃薯为主,玉米间作大豆时以玉米为主,能够获得较高的收益。     

恩施山区马铃薯与玉米、蔬菜立体种植模式

为了增加单位面积产值,充分利用有限的耕地,恩施州农户巧妙地将马铃薯与玉米、蔬菜进行立体种植,获得相当可观的经济效益。本研究在充分调查的基础上对这种立体种植模式进行了试验。研究方法为在海拔855m的地方采用双行玉米套种单行马铃薯,在玉米生育期内套种两季四季豆、一季白萝卜;对照为传统双行玉米套种单行马铃薯。试验结果为:立体种植模式马铃薯商品薯667m2产量达615.9kg,玉米产量达614.6kg,四季豆产量达1577.0kg,白萝卜产量达2755.0kg,667m2总产值达4149.4元,净产值达3044.9元,比传统种植模式的净产值增加509.7%。     

间作系统中玉米光合作用指标改善的研究

通过对玉米和大豆间作系统中玉米的某些光合指标进行研究。结果表明,在间作种植方式下,玉米叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度均表现为较单作不同程度的增大趋势;从整个生育期来看,4种光合指标的变化基本一致,都呈单峰型曲线变化。在抽雄期和灌浆期达到一个高峰,然后下降,但间作玉米下降的幅度要小于单作玉米。说明间作方式改善了玉米的光合作用条件,增强了玉米的光合能力。     

甘蔗间套种/轮种玉米模式调查与分析

甘蔗是我国重要的糖料作物,对我国食糖安全起重要作用。但由于人工成本、地租等生产成本不断升高,导致甘蔗效益逐年减少。因此,如何提高单位面积甘蔗效益是当前甘蔗产业面临的重大问题。采用文献数据、面上调查、数据收集、实地调查和试验结果相结合的调查方法,进行比较分析我国甘蔗间套种玉米历史和现阶段主要模式进行差异分析。宿根蔗间套种玉米主要有每行间种和隔行间种二行两种模式,且宿根蔗间套种模式当前只能靠人工操作,规模化发展难度大;新植蔗间套种玉米的主要方式有等行距每行种植、等行距隔行种植、宽窄行间套种(宽行2.4~3.2米)等模式,但是等行距间套种无法机械化种植难以推广,而宽窄行间套种模式适合机械种植但严重影响单位面积甘蔗苗数;甘蔗轮作玉米能实现机械化种植和管理,但是只能在甘蔗良种繁育基地推广应用。因此,选择适合的间套种品种和合理种植模式还值得进一步研究。     

Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-/inter-cropping systems with different row orientations

Intercropping may be helpful to solve future food problem in developing countries. The aim of this study was to compare production efficiency in intercropping with sole cropping in terms of radiant energy use. For analysing crop radiation capture and utilisation, three indices are often used: the fraction of radiation intercepted (F), radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index (HI). Using those indices, maize–bean intercropping was evaluated and compared with maize and bean sole cropping systems. The findings were as follows: the intercrop F was higher than the sole crop F, the sole maize RUE was higher than the others, and there was no difference in HI among cropping systems. From those results, the intercropping may be equivalent to maize sole cropping in the overall efficiency of radiation interception and use. Therefore, when it is considered that both maize and beans would be planted in a given area of land, intercropping has more efficient radiation harvests than sole cropping. No effect of row orientation was found on F, RUE and HI.