猕猴桃籽油微乳液氧化稳定性及体外抗氧化活性研究

以W/O型猕猴桃籽油微乳液(含油量24.32%)为原料,研究其氧化稳定性和体外抗氧化活性。采用Schaal加速氧化试验分析其氧化稳定性,通过测定还原力与对O_2~-·,DPPH·,ABTS+·和·OH体外模型的自由基清除率,探讨猕猴桃籽油微乳液的体外抗氧化性能。结果表明,猕猴桃籽油微乳液的过氧化值(POV)随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐升高,但较普通猕猴桃籽油更具稳定性;猕猴桃籽油微乳液的还原能力,以及对O_2~-·,DPPH·,ABTS~+·,·OH的清除率均随质量浓度的增加而升高,当质量浓度达到15 mg/mL时,猕猴桃籽油微乳液对O_2~-·清除率达到87.57%,且对·OH的清除率明显高于VE,呈现出良好的自由基清除能力。     

芒果皮渣多糖提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以芒果皮渣为原料,采用热水浸提法,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化芒果皮渣多糖的提取工艺,同时分析芒果皮渣多糖的最佳沉淀条件,并利用清除ABTS+·、DPPH·和·OH能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,芒果皮渣多糖的最佳提取及醇沉工艺条件为:浸提温度98℃,浸提时间4 h,料液比1∶40(g/mL),在此条件下芒果皮渣多糖提取率为9.29%。芒果皮渣多糖最佳醇沉工艺为:浸提次数3次,浸提液浓缩5倍,4倍体积95%乙醇醇沉6 h。体外抗氧化试验表明,芒果皮渣多糖对ABTS+·、DPPH·和·OH均有一定的清除效果,随着芒果皮渣多糖质量浓度的增加清除能力逐渐增强,当多糖浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,其对ABTS+·、DPPH·和·OH的清除率分别达到42.58%、92.37%和41.59%,此时还原力为1.49。     

不同干燥方式对十香菜根多酚和黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

对十香菜根分别进行自然风干、热风干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥处理,并对其总酚与总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性进行测定,研究不同干燥方式对十香菜根的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥处理后十香菜根具有较高的功能性成分和抗氧化能力,多酚含量为6.672%,黄酮含量为4.784%,DPPH·清除率为60.081%,羟基自由基清除率为25.958%,ABTS+·清除率为66.148%,可作为干燥十香菜根的合适方法。     

桑黄菌丝体中多糖提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性分析

为了研究桑黄菌丝体中桑黄多糖的提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性,利用热水浸提法,在单因素实验结果的基础上,采用多因素正交试验对桑黄菌丝体中桑黄多糖的提取工艺进行优化,并通过检测桑黄多糖清除ABTS+.和DPPH.自由基的能力来初步评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：桑黄多糖最佳提取工艺为提取时间2.5 h,提取温度60 ℃,提取次数3次,液料比为14倍,在该最佳提取条件下桑黄多糖得率为4.97%;体外抗氧化活性实验结果表明,桑黄多糖的ABTS+.和DPPH.自由基清除能力有良好的剂量－效应关系,对ABTS+.和DPPH.的最高清除率分别为73.54%和88.83%。表明优化的桑黄液体发酵菌丝体中桑黄多糖提取工艺合理、可行,桑黄多糖有较强的体外抗氧化活性,可用于功能性食品和药剂的开发利用。     

黄秋葵嫩荚粗多糖的抗氧化活性研究

利用热水浴法、微波超声协助法在不同条件下提取黄秋葵嫩荚粗多糖。结果表明,热水浴法的多糖得率在提取温度80℃,料液比1∶40条件下达到最大,为9.23%;微波超声协助法的粗多糖得率在料液比1∶50,功率200 W条件下达到最大,为7.64%。2种方法提取的多糖DPPH自由基清除率都随着参数的加大而增大;热水浴法提取的多糖ABTS+自由基清除率随着温度和料液比上升而提高,微波超声协助法提取的粗多糖ABTS+自由基清除率随着料液比上升而提高,但并未随功率提高而提高。热水浴法条件下提取的黄秋葵嫩荚粗多糖得率高、抗氧化活性高,方法简单、易于操作。     

黄秋葵多糖超声波辅助提取工艺优化及其对·OH体外抗氧化活性研究

以黄秋葵干果荚为原料,选用超声辅助手段对提取其多糖工艺进行优化。采用单因素试验探讨了超声温度、超声时间、液料比和超声功率对黄秋葵干果荚多糖提取得率的影响,在此基础上进行正交试验以确定最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明,提取黄秋葵干果荚多糖的最佳工艺条件为超声温度60℃,超声时间25 min,液料比40:1(mL:g),超声功率90 W,在此条件下提取的黄秋葵干果荚多糖平均得率为3.53%(m/m);制得的RPS对·OH的清除率随着其质量浓度的增加而增大,IC_(50)值为2.41±0.07 mg/mL,表现出较好的体外抗氧化活性。     

响应面耦合遗传算法优化超声-酶辅助提取金银花绿原酸工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

以金银花为原料,通过单因素试验和响应面耦合遗传算法优化超声-酶辅助提取金银花绿原酸的工艺;同时探究最优提取工艺下获得的金银花绿原酸提取物对ABTS+自由基和羟基自由基清除能力的影响.结果表明,超声-酶辅助提取金银花绿原酸最优的工艺参数为:超声功率157 W,提取时间30 min,提取温度34℃,果胶酶添加量0.20％,乙醇体积分数61％,在此条件下所得绿原酸提取率为12.85％±0.37％.体外抗氧化活性表明:金银花绿原酸提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性,其中对ABTS+自由基和羟基自由基清除率的IC50分别为(6.18±0.07)mg/mL和(4.75±0.06)mg/mL.研究结果为金银花绿原酸提取提供一种可行的方法.     

苜蓿不同部位提取液的体外抗氧化活性研究

为了对苜蓿的精深综合利用,研究了苜蓿不同部位提取液的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,苜蓿的还原力、清除·OH能力和清除O2-·能力,均表现出成熟种子>花序>未熟种子>叶片>幼茎的规律,且随着提取液浓度的增加而提高。在提取液浓度为10g/100mL时,苜蓿成熟种子对·OH的清除率可达85.4%,而对O2-·的清除率为65.8%,分别是幼茎清除率的1.79倍和1.64倍。     

不同干燥处理对马齿苋总酚含量及其抗氧化性的影响

分别采用热风干燥法、真空微波干燥法和真空冷冻干燥法处理马齿苋,测定马齿苋粉甲醇提取液的总酚含量、总抗氧化能力、还原能力、DPPH·清除能力、羟自由基清除能力和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力,研究不同干燥方法对马齿苋粉总酚含量和抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥法制得的马齿苋干粉样品中总酚含量显著高于真空微波与热风干燥样品;不同的干燥方法对马齿苋粉的抗氧化性有明显影响,真空冷冻干燥法制得的马齿苋粉甲醇提取液的总抗氧化能力、还原能力、DPPH·与羟自由基清除能力显著高于真空微波和热风干燥法制得的马齿苋粉(P0.05),但真空冷冻干燥样品与真空微波干燥样品对O_2~-·的清除率无显著差异,综合考虑产品品质与加工成本,采用真空微波干燥法更为合理。     

空心菜总黄酮的超声波辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

以干燥空心菜茎叶粉为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对乙醇超声辅助提取空心菜中总黄酮的工艺进行优化,并研究了空心菜总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,空心菜中总黄酮最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度65℃,乙醇体积分数70%,固液比1∶20(g/m L),超声提取时间35 min,该优化条件下,空心菜中总黄酮的得率为29.39 mg/g。空心菜总黄酮对铁离子有较强的还原能力,对羟基自由基具有明显的清除力,且空心菜总黄酮的抗氧化作用随浓度增大而增强,但其抗氧化能力弱于VC。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.