生物炭施用下潮土团聚体微生物量碳氮和酶活性的分布特征

  【目的】  探究生物炭配施化肥对不同粒级团聚体中微生物量碳、氮 (MBC、MBN) 含量和胞外酶活性的影响,分析影响团聚体胞外酶活性变化的主控因素,为提升土壤质量提供科学依据。  【方法】  田间微区试验在河南现代农业研究基地进行,供试土壤为石灰性潮土。设置4个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、单施生物炭 (BC) 和生物炭配施化肥 (BC+NPK),生物炭是以花生壳为原料高温裂解制备而成,仅在试验开始前施用一次,化肥每季均施用。试验开始于2017年小麦季,于2019年9月玉米收获后采集耕层土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析各粒径团聚体MBC、MBN含量和酶活性。  【结果】  与CK相比,NPK处理可显著提高耕层土壤有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量,BC处理可显著提高有机碳和全氮含量,BC+NPK处理则显著提高了以上各指标含量。与CK相比,BC处理显著降低了粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体MBN含量,并明显增加了该粒径的MBC/MBN值;BC+NPK处理显著增加了粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中MBC含量 (增幅分别为59.57%和34.68%),也增加了耕层土壤、粒径 > 2 mm和2～0.25 mm团聚体中MBN含量 (增幅分别为17.33%、42.24%和19.28%)。与CK相比,NPK、BC和BC+NPK处理均显著增加粒径 > 2 mm团聚体微生物熵,而BC和BC+NPK处理则显著降低了耕层土壤、粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体微生物熵。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均显著提高了粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中β-葡糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、α-葡糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶活性;在粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中,仅BC+NPK处理明显提高了该四种酶的活性。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均明显提高了粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中脲酶活性及粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶活性,仅BC+NPK处理可显著提高粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。团聚体酶活性变化与MBC、MBN含量以及MBC/MBN值显著相关。粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与微生物熵、全氮和MBC含量均显著相关,粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC/MBN值显著相关,而粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC含量显著相关。  【结论】  生物炭与化肥配施有利于土壤碳的固存,改善土壤微环境,提升土壤质量,且生物炭添加到土壤中有较长的后效。     

保护性耕作对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田套作模式土壤团聚体的影响,在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对传统耕作(T)、垄作(R)、传统耕作+覆盖(TS)和垄作+覆盖(RS)4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作体系玉米大豆共生时期土壤团聚体进行筛分和测定分析.结果表明:在玉米条带,随着团聚体粒级的减小各处理间水稳性团聚体质量分数差异降低,且差异主要出现在＞0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体中.但是在小麦—大豆条带,不同处理的水稳性团聚体含量没有明显差异.不同土层的土壤水稳性团聚体含量趋势一致,大小排序为A1(＞2 mm粒级的团聚体)＞A2(2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体)＞M2(＜0.053mm粒级的团聚体)＞M1(0.25～0.053 mm粒级的团聚体).0-5 cm土层＞2 mm粒级的团聚体含量在36.31％～54.84％之间,低于5-10 cm土层的含量(55.22％～70.73％),耕作处理对土壤水稳性团聚体的影响主要表现在0-5 cm土层中,5-10 cm土层各处理间没有差异.不同粒级团聚体内有机碳含量大小排序为A2＞A1＞M1＞M2,有机碳主要富集在2～0.25 mm粒级的团聚体内,其中的水稳性团聚体有机碳含量变化尤其敏感.保护性耕作措施能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,虽然2～0.25 mm粒级中的有机碳含量最高,但是它的质量分数较低,土壤总有机碳增加主要是由于＞2 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量提高.在西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作模式下,保护性耕作有利于改善土壤团聚体结构,增加大团聚体含量,促进土壤有机碳的固定.     

不同耕作措施下旱作农田土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征

以连续进行12年的保护性耕作长期定位试验为研究对象,探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田豌豆-小麦双序列轮作系统的土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响。结果表明:各处理均以≥0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,且≥0.25 mm团聚体含量随土层深度增加而增加,而其他粒径团聚体含量随土层深度的变化并无明显规律。较之T处理,TS、NT、NTS处理均可提升≥0.25 mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径,NTS处理提升效果最明显。TS、NT、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于T处理,其中TS、NTS处理显著高于T处理,NTS处理高于TS处理;各处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均随土层增加而减小。较之T处理,NT、TS、NTS处理可不同程度提高各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,NTS处理的含量最高;各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小;同时,团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随粒径减小而增加。2~5 mm和0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应粒径团聚体有机碳含量呈极显著正相关、极显著正相关和极显著负相关;0.25~2 mm和≥5 mm团聚体含量与相应级别团聚体全氮含量分别呈极显著正相关和显著负相关。T处理不同粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率按其大小排序均为(0.25 mm)(≥5 mm)(0.25~2 mm)(2~5 mm),其他3种耕作措施各粒径团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率在各土层中的排序各有不同,并无明显规律。     

生物质炭与秸秆配施对紫色土团聚体中有机碳含量的影响

以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间微区试验,研究了生物质炭、秸秆(BC:8 000 kg·hm~(-2)生物质炭、CS:8 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆、0.5BC:4 000 kg·hm~(-2)生物质炭、0.5CS:4000kg·hm~(-2)秸秆、BC+CS:4 000 kg·hm~(-2)生物质炭+4 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆)与化肥配施对紫色土团聚体含量及稳定性、土壤有机碳及有机碳在各粒级团聚体中分布的影响,为合理利用有机物料及为紫色土培肥提供依据。结果表明:(1)与对照(CK)相比,秸秆、生物质炭还田(除0.5BC处理外)均能提高2 mm粒级团聚体含量,降低0.053 mm粒级团聚体含量,同时提高水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、大于0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_(0.25)),其中只有CS处理达到了显著水平,且随着秸秆施用量增加,效果越显著。CS+BC处理则能显著提高0.25～2mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量。(2)除CS处理,其他各处理较CK均能显著提高土壤总有机碳含量,其中BC和CS+BC处理分别提高了45.55%和44.45%(P0.05),效果优于单施秸秆处理,且随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤总有机碳呈增加趋势。对不同粒级团聚体有机碳而言,各处理的团聚体有机碳主要分布在0.053mm和2mm粒级团聚体中;BC处理较其他处理能提高土壤不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量,其次为CS+BC处理。(3)通过计算团聚体有机碳贡献率发现,各处理对土壤团聚体有机碳贡献率主要分布在0.25～2 mm和0.053 mm粒级团聚体中,其中仅CS处理显著提高了2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率,较CK提高了53.53%;CS+BC、0.5BC处理分别较CK显著提高了0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率,增幅为26.20%,48.63%。(4)秸秆和生物质炭还田能提高玉米和油菜的生物产量和经济产量,其中CS、BC、CS+BC效果较明显。总之,秸秆与生物质炭配施是改善紫色土结构和提升碳水平的较优培肥措施。     

茶渣生物质炭对茶园土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

将茶生产过程中产生的茶渣在500℃下制成生物质炭,针对雅安名山区3种典型茶园土壤(紫色土、水稻土和黄壤)进行112 d的室内培养试验,包括CK、0.5%、1%、2%和4%5种炭土比,共计15个处理,采用湿筛法分析不同生物质炭添加比例下3种茶园土壤水稳性团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响。研究表明:生物质炭输入后3种土壤0.25 mm粒径水稳性大团聚体的数量有所增加,且生物质炭添加比例越高提升越大,其中紫色土中2 mm粒径含量增幅最大,最高提升了12.71%;水稻土和黄壤则是0.25～2 mm粒径增幅最大,最高分别提升了8.25%和8.19%。3种土壤的MWD、GMD和R0.25值均有所增加,土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性增加,表现为高添加量下作用更显著,且对黄壤的提升效果最佳。3种土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳的含量大幅提升,且随添加比例的增加而增加,各处理间差异显著(P0.05),紫色土中0.053 mm粒径的增幅高达96.35%,水稻土中0.053～0.25 mm粒径有机碳含量增幅高达74.22%,黄壤中2 mm粒径有机碳含量增幅最高达到334.79%。3种土壤中均是0.25～2 mm粒径有机碳相对贡献率最高。总体上,茶渣生物质炭输入后可增加3种茶园土壤的大团聚体数量,提升团聚体稳定性,对各粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量也有显著提升作用(P0.05)。     

生物炭对砂壤土团聚体及其碳、氮分布的影响

试验研究了添加生物炭对砂壤土团聚体分布、稳定性及其碳、氮分布的影响,为生物炭的农业利用和土壤培肥提供理论依据。设置生物炭用量4个水平(0、10、20、30 t/hm²)、氮肥用量2个水平(0、150 kg/hm²),通过2年的田间定位试验,对土壤团聚体及其碳、氮含量进行分析。结果表明:不同处理团聚体分布均以>5、2～5 mm粒级团聚体为主,其中单施生物炭20 t/hm²时,>5、2～5 mm粒级团聚体占比最大,总占比为58%,与不添加生物炭相比,增幅为20%;施用生物炭20 t/hm²时土壤团聚体平均重量直径及几何重量直径增幅最为显著(P<0.05),与不施生物炭处理相比分别增加了17.6%和24.3%;有机碳和全氮变化趋势一致,添加生物炭后,土壤有机碳、氮含量均增加,不同粒级团聚体有机碳、氮含量均不同程度地升高,分别较对照显著提升27.9%和28.9%,<0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、氮含量较高。添加生物炭显著增加土壤大团聚体含量,并提高了土壤团聚体稳定性;土壤碳、氮含量及各粒级土壤团聚体碳、氮含量均显著提升,提高了>5 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、氮的贡献率。在本试验条件下,当生物炭添加量为20 t/hm²时有利于北疆灌区麦田土壤培肥改良。     

高寒草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体稳定性及其胶结物质的影响

团聚体是土壤有机碳重要的存储单元,其稳定性直接影响有机碳的固存。为探明草地灌丛化是否影响土壤团聚体稳定性及其胶结物质,本文以青藏高原东缘4种典型灌丛化草地(高山绣线菊Spiraea alpina、窄叶鲜卑花Sibiraea angustata、小叶锦鸡儿Caragana microphylla、金露梅Potentilla fruticosa)为研究对象,分析土壤团聚体稳定性(大于0.25 mm团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和分形维数及其胶结物质(团聚体有机碳、铁铝氧化物、钙键和铁铝键结合的有机碳)的含量,并分析各胶结物质对团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,(1)小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化显著降低2～0.25 mm和小于0.002 mm团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性(P<0.05),而其他3种灌丛化草地对土壤团聚体含量和稳定性影响不显著(P>0.05)。(2)小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化和窄叶鲜卑花灌丛化改变了团聚体胶结物质的含量。(3)团聚体胶结物质与MWD的增强回归树分析结果显示,高山绣线菊灌丛化草地土壤团聚体稳定性的主要贡献胶结物质为络合态铁(Fe_p)和无定形态铁铝(Fe     

稻草与生石灰添加介导的温室内土壤团聚体稳定性及碳分布特性

土壤中稳定的团聚体为碳的固定提供良好的物理保护,同时土壤中的碳又会促进团粒结构的形成,二者相辅相成,但在长期稻草和生石灰添加介导的设施内土壤中二者如何变化,却少见报导。以长期施肥定位试验为依托,采用湿筛法研究了施用鸡粪(M)的基础上,配施稻草(R)和生石灰(Ca)对设施土壤团聚体组成、稳定性及碳分布的影响,以不施肥(CK)为对照。结果表明:(1)在鸡粪基础上加入稻草(MR)或生石灰(MCa),与单施鸡粪(M)相比,0.25mm团聚体含量分别增加了123%和37%;稻草和生石灰同时添加可显著增加5~2mm大团聚体含量,较MR、MCa、M分别提高12%,59%,141%。(2)在鸡粪基础上施入稻草或生石灰均可增加MWD、GMD、R_(0.25),提高团聚体的稳定性,其中MR处理最高,MRCa处理次之,二者均显著高于MCa、M、CK处理。(3)在鸡粪基础上加入稻草或生石灰,均可提高土壤全碳含量,其中MRCa处理最高,较MR、MCa、M分别增加20%,40%,55%;稻草和生石灰同时施入可显著增加5~2mm大团聚体中碳含量;加入生石灰可增加0.5~0.25mm团聚体中碳含量;施入稻草或生石灰均可显著增加0.25mm团聚体中的碳对土壤全碳的贡献。(4)土壤全碳含量与5~2,2~1,1~0.5mm团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与0.25mm微团聚体含量呈显著负相关;MWD、GMD、R_(0.25)均与0.25mm团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与0.25mm微团聚体含量呈显著负相关。设施土壤在施入鸡粪的基础上同时加入稻草和生石灰,可改善土壤结构,提高土壤碳水平,有利于缓解设施生产中因长期连作所导致的土壤结构劣变问题。     

广东省赤红壤区土壤团聚体有机碳和铁氧化物特征及稳定性

通过野外采样和室内分析相结合,以广东省赤红壤区花岗岩(G)、第四纪红土(Q)和砂页岩(S)母质发育的林地(FL)、水田(PF)和旱地(UL)土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分和不同形态铁氧化物含量,探究了其对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响及贡献。结果显示:(1)3种母质发育的3种利用方式土壤团聚体均以>0.25 mm为主,2~5 mm团聚体以花岗岩母质发育林地土壤最高(58.51%),0.25~2 mm团聚体以花岗岩(62.93%)和第四纪红土(59.21%)母质发育水田和旱地土壤最高;土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)以砂页岩母质发育林地土壤最高;(2)3种母质发育林地土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分主要分布在2~5 mm粒径中,水田和旱地土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分主要分布在<0.053 mm粒径中;3种母质发育林地土壤团聚体铁氧化物含量主要分布在<0.053,0.25~2 mm粒径中,水田和旱地土壤团聚体铁氧化物含量主要分布在<0.053 mm粒径中。(3)相关分析和主成分分析表明,MWD、GMD与团聚体HAC、HAC/FAC、Fe fr和Fe co呈显著相关(P<0.05);不同母质和利用方式以砂页岩母质发育的林地土壤团聚体胶结能力最好。研究表明,不同母质和利用方式土壤团聚体HAC、HAC/FAC、Fe fr和Fe co含量分布差异显著,进而影响了土壤团聚体分布和稳定性,同时砂页岩母质发育的林地土壤团聚体结构较稳定。     

水稻秸秆炭施用对水稻土团聚体稳定性及其碳氮分布的影响

【目的】水稻长期种植过程中大量化肥施用导致土壤结构变差,研究不同用量水稻秸秆生物炭和化肥配施对水稻土结构和碳、氮分布的影响,探索稻田优化施肥管理方式。【方法】水稻田间试验在浙江衢州进行,试验设不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥处理(NPK)以及常规施肥基础上添加22.5 t/hm² (NPK+1%B)、45 t/hm²(NPK+2%B)和90 t/hm² (NPK+4%B)水稻秸秆炭处理,共5个处理。水稻收获后采集0—20 cm土层样品,测定土壤及不同粒级团聚体(>2、0.25～2、0.053～0.25和<0.053 mm)的有机碳和全氮含量,评价团聚体的稳定性。【结果】与NPK处理相比,施用水稻秸秆炭4年后,土壤>0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量提高了2.43%～7.99%,<0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量降低了2.93%～9.63%,土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别提高了16.40%～45.16%和14.67%～36.69%,各指标的变幅均以NPK+4%B处理最大。与NPK处理相比,秸秆炭处理土壤中>2 m...     

太行山低山丘陵区不同植物群落物种多样性研究

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。     

两种退耕还林模式对土壤微生物优势类群的影响

以两种退耕还林模式的桦木林地、苦竹林地和农耕地(对照)为对象,对各样地土壤微生物优势类群数量的季节性动态变化、垂直分布特征及其与土壤酶活性的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,土壤微生物的优势类群为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes)、酵母菌(未定属)、木霉菌属(Trichoderma)这6类。两种退耕还林模式下土壤优势微生物类群数量存在差异,春、夏、秋三季均为苦竹林所占比例最大,冬季为桦木林最大。两种林地和农耕地土壤微生物优势类群数量季节性变化规律为微球菌和酵母菌在夏、冬季较大,春、秋季较少;芽孢杆菌在秋季最大,夏季最小;游动放线菌与木霉菌数量在四季中变化不大;链霉菌是夏季最高,冬季最少。各优势微生物类群数量的垂直分布特征表现为微球菌、游动放线菌、木霉菌随土壤层的加深其数量逐渐降低,芽孢杆菌、链霉菌数量则随土壤层的加深而逐渐增加,酵母菌随土壤层的加深其数量减少,但趋势不明显。两种林地对各优势微生物类群数量的根际效应为:链霉菌和木霉菌的R/S值大于1,酵母菌的R/S值小于1,微球菌和游动放线菌在桦木林的R/S值大于1而在苦竹林小于1。在优势微生物类群和土壤酶之间,微球菌与转化酶,芽孢杆菌与纤维素酶,木霉和游动放线菌与过氧化氢酶,酵母与脲酶呈显著正相关关系。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.     

Distribution of inorganic phosphorus fractions in some soil profiles of Zagros forest of Iran

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions in ten virgin soil profiles, and to study the relationships between P fractions and soil properties from Kohgyloyeh and Boir Ahmad province, Iran. The soils belonged to Alfisols, Entisols, Mollisols, and Inceptisols. Mean annual precipitation and temperature ranges were 450–850 mm and 12.2–22.4°C, respectively. Inorganic P was fractionated by sequential extraction with NaHCO₃, NH₄OAc, MgCl₂, NH₄F, NaOH, citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate (CBD), and H₂SO₄, which are referred to as NaHCO₃–P, NH₄OAc–P, MgCl₂–P, NH₄F–P, NaOH–P, CBD–P, and H₂SO₄–P, respectively. Generally, the NaHCO₃–P, NH₄OAc–P, MgCl₂–P, and NH₄F–P were higher in surface horizons, especially wherever there was higher annual precipitation. Results showed that H₂SO₄–P constituted the largest inorganic P fractions in all profiles. For all the soils studied the distribution of P fractions was similar to that of weakly weathered soils under arid and semi-arid regions which represent an early stage of development. Pedogenic P compounds were higher where weathering was higher, i.e., in surface horizons and at higher annual precipitation.     

不同砧木对脐橙幼树生长和叶片养分含量变化的影响

以体细胞杂种红桔+枳和红桔+粗柠檬、有性杂种Troyer枳橙和Sweingel枳柚作砧木的脐橙2年生嫁接苗为试材,利用盆栽试验研究了不同砧木对苗木生长和叶片养分含量年动态变化的影响。结果表明,红桔+枳的生长势和花量明显地优于其它砧木,红桔+粗柠檬的生长和花量介于2种有性杂种之间;砧木基本上不影响叶片N、P、K、Mg和Mn含量年变化,但明显影响叶片Ca、Fe和Zn含量的年变化;在同一个生长期,不同砧木对叶片养分含量有明显的影响。此外本文还讨论了体细胞杂种砧木的利用价值。     

Assessment of recovery of population, biomass and reproduction of the earthworm Drawida willsi following the application of malathion under field conditions

 The recovery of population, biomass and reproduction of a dominant crop field earthworm (Drawida willsi, Michaelsen) was assessed following the application of two recommended agricultural doses of malathion (2.2 mg kg^–1– single dose and 4.4 mg kg^–1– double dose) in a rice field agroecosystem for a period of 105 days. The average worm population and biomass showed 12% and 21% decline, respectively, in plots treated with single and double doses of malathion, compared with control. The peak of worm population was observed after 60 days in control (plot I) and this peak value was shifted by 15 days (i.e. observed after 75 days) in malathion-treated plots (plots II and III) indicating delay in growth and maturation of the worms following the application of malathion. Inhibition in the total number of cocoons produced, and thus in the rate of reproduction, was also observed in malathion-treated plots. The peak rate of reproduction (1.71 cocoons adult^–1) was observed after 60 days in control plots and after 75 days (1.57 and 1.40 cocoons adult^–1) in single and double dose malathion-treated plots, respectively. One-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in the population size and biomass of D. willsi up to 75 days, in rate of reproduction up to 90 days, and no difference thereafter. This indicates that, under field conditions, D. willsi worms took about 75–90 days after application of malathion to resume normal population, biomass and reproduction, and hence we suggest that a second application of malathion in single and double agricultural doses should be avoided before this time. Received: 7 September 1999     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.     

Effects of Lanthanum on the Change of Calcium Level in the Root Cells of Rice

Rare-earth elements (REEs) have been widely used in agriculture for the growth of crops in China since the 1980s. As a secondary messenger, calcium ion (Ca²⁺) participates in physiological and biochemical reactions in plants via cellular or intercellular signal transduction networks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trivalent lanthanum (La³⁺) on the change of Ca²⁺ in the root cells of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Shengdao 16) with laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The results indicated that Ca²⁺ level in the root cells was affected by the concentrations of La³⁺. The level of Ca²⁺ slightly decreased in the root of rice treated with 0.2 mmol L^–1 La³⁺, and Ca²⁺ oscillation was induced in the root of rice treated with 1.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺. However, Ca²⁺ level increased in the root of rice treated with 2.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺. In addition, the results indicated that Ca²⁺ level in the rice roots slightly decreased after Ca²⁺ inhibitors verapamil (VP), ruthenium red (RR), trifluperazine (TFP), and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) were added. Moreover, the effects of 2.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺ on Ca²⁺ level in the root cells of rice were investigated after Ca²⁺ was inhibited with VP, TFP, RR, and EGTA. Inhibited with VP, TFP, RR, and EGTA, Ca²⁺ level slightly decreased or was not affected in the rice roots treated with 2.0 mmol L^–1 La³⁺. The results showed that La³⁺ participated in the signal transduction networks via calmodulin (CaM) and that La³⁺ might enter into the root cells via the membrane and intracellular Ca²⁺ channels.     

水稻幼苗根系吸收NO3-对细胞膜电位的影响

利用玻璃微电极技术测定了扬稻6号(籼稻)幼苗根尖细胞在吸收不同NO3-浓度(0.01、0.02、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0和2.0.mmol/L)过程中膜电位的变化。结果表明,1)水稻根系吸收NO3-引起膜的去极化,去极化到一定程度后出现复极化;有小部分水稻根表现为超极化。在0.01～1.0.mmol/L范围内,去极化大小随外界NO3-浓度的增加而增加,且差异显著(P0.05)。0.01.mmol/L.NO3-产生较小的去极化,平均为3.8.mV;0.5.mmol/L.NO3-产生了最大去极化,平均为40.2.mV;当外界NO3-浓度大于1.0.mmol/L时膜电位去极化大小呈下降趋势。根系吸收不同浓度的NO3-而使膜电位去极化的进程符合Michaelis-Menten动力学。2)复极化有部分复极化和完全复极化两种。超极化也有两种:一种是膜电位先超极化,后缓慢复极化;另一种是先出现一个小的去极化,然后是较大幅度的超极化。3)运输蛋白抑制剂PGO抑制了根系吸收NO3-而产生的膜电位的响应。4)对于经CaSO4溶液预培养的水稻来说,C2+主要引起膜电位超极化。     

有机物料对宅基地复垦土壤培肥效果评价

以成都平原宅基地复垦土壤为研究对象,设空白对照(CK)、常规化肥(CF)、全量秸秆还田(T1)、高量秸秆还田(T2)、全量菌渣还田(T3)、高量菌渣还田(T4)、全量猪粪还田(T5)、高量猪粪还田(T6)共8个处理,研究复垦宅基地耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤容重、孔隙度、酸碱度、总有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾共10个指标的变化并开展综合评价。秸秆、菌渣、猪粪3种农业废弃物与化肥配施处理下宅基地复垦土壤的物理性状得到改善,总有机碳、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷与速效钾含量显著提高(P0.05)。总有机碳及全量养分变化结果表明,T6处理提升效果最优;速效养分变化结果以T4处理提升效果最佳;综合肥力评价结果表明,T4处理提升效率最高,年均提升0.385级肥力。高量菌渣还田(T4)处理推荐为最优培肥方案:小麦季施菌渣8 507 kg/hm~2、尿素307 kg/hm~2、过磷酸钙825 kg/hm~2、氯化钾38 kg/hm~2,玉米季施菌渣9 411 kg/hm~2、尿素324 kg/hm~2、过磷酸钙925 kg/hm~2、氯化钾172 kg/hm~2。