基于改进Mask R-CNN的苹果园害虫识别方法

针对基础卷积神经网络识别苹果园害虫易受背景干扰及重要特征表达能力不强问题，提出一种基于改进Mask R-CNN的苹果园害虫识别方法。首先，基于Haar特征方法对多点采集得到的苹果园害虫图像进行迭代初分割，提取害虫单体图像样本，并对该样本进行多途径扩增，得到用于深度学习的扩增样本数据集。其次，对Mask R-CNN中的特征提取网络进行优化，采用嵌入注意力机制模块CBAM的ResNeXt网络作为改进模型的Backbone,增加模型对害虫空间及语义信息的提取，有效避免背景对模型性能的影响；同时引入Boundary损失函数，避免害虫掩膜边缘缺失及定位不准确问题。最后，以原始Mask R-CNN模型作为对照模型，平均精度均值作为评价指标进行试验。结果表明，改进Mask R-CNN模型平均精度均值达到96.52%,相比于原始Mask R-CNN模型，提高4.21个百分点，改进Mask R-CNN可精准有效识别苹果园害虫，为苹果园病虫害绿色防控提供技术支持。     

基于改进Faster R-CNN的马铃薯发芽与表面损伤检测方法

发芽与表面损伤检测是鲜食马铃薯商品化的重要环节。针对鲜食马铃薯高通量分级分选过程中,高像素图像目标识别准确率低的问题,提出一种基于改进Faster R-CNN的商品马铃薯发芽与表面损伤检测方法。以Faster R-CNN为基础网络,将Faster R-CNN中的特征提取网络替换为残差网络ResNet50,设计了一种融合ResNet50的特征图金字塔网络（FPN）,增加神经网络深度。采用模型对比试验、消融试验对本文模型与改进策略的有效性进行了试验验证分析,结果表明:改进模型的马铃薯检测平均精确率为98.89%,马铃薯发芽检测平均精确率为97.52%,马铃薯表面损伤检测平均精确率为92.94%,与Faster R-CNN模型相比,改进模型在检测识别时间和内存占用量不增加的前提下,马铃薯检测精确率下降0.04个百分点,马铃薯发芽检测平均精确率提升7.79个百分点,马铃薯表面损伤检测平均精确率提升34.54个百分点。改进后的模型可以实现对在高分辨率工业相机采集高像素图像条件下,商品马铃薯发芽与表面损伤的准确识别,为商品马铃薯快速分级分等工业化生产提供了方法支撑。     

基于HED网络的奶牛边缘图像特征提取

对奶牛的图像进行高精度边缘特征提取,为奶牛的个体识别或者奶牛的线性评定提供重要的评判依据,可以更好的实现奶牛保险业的自动化管理。采用基于FCN和VGG改进的边缘检测HED(Holistically-Nested Edge Detection)网络,在caffe框架下通过MATLAB实现对奶牛原始图像的边缘特征提取。将HED网络检测出的边缘特征图像与传统优化过的Canny算子作比较,无论从直观的边缘图像对比,还是数据的对比,HED网络的效果远远优于传统算法。用500张奶牛图片在BSDS500上进行性能评估,其中200张为训练图片,200张为测试图片,100张为检验图片。HED网络的奶牛边缘检测效果比Canny算法提高18.6%,大大提高奶牛边缘图像的处理精度、去噪声能力。将HED网络检测出的奶牛边缘图像为奶牛的识别提供重要依据,实现奶牛保险业高效的自动化管理。     

基于改进ORB的害虫图像特征匹配方法

引入BRISK算法思想,提出改进的BRRB算法(BRISK and ORB)。首先采用ORB算法中的特征检测算法oFAST检测到图像中的特征点,用改进的Harris角点响应函数对特征点加入尺度信息;最后用BRISK算法对特征点进行均匀采样,并生成具有尺度不变性的二进制特征描述符。将采集到的200张害虫样本数据划分为50组,分别进行图像配准实验。实验结果表明,BRRB算法的平均匹配精准度达到了约95%,比原算法提升了约73%;平均计算速度约为47.8 ms;在综合性能实验中,改进后算法的平均匹配精度比传统算法高出了0.6个百分点,在光照不变性上比传统算法高出了1.9个百分点。改进后算法有效的解决了ORB不具备尺度不变性的缺陷,并且保留了原算法在计算速度上的高效性和对旋转、光照的不变性,使害虫图像的匹配工作更加精准,为农作物害虫识别和防治工作提供技术支持。     

基于SCResNeSt的低分辨率水稻害虫图像识别方法

针对稻田自然环境下害虫移动,难以近距离拍摄高质量图像,导致在现有识别模型检测时无法达到满意识别精度的问题,提出了一种基于SCResNeSt的低分辨率水稻害虫图像识别方法。首先,使用增强型超分辨率生成对抗网络（ESRGAN）对低分辨率图像进行数据增强,解决低分辨率水稻害虫有效信息少的问题;其次构建了SCResNeSt网络,使用3个连续的3×3卷积层替换ResNet50中第1个7×7卷积,以减少计算量;使用自校准卷积替代第2层卷积层中的3×3卷积,通过内部通信显式地扩展每个卷积层的视场,获取害虫图像的部分背景信息,从而丰富输出特征;在主干网络中使用ResNeSt block（Split-attention network block）进一步提升图像中害虫信息获取的准确性。最终,将优选模型移植到手机端,开发了轻量化的移动端水稻害虫识别系统。实验结果表明,与现有方法对比,ESRGAN数据增强方法可以恢复真实的作物害虫信息,SCResNeSt模型有效提高了水稻害虫的识别性能,识别精度达到91.20%,比原始ResNet50网络提高3.2个百分点,满足野外实际场景下的应用需求。本研究为水稻害虫智能化识别和防治提供了技术基础。     

基于改进卷积神经网络的在体青皮核桃检测方法

采摘机器人对核桃采摘时,需准确检测到在体核桃目标。为实现自然环境下青皮核桃的精准识别,研究了基于改进卷积神经网络的青皮核桃检测方法。以预训练的VGG16网络结构作为模型的特征提取器,在Faster R-CNN的卷积层加入批归一化处理、利用双线性插值法改进RPN结构和构建混合损失函数等方式改进模型的适应性,分别采用SGD和Adam优化算法训练模型,并与未改进的Faster R-CNN对比。以精度、召回率和F1值作为模型的准确性指标,单幅图像平均检测时间作为速度性能评价指标。结果表明,利用Adam优化器训练得到的模型更稳定,精度高达97.71%,召回率为94.58%,F1值为96.12%,单幅图像检测耗时为0.227s。与未改进的Faster R-CNN模型相比,精度提高了5.04个百分点,召回率提高了4.65个百分点,F1值提升了4.84个百分点,单幅图像检测耗时降低了0.148s。在园林环境下,所提方法的成功率可达91.25%,并且能保持一定的实时性。该方法在核桃识别检测中能够保持较高的精度、较快的速度和较强的鲁棒性,能够为机器人快速长时间在复杂环境下识别并采摘核桃提供技术支撑。     

基于改进支持向量机算法的农业害虫图像识别研究

为提高农业害虫图像识别效果,采用改进支持向量机算法。首先通过交叉验证优化惩罚因子,Manhattan距离确定核函数选择;然后建立农业害虫图像的特征模型,包括颜色特征、纹理特征、形状特征;接着对害虫图像多特征融合识别,各种害虫的颜色特征、纹理特征、形状特征所分配的权值通过Fisher计算,避免害虫识别误判的发生。试验仿真显示:害虫图像多特征平均识别率高于单一性特征、两特征,本文算法ISVM对害虫平均识别率均值为95.67%,相比NN、ACNN、FL、SVM、PPSVM分别提高9.81%、6.82%、5.57%、3.93%、1.90%,本文算法检测结果优于其他算法。     

基于改进YOLO v7的农田复杂环境下害虫识别算法研究

为使巡检机器人能够对体积小且密集、形态多变、数量多且分布不均的害虫进行高效精准识别,提出了一种基于改进YOLO v7的害虫识别方法。该方法将CSP Bottleneck与基于移位窗口Transformer(Swin Transformer)自注意力机制相结合,提高了模型获取密集害虫目标位置信息的能力;在路径聚合部分增加第4检测支路,提高模型对小目标的检测性能;将卷积注意力模块(CBAM)集成到YOLO v7模型中,使模型更加关注害虫区域,抑制背景等一般特征信息,提高被遮挡害虫的识别精确率;使用Focal EIoU Loss损失函数减少正负样本不平衡对检测结果的影响,提高识别精度。采用基于实际农田环境建立的数据集的实验结果表明,改进后算法的精确率、召回率及平均精度均值分别为91.6%、82.9%和88.2%,较原模型提升2.5、1.2、3个百分点。与其它主流模型的对比实验结果表明,本文方法对害虫的实际检测效果更优,对解决农田复杂环境下害虫的精准识别问题具有参考价值。     

基于深度信念网络的水稻纹枯病识别方法研究

北方寒地水稻纹枯病的危害日趋严重,是困扰水稻种植户的一大难题。为监测该病害的发生,提出了一种基于深度信念网络的病害识别新方法。首先,利用高斯滤波对病害图像进行增强预处理,采用Sobel边缘检测算子提取水稻纹枯病病斑特征;其次,设计并训练了包含3个隐含层受限玻尔兹曼机的深度信念网络,并利用文中提出的深度信念网络对1 500幅水稻纹枯病图像进行识别。7重交叉验证测试结果表明:平均识别准确率高达94.05%,优于常见的BP神经网络和支持向量机识别方法,为准确识别水稻纹枯病奠定了基础。     

融合注意力机制的开集猪脸识别方法

针对闭集猪脸识别模型无法识别训练集中未曾出现的生猪个体的问题,本文设计了一种融合注意力机制的开集猪脸识别方法,可实现开集猪脸图像识别,识别模型从未处理过的生猪个体。首先基于全局注意力机制、倒置残差结构和深度可分离卷积构建了轻量级的特征提取模块(GCDSC);然后基于高效注意力机制、Ghost卷积和残差网络设计C3ECAGhost模块,提取猪脸图像高层语义特征;最后基于MobileFaceNet网络,融合GCDSC模块、C3ECAGhost模块、SphereFace损失函数和欧氏距离度量方法,构建PigFaceNet模型,实现开集猪脸识别。实验结果表明,GCDSC模块可使模型猪脸识别的准确率提高1.05个百分点,C3ECAGhost模块可将模型准确率进一步提高0.56个百分点。PigFaceNet模型在开集猪脸识别验证中的准确率可达94.28%,比改进前提高1.61个百分点,模型占用存储空间仅为5.44 MB,在提高准确率的同时实现了模型轻量化,可为猪场智慧化养殖提供参考方案。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。