沙棘果油提取工艺的研究

研究沙棘果油提取工艺,为沙棘资源的有效利用提供理论依据。以干沙棘果实为原料,筛选最适宜的提取溶剂和颗粒度,采用单因素试验研究料液比、提取时间、提取温度对提取率的影响;在单因素的基础上,采用正交试验,确定最佳提取工艺参数。以正己烷为提取溶剂、颗粒度为40目时,在一定的料液比条件下,随着温度的升高和时间的延长,提取率均呈增大趋势;各单因素对沙棘果油提取率的影响为提取温度>提取时间>料液比;最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶7,提取时间45 min,提取温度65℃。     

经酿酒发酵后葡萄籽中葡萄籽油提取工艺的优化

以发酵后的葡萄籽为原料,采用索氏提取法对其中的葡萄籽油进行了提取,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,发酵后葡萄籽中葡萄籽油的最佳提取工艺条件为:采用石油醚作为提取溶剂,提取温度55℃,提取时间2.5 h,料液比1∶60(g/m L),最后得出的葡萄籽油提取率为23.17%。     

芒果皮粗多糖提取的影响因素及工艺的研究

以芒果皮渣为原料,就粗多糖提取的影响因素及工艺进行了研究.采用单因素和L9(33)正交试验,研究了料液比、温度和时间等因素对多糖提取率的影响.结果表明,料液比和温度是影响多糖提取率的主要因素;确定的最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1:5,温度90℃,时间2 h.在最佳提取工艺时,芒果皮中粗多糖提取率高达3.538 2%.     

芒果皮粗多糖提取的影响因素及工艺的研究

以芒果皮渣为原料,就粗多糖提取的影响因素及工艺进行了研究.采用单因素和L9（33）正交试验,研究了料液比、温度和时间等因素对多糖提取率的影响.结果表明,料液比和温度是影响多糖提取率的主要因素;确定的最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比1：5,温度90℃,时间2 h.在最佳提取工艺时,芒果皮中粗多糖提取率高达3.538 2%.     

高良姜黄酮类物质提取工艺的研究

以高良姜为原料,以黄酮提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化索氏提取法和超声波辅助法提取黄酮类物质的提取工艺,并比较其工艺条件。结果表明,索氏提取法最佳工艺为乙醇体积分数60%,料液比1∶40,提取3次,每次提取时间2 h,黄酮类物质提取率为76.3 mg/g;超声波辅助法最佳工艺为乙醇体积分数50%,料液比1∶35,超声时间70 min,超声功率400 W,黄酮类物质提取率为94.6 mg/g。因此,超声波辅助法的提取率较高、提取时间较短,更适于高良姜中黄酮类物质的提取。     

玫瑰花蜡质提取工艺的研究

以玫瑰花为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验研究提取温度、提取时间、料液比对玫瑰花蜡质提取率的影响。结果表明,影响玫瑰花蜡质提取效果各因素的主次顺序为:提取温度料液比提取时间;玫瑰花蜡质提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶15,提取温度60℃,提取时间2 h,提取率为2.65%,提取的粗蜡质中二十八烷醇的含量为23.16%。     

橄榄多糖提取工艺研究

为优化橄榄多糖的热水浸提工艺条件。以橄榄为原料,采用热水浸提法提取橄榄中的多糖,研究不同因素（料液比、浸提温度、提取时间、提取次数）对橄榄多糖提取率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,选择3个主要影响因素（料液比、提取温度、提取时间）进行正交试验,并通过正交试验确定橄榄多糖的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,热水浸提法提取橄榄多糖的最佳工艺条件为：料液比1:8,温度100℃,时间3.5 h,浸提2次,多糖提取率可达7.10%。实验结果为确定橄榄多糖的热水浸提工艺提供了实验依据。     

水相酶解法提取柚籽油的研究

柚籽是柚加工的副产物,其开发利用具有重要意义。以柚籽为原料,采用水相酶解法提取柚籽油,研究了酶种类、料液比、酶解温度、酶解时间及酶解pH值对柚籽油提取率的影响。以提取率为考查指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验对提取条件进行优化,得到最佳工艺条件为采用碱性蛋白酶和复合果胶酶混合酶,料液比1∶5(g∶mL),酶解温度50℃,酶解时间4 h,酶解pH值5.0。在该工艺条件下,柚籽油的提取率为76.08%。研究结果为柚籽的深加工提供了有价值的技术支撑。     

川芎多糖提取工艺的研究

以川芎为原料,采用水提醇沉法对川芎多糖的提取工艺进行研究,通过单因素试验及正交试验优化的最佳提取工艺条件为:物料粒径60目,提取温度60℃,提取时间1.5 h,料液比1∶14,提取2次,川芎多糖提取率可达3.72%。     

女贞子提取工艺优化研究

以女贞子为原料,探讨料液比、提取时间、提取次数和提取温度等工艺因素对女贞子出膏率和特女贞苷提取率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,综合考虑出膏率和特女贞苷提取率,采用正交试验设计优化女贞子提取工艺条件。优化所得的女贞子提取工艺条件为料液比1∶10,提取时间1 h,提取温度90℃,加水提取2次,此时女贞子出膏率为33.84%±0.71%,特女贞苷提取率为1.67%±0.06%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.