生物炭负载Ca和Fe催化玉米秸秆热解挥发分重整提高产气率

为提升生物质炭对生物质热解挥发分的催化重整作用,以Fe_2O_3和CaO作为添加剂制备生物炭-Fe和生物炭-Ca催化剂对两者的催化重整能力进行了试验探讨。试验结果表明:无添加时的生物质炭对玉米秸秆颗粒热解挥发分催化作用明显,800℃时,液相产率较未使用催化剂时减少38.71%,最低可达21.49%。生物炭-Fe催化剂颗粒在800℃时液相产率下降至20.24%,产气率升至51.44%,同时,H2的体积分数增加,热解油中的有机物质被有效抑制;生物炭-Ca催化剂在800℃时液相产率和产气率分别为20.01%和51.96%。生物炭-Ca催化剂可以促进热解气中CH4的生成,降低CO2的体积分数。在本试验条件下,炭基催化剂对生物质热解挥发分催化重整的活性顺序依次为:生物炭-Ca生物炭-Fe生物质炭无催化剂。     

热解温度对回转窑玉米秸秆热解产物理化特性的影响

针对北方农业秸秆废弃物产量巨大且无法全部还田导致丢弃和露天焚烧现象激增等问题,该文通过搭建小型回转窑生物质热解装置考察不同热解温度下秸秆热解特性,分析主要产物的产率、元素组成等理化特性指标。结果表明:回转窑内热解温度的增加提高了热解液相产物产率和热解水产率,焦油产率呈先增加后降低趋势。与此同时,热解气总体积逐渐增加,H2含量和CH4含量也有所提高,生物炭产率和热值有所降低。当热解温度从400℃增加至700℃时,焦油产率从12.21%增加至21.70%;当温度进一步增加至800℃时,焦油产率降低至20.13%;相应的焦油热值从400℃时的19 974.0 kJ/kg逐渐增加到800℃时的21 710.0 kJ/kg。高热解温度加快热解过程中的热传递,加剧生物质大分子所含的羟基、羰基等含氧官能团的分解并促进挥发物的产生,进而提高了热解液体产物、热解水和焦油产率。过高的加热温度会加剧挥发分的二次反应,降低焦油产率;更多的含氧杂环结构会随着热解温度提高逐渐分解,因而焦油热值逐渐增加。生物炭产率随着温度增加逐渐降低,生物炭pH值和C/N比均逐渐增加,在兼顾生物炭产率和应用于炭基肥制备所需理化性质的同时需充分考虑热解温度影响。     

生物质炭催化玉米秸秆热解气重整提质研究

为研究生物炭作催化剂消减焦油提高热解气品质的效果,以玉米秸秆为原料,以焦油转化率、热解气产率和热解气热值为评价指标,研究重整温度、停留时间和生物炭特性对热解气提质的影响,并分析生物炭作为催化剂重整前后比表面积的变化。研究结果表明,与石英砂(高温裂解)相比,生物炭具有较好的催化特性,且稻壳炭、木屑炭和玉米秸秆炭对焦油的转化率分别为79.8%、78.6%、72.6%,热解气产率分别为39.7%、38.6%、37.9%。随着重整温度和停留时间的增加,热解气产率和焦油转化率增加,而热解气热值仅随着温度升高而增加,当温度为800℃时,热解气热值为17.6 MJ/m~3。800℃催化重整后生物炭比表面积为79.81 m~2/g,高于550℃热解生物炭比表面积37.96 m~2/g,生物炭作催化剂时不但可以提高热解气品质,而且生物炭比表面积也有所增加。     

改性生物质炭对棉秆热解挥发分析出特性的影响

生物质焦炭由于其复杂的结构特点和无机矿物质的存在,使得其对快速热解过程中挥发分的析出有着重要的影响。此外生物质本身所含的大量金属盐也促进了焦炭与挥发分的反应。该文通过酸洗和负载Na、K、Mg、Fe金属氯盐等探讨棉杆热解焦炭对生物质热解特性的影响。试验温度为500℃,研究发现棉秆热解炭对酸类、脂类和醛类有明显抑制作用;对酚类、呋喃类以及糖类有促进作用;酸洗以及负载不同金属盐后生物炭的存在使得生物油的产量降低,而气体产率增加;金属离子对酚类富集作用顺序为:KNaFeMg,Fe Cl3的添加有利于氢气的增加,氢气体积分数达12.96%,而KCl和Mg Cl2对CO的生成促进作用明显,产量分别为49.22%和49.38%;金属离子对挥发分裂解影响要强于单纯增加下层催化段焦炭质量。     

基于热解-重整-燃烧解耦三床气化系统的生物质催化制富氢气体

生物质催化气化是将生物质转换成富氢气体的有效途径。该研究提出了一种由热解反应器、重整反应器和提升管燃烧器三部分构成的解耦三床生物质气化(decoupled triple bed gasification,DTBG)工艺。在实验室规模的DTBG气化反应装置上,以水蒸气为气化剂,以橄榄石为原位焦油裂解催化床料,进行了生物质水蒸气催化气化试验,考察了生物质种类、重整器温度、生物质进料速率对气化效果的影响规律,并且对气化副产物焦油的特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,生物质原料的挥发分对气化产物分布的影响很大,原料挥发分含量越高,气体产率越高,碳转化率越高,气体中的H2和CO体积分数越大、CO2体积分数越低。当重整器温度由750升高到850℃时,气体产率从0.91增加到1.08 m3/kg,焦油质量浓度从19.1降低到7.3 g/m3,同时气体品质大幅度提升。随着生物质进料速率的增加,产气中H2体积分数大幅度增加,CO2体积分数大幅度降低,但是焦油质量浓度基本不变。当重整器温度为800℃,白松木屑进料速率为220 g/h时,H2和CO体积分数分别达到了42.2%和14.6%,产气中焦油质量浓度为10.1 g/m3。气化焦油的主要成分为多环芳烃,其中萘含量最高。当重整器温度从700℃升高到850℃时,焦油中单环化合物几乎全部分解,3~4环多环芳烃化合物逐步降低,萘的相对含量从54.7%升高到75.6%。该研究结果可为大规模气化装置的设计、运行以及优化提供理论指导。     

保温时间与粒度对稻秆和棉秆热解产物组成及能量转化影响

热解炭化技术的开发对秸秆的能源化利用具有重要意义。试验研究了保温时间与粒度对水稻和棉花秸秆热解产物理化特性及能源转化的影响。结果表明,保温时间从0到120 min中,秸秆生物炭产率先降低后略增加,热解气中CH_4、C_nH_m和H_2百分含量增加,其高位热值和能量转化率增加,而生物炭的pH值、电导率、灰分、固定碳、C、高位热值增加,保温时间为90 min的生物炭的炭化程度最好。秸秆中能量有1.5%~5.4%保留在热解气中,有50%~57%保留在生物炭中。不同粒度相比,粗粉秸秆的生物炭的炭产率、挥发分、H、O、N及碳转化率最高,细粉秸秆热解气中CO和CH_4百分含量、高位热值和能量转化率最高,而超微秸秆生物炭的pH值、灰分、C最高。棉花秸秆生物炭的挥发分、固定碳、C、H、碳转化率、高位热值和能量转化率高于水稻秸秆生物炭。     

不同热解温度生物质炭对羊粪堆肥过程氮素损失的减控效果

为探讨高温堆肥中氮素损失的有效控制技术，以2种不同热解温度制备的稻壳生物质炭为堆肥添加剂，与羊粪、食用菌渣混合，进行了43 d的堆肥试验。设置了3 个处理，羊粪与食用菌渣质量比9:1混合体作为预备物料，在预备物料上分别添加450、650 ℃热解的生物质炭（占预备物料质量百分比15%）为B1、B2处理，在预备物料上添加未热解的稻壳（与生物质炭等体积）为CK处理。监测了堆肥体的温度、NH3挥发、N2O排放、pH值等参数变化动态，分析了不同热解温度生物质炭在堆肥中的保氮效果。结果表明，B1、B2处理促进了堆肥初期的温度快速上升，堆肥体初次升温至55 ℃所需时间分别较CK 缩短了2、6 d，B2 处理的促升温、增温效应优于B1 处理；堆肥43 d 后，CK、B1 与B2处理的NH3挥发累积量分别为378.12、117.22、94.16 mg/kg，N2O排放累积量分别为13.9、26.3、23.6 mg/kg，氮素损失率分别为47.8%、34.1%，30.5%；B1、B2处理增加了堆肥体N2O排放，降低了堆肥体NH3挥发，整个堆肥过程中N2O排放累积量远小于NH3挥发累积量，添加生物质炭对堆肥过程氮素损失表现为正向的减控作用，B1、B2处理的氮素损失率分别较CK处理降低了28.6%、36.19%，B1、B2处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。综合堆温快速上升、氮素损失控制等指标，B2处理对羊粪堆肥过程保氮效果优于B1处理；堆肥工程中应用生物质炭减控氮素损失及提高堆肥质量，优选热解温度650 ℃制备的生物质炭。     

果壳生物质炭的改性及其对DEP的吸附机理

为探究改性前后生物质炭的理化属性变化及其对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的吸附机理,以椰子壳和花生壳为原料制备生物质炭,分别进行14%H_3PO_4改性和1.0 mol/L NaOH-30%H_2O_2联合改性处理。结果表明:改性后生物质炭的芳香化程度和含氧官能团含量增加,除C300N(经NaOH-H_2O_2改性的300℃—椰子壳生物质炭)外比表面积(SA)都增大。P800N(经NaOH-H_2O_2改性的800℃—花生壳生物质炭)有最大的SA(584.22 m~2/g),因此对DEP的吸附亲和力最高。经过NaOH-H_2O_2联合改性的生物质炭对DEP的有机碳标化分配系数K_(oc)(C_e=0.1S_w)值较高,对DEP的吸附亲和力更强。π-πEDA相互作用在所有生物质炭对DEP的吸附过程中发挥了重要的作用,而孔隙填充效应主导了原始生物质炭、经NaOH-H_2O_2改性的生物质炭和经H_3PO_4改性的800℃-生物质炭对DEP的吸附。与原始生物质炭相比,由氢键形成的水团簇作用抑制了经H_3PO_4改性的300,500℃制备的生物质炭对DEP的吸附。此外,氢键作用有助于增强低温(300℃)生物质炭对DEP的吸附亲和力。     

生物质无轴螺旋连续热解装置送料器设计及中试

为解决有轴螺旋送料器存在质量大、能耗高、易产生机械干涉等问题,该文设计了送料能力为150 kg/h的生物质无轴螺旋送料器,并以稻壳为原料开展了冷态输送和热解试验。设计的无轴螺旋送料器关键尺寸为:螺旋外径为400 mm、螺旋轴径为80 mm、螺距为200 mm,送料器采用柴油燃烧机和热解气回烧的方式加热,计算出燃烧机需要提供的功率为95.43 k W。稻壳冷态输送试验表明,当送料频率为50 Hz即无轴螺旋的转速为2.03 r/min时,无轴螺旋送料器输送稻壳的送料量为224.3 kg/h150 kg/h,无轴螺旋送料器的实际送料量高于理论计算值。稻壳热解试验表明,当加热腔最高温度为(700±50)℃时,随着热解时间增加,稻壳炭的挥发分质量分数由22.45%减至13.6%,灰分质量分数由29.38%增至33.44%,固定碳质量分数由48.17%增至52.96%。稻壳炭的高位热值随热解时间增加而增加,但在试验范围内增幅不大。热解时间对生物炭品质影响较大,即传热速率是限制大型连续热解反应器处理效率提高的主要因素,因此,在工业化应用的大型热解反应器的设计中,应着重考虑提高热解传热效率的方法。     

热解温度对生物质炭碳保留量及稳定性的影响

以核桃壳为生物质炭生产原料,研究热解温度(200~700℃)对生物质炭产率、元素组成、表面官能团分布及其稳定性的影响,以期探明生物质炭基本性质随热解温度变化的规律,为全面了解生物质炭固碳减排效果提供理论参考。结果表明,生物质炭的C含量随温度升高而增加,H和O元素含量却随温度升高而降低。此外,生物质炭的H/C和O/C随着温度增加而减少。生物质炭的产率及碳保留量随着温度的升高而降低。红外光谱分析结果表明,经过热解核桃壳原材料分子中所含的-C-O和O-CH3基团消失,随着热解温度升高,生物质炭中的烷烃基团-CH逐渐减少,芳香化程度逐渐升高。500℃制备生物质炭的K2Cr2O7和KMn O4氧化碳损失量均最低,分别为10.4%和1.66%。相关分析表明,生物质炭的产率、碳保留量及稳定性与热解温度之间均具有显著相关关系。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.