基于电容法的非接触式土壤水分传感器设计与性能分析

针对接触式土壤水分传感器存在对土体破坏大及使用安装、更换困难等问题,设计了一种基于电容法的非接触式土壤水分传感器。借助网络矢量分析仪对传感器环形探头在不同介电常数的有机溶液中进行测量,确定了传感器环形探头电容变化范围为7.08~22.75 p F。选取11种不同电容值高频瓷片分别与102 n H的绕线电感进行并联谐振试验,得到的测试结果与仿真结果的决定系数达到了0.98,检测电路的测量精度能够满足传感器的设计要求。以北京地区粘壤土作为测试样本,对传感器输出与对应的测量值进行了多项式拟合,决定系数达到了0.995 9,系统的稳态与动态性能均能满足土壤水分的检测要求。通过试验分析了温度对传感器输出的影响,将传感器输出结果与温度进行线性拟合,决定系数达到了0.987 9。进一步提出了能量指数Ka,通过试验的方式确定了传感器的纵向影响范围为10 cm,横向影响范围为5 cm。最后对比试验表明,所设计的土壤非接触式水分传感器与国外同类产品性能相当,能够满足土壤非接触式测量的要求,但具有更高的性价比,为同类产品的国产化奠定了基础。     

光缆测试设备OTDR的使用

光时与反射计 (OpticalTime Domain Refiectomete简称OTDR)对光纤的测试具有非破坏性、单端接入及直观快速的独特优点。1　 OTDR的使用用 OTDR进行光纤测量可分为三步 :参数设置、数据获取和曲线分析。人工设置测量参数包括 :(1)　波长选择 (λ) :因不同的波长对应不同的光线特性 (包括衰减、微弯等 ) ,测试波长一般遵循与系统传输通信波长相对应的原则 ,即系统开放15 5 0波长 ,则测试波长为15 5 0 nm。(2 )　脉宽 (Pulse Width) :脉宽越长 ,动态测量范围越大 ,测量距离更长 ,但在 OTDR曲线波形中产生盲区更大 ;短脉冲注入光平低 ,…     

混联机床并联轴定位精度的激光测量与误差补偿

在分析混联机床并联轴定位精度的激光干涉测量原理和方法的基础上,采用干涉法检测了并联轴Z向的定位精度和重复定位精度,做出了并联轴的平均偏差特性曲线,获得了其线性位移定位误差数学模型;利用最小二乘法得到了混联机床并联轴定位误差补偿模型和增量补偿特性曲线;推导了并联机构动平台位姿和各驱动杆杆长的求解过程,进而对混联机床并联轴定位精度进行了有效补偿,得到了一种并联轴定位精度激光干涉测量方法和误差补偿模型的建立方法.     

耕作土壤地表三维形貌测量装置设计与试验研究

耕作土壤地表不平度对拖拉机悬挂机组作业质量与作业效率有着重要的影响。为实现准确、高效的测量耕作土壤地表不平度,利用激光位移传感器设计了一套非接触式耕作土壤地表三维形貌测量装置,可获得区域内耕作地表的三维形貌图,并计算出地表不平度。该测量装置主要包括运动测试台、控制箱和基于Lab VIEW软件的数据采集系统,测量范围为1m×1m,空间分辨率为0. 001mm,距离分辨率为1mm。实验表明:测量装置的均方根误差为0. 017mm,表明该测量装置能够准确、高效地测量耕作土壤地表三维形貌,为后续耕作土壤地表三维形貌的理论分析与耕作土壤地表不平度评价提供了有效的支持。     

新型柴油机喷油规律测试系统的设计

基于柴油机喷油器,设计了一种柴油机喷油规律测试系统.对喷油器进行改装设计,用以容纳、计量柴油机在喷油过程中喷出的油量,用位移传感器测量喷出油量的容积变化,通过数据处理得到喷油规律;设计了卸压装置,以防止测量系统因油压过高而受损.实验结果表明,该测试系统可以快捷地测量柴油机的喷油规律.     

大功率拖拉机电液提升专用力传感器磁路设计与仿真

基于压磁效应原理,对大马力拖拉机电液提升控制专用力传感器的磁路结构进行了研究。分析了该力传感器的工况和现有柱状磁芯型力传感器的磁路工作原理,并针对其不足提出了一种十字芯型的力传感器磁路结构方案,将现有柱状磁芯型力传感器产品的受力维度从二维变为三维,在同等受力变形的基础上增大了磁路结构的变形程度,增加了磁场的偏置程度,提高了传感器的灵敏度与线性度。建立了磁结构的三维模型与磁路数学模型,并基于Matlab/Simulink模块分别建立了柱状磁芯型与十字芯型2种力传感器的系统仿真模型。结果表明,与柱状磁芯型力传感器相比,十字芯型力传感器线性度由1.85%降低为0.08%,灵敏度由0.09 mV/kN提高为0.21 mV/kN,适用于重载荷作用下电液提升系统中力的测量与控制,能够更好地适应恶劣的工作环境,提升拖拉机的耕作效果。     

驱动桥两端轴承孔同轴度误差检测

基于激光位移传感器检测原理与现代光电传感器技术,提出一种用于测量驱动桥两端轴承孔同轴度的非接触测量方法。论述了测量系统的组成,工作原理。此系统通过机械夹紧定位装置夹紧定位,由步进电机带动的激光位移传感器来实现同轴度测量。     

基于交流“四端法”的土壤电导率在线实时检测系统

设计了一种土壤电导率在线实时检测系统,给出了交流"四端法"测量土壤电导率的全套设计方案,完成了信号源、交流恒流源、探针结构、传感器信号调理电路以及采集系统的设计,与直流"四端法"土壤电导率传感器相比,交流"四端法"测量土壤电导率方法具有更佳的检测性能。通过与国外同类产品对比研究,本测试系统性能达到了国外同类产品水平,具有更高的性价比。以北京地区土壤为测试样本,本系统检测量程:0~1 520μS/cm,检测误差:-2.2%~2.4%,动态响应时间:544 ms,测量带宽:1 MHz,满足土壤电导率实时在线测量的要求。     

便携式测试分析仪应变测量原理与试验

对ＣＡＴ－１型便携式测试分析仪的工作原理及其性能特点作了简要介绍。对采用直流电桥，计算机根据组桥方式计算出测量应变值，消除应变非线性误差，并根据传感器线性度计算测量应变值，修正传感器非线性误差的应变检测原理，进行了大量的试验验证及其分析，最后作出了评价     

植物根系抗拉力学特性便携式测试系统

针对传统的植物根系抗拉力学特性参数测量方式的不足,设计了一种在野外现场测量植物根系抗拉力学特性参数的便携测试系统。系统包括机械装置和电子测量两部分。机械装置由机架、根系夹持机构和传动系统组成,采用模块化设计,各部件可以快速拆装。电子测量部分由传感器、低功耗单片机数据采集系统和手持设备组成。手持设备基于Android平台开发,通过蓝牙模块与单片机数据采集系统通讯,是实现测量操作、输入以及结果显示输出的终端。试验结果表明,所设计的测试系统携带方便、测量准确,可测量得到根系的4个典型抗拉力学特性参数(最大抗拉力、抗拉强度、拉伸弹性模量、极限应变),显示其应力-应变关系曲线,查询历史数据,能够满足野外现场测量根系抗拉力学特性参数的各种要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。