不同温度及乙醇含量对生料醋醅中醋酸菌产酸能力的影响

从正常发酵的生料醋醅中分离、筛选得到一株醋酸菌,通过形态学、16S rDNA基因序列分析,确定菌株为巴氏醋杆菌。菌株发酵过程中,改变发酵温度和初始乙醇添加量,研究其对有机酸种类和含量的影响,为评价食醋品质提供参考依据。利用高效液相色谱检测样品,检测到的有机酸有草酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸,最高含量分别是2.5 mg/100 mL,5.0 mg/mL,3.4 mg/100 mL,0.17 mg/mL。在37,42,47℃这3个温度下最适宜有机酸生成的乙醇添加量分别是4%,6%,2%,最利于醋酸菌发酵的温度是42℃。     

云南红梨醋酿造工艺的研究

通过不同发酵条件及原料配比的试验研究,得到以云南红梨为原料酿制果醋的最佳工艺条件为:酒精浓度5.67 g/100 mL,醋酸发酵温度33℃,醋母接种量为7%,发酵时间288 h,醋酸浓度达到5.86 g/100 mL。按此工艺制得的云南红梨果醋外观呈淡金黄色,具有云南红梨特有的香味,口味醇香柔和,外观澄清透明,无沉淀,无悬浮,可溶性固形物含量不低于8%,酸度(以醋酸计)不低于4.0%,还原糖(以葡萄糖计)不低于0.85%,微生物指标符合国家食醋卫生标准。     

多菌株共生发酵蜂蜜醋饮料的工艺研究

以椴树蜜为原料,采用酿酒酵母(Saccharomycodes ludwigii)、醋化醋杆菌(Acetobacter aceti)与嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)混合多菌株共生发酵,研究共生发酵接种方式、发酵温度、接种量和接种比例4个因素对蜂蜜醋饮料的影响,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,共生发酵7 d。结果显示,优化条件为共生发酵温度32℃,混合接种量4%,接种比例1∶3∶1(酵母菌∶醋化醋杆菌∶嗜酸乳杆菌)。在此发酵条件下,蜂蜜醋饮料中总糖含量为6.5 g/dL,总酸含量(以醋酸计)为5.1 g/dL。     

柿子醋人工发酵生产技术的研究

以柿子为主要原料,采用活性干酵母和醋酸菌为发酵剂,进行单因素和正交试验,研究醋酸发酵阶段的温度、醋酸菌接种量、酒精浓度等因素对柿子醋发酵的影响,优化醋酸发酵的工艺条件。结果表明,柿子醋醋酸发酵阶段最优工艺参数为:发酵温度32℃,醋酸菌接种量9%,酒精浓度7%。在此条件下,制得的柿子醋中醋酸含量可达4.363 g/100 m L。     

多菌株共生发酵蜂蜜醋饮料的工艺研究

以椴树蜜为原料,采用酿酒酵母（Saccharomycodes ludwigii）、醋化醋杆菌（Acetobacter aceti）与嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）混合多菌株共生发酵,研究共生发酵接种方式、发酵温度、接种量和接种比例4个因素对蜂蜜醋饮料的影响,采用L9（34）正交试验设计,共生发酵7 d。结果显示,优化条件为共生发酵温度32℃,混合接种量4%,接种比例1∶3∶1（酵母菌∶醋化醋杆菌∶嗜酸乳杆菌）。在此发酵条件下,蜂蜜醋饮料中总糖含量为6.5 g/dL,总酸含量（以醋酸计）为5.1 g/dL。     

麦芽醋醋酸发酵工艺的中试放大研究

以大麦芽为原料,在利用液-液摇瓶发酵法对麦芽醋发酵的相关条件进行优化的基础上,再采用液态深层发酵法对麦芽醋生产的醋酸发酵工艺进行中试放大研究。研究表明,利用50 L发酵罐,采用分批发酵的方式,前中后期通风量分别为1.5,2.0,1.5 m~3/h;前中后期搅拌速度分别为100,150,100 r/min;起始酒精度5%(V/V),起始pH值4.0,接种量9%,装液量50%(V/V),罐压0.2 kg/cm~2,发酵温度32℃。经过60 h的发酵,最终醋酸的净含量为4.64 g/100 mL。     

温度对发酵法制备低糖红枣粉营养成分的影响

以红枣为试验原料,采用发酵法制备低糖红枣粉。研究了温度对发酵过程中总糖、还原糖、总酚、类黄酮、可溶性固形物等营养成分的影响。结果表明,发酵过程中可溶性固形物、还原糖、总糖含量都呈下降趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定;类黄酮和总酚含量逐渐上升然后趋于稳定。不同温度对发酵过程中可溶性固形物、还原糖及总糖的变化影响较大,但对总酚、类黄酮的变化无显著影响。于25℃条件下发酵得到的低糖红枣粉的品质较好,类黄酮、总酚、还原糖和总糖含量分别为742.15 mg/g,907.87 mg/g,9.74 g/100 g,10.52 g/100 g。     

浙南米醋酿造酒精工段微生物及代谢成分的变化

研究浙南米醋酿造过程中酒精工段的微生物以及酒精、糊精、氨基酸态氮等代谢成分的变化,探析发酵过程微生物变化对代谢成分的影响。结果表明,细菌、酵母菌和霉菌在发酵第5天数量达到最大,分别为10.5×103,6.70×103,5.70×103CFU/g;在发酵过程中淀粉被分解利用,糊精含量不断下降,从第1天的5.60 mg/mL降至第15天的0.44 mg/mL;而酒精、氨基酸态氮、总酸含量不断上升,其中酒精含量在第5天达到最大值(14.83%),之后增加缓慢,氨基酸态氮和总酸含量则是在第3天分别达到最大值0.39和4.34 mg/mL,之后上升平缓。     

以玉米为基质的灵芝固体发酵条件优化

研究了以玉米为基质的灵芝固体发酵,通过单因素和正交试验对工艺条件进行了优化,在测定菌质多糖含量的同时,测定了菌质中还原糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸的含量。结果表明：玉米粒度、菌种、接种量、发酵温度和时间对基料中菌质多糖的产生及主要成分含量有显著影响,发酵条件优化结果为10目大小的玉米基料,接入12%液体菌种,28℃发酵20d。经优化后,多糖含量可以达到21.97mg/g,还原糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量也优于其它处理组     

蜂蜜菊芋酒发酵工艺的研究

以菊芋为主要原料,蜂蜜补充糖源,对蜂蜜菊芋酒发酵条件进行研究。结果表明,三种不同加糖方式中,采用初始糖度20%(还原糖含量184.2 g·L~(-1)),糖度降为10%(还原糖含量92.90 g·L~(-1))后蜂蜜补糖至15%(还原糖含量146.3 g·L~(-1))的加糖方式进行酒精发酵,可明显提高酒体酒精度,降低残糖量;主发酵结束后酒精度为14.4%(V/V),还原糖含量降至8.00 g·L~(-1)。筛选出蜂蜜菊芋酒的发酵条件为:酵母菌接种量0.8 g·L~(-1),发酵温度26℃,初始p H 4,装液量70%,在此发酵条件下,酒体酒精度为14.0%(V/V),还原糖含量10.4 g·L~(-1),总酸含量6.90 g·L~(-1),按此工艺得到蜂蜜菊芋酒色泽金黄,香气浓郁,口感柔和。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.