株型对玉米群体光合速率和产量的影响

在大田条件下，采用人工改变株型的方法，比较了原型（平展型）与改型（紧凑型）玉米不同密度的群体光合速率，结果表明，改型群体光合速率比原型平均提高１７．２％，籽粒产量增加５．３％￣８．６％。抽丝期群体光合速率和籽粒产量之间呈极显著的正相关（ｒ＝０．８６９２）。改型玉米群体内光合有效辐射、ＣＯ２浓度分布比原型相对的“均匀”，是群体光合速率较高的重要原因，认为玉米作物的优化群体结构为紧凑型玉米个体所组成的     

Effect of Salt Stress on the Salicylic Acid Synthesis in Young Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants

The effect of salt stress on salicylic acid (SA) synthesis was investigated parallel with the induction of antioxidant enzymes in young maize plants. Two-week-old maize plants grown in hydroponic solution were treated with 50 or 100 m m NaCl for 7 days. Antioxidant enzyme activities, and the SA and o -hydroxy-cinnamic acid (oHCA) levels were measured on the 3rd and 7th day of treatment and after 4 days of recovery. Ascorbate peroxidase activity increased in the leaves, but changes in guaiacol peroxidase activity only could be detected in the roots after 7 days. Glutathione reductase activity increased both in the leaves and in the roots after the 3rd day of 100 m m NaCl treatment. Free SA only increased during recovery in the leaves and roots. In the leaves of plants treated with 100 m m NaCl, a slight increase was observed in the free oHCA level, which rose dramatically after recovery, while in the roots an increase could only be seen after recovery. These results suggest that oHCA may serve not only as a precursor of SA but may also have an antioxidant role during salt stress and recovery.     

Electrolyte Leakage, ATP Content in Leaves and Intensity of Net Photosynthesis in Maize Seedlings at Permanent or Different Daily Exposure to Low Temperatures

Changes were determined in electrolyte leakage (EL), ATP content in leaves and intensity of net photosynthesis (FJ in maize seedlings as a result of continued exposure to low temperatures for several days or, after a cold night (5 °C, 9 h), alternating application of 5 °C and 20 °C temperatures during the lit phase of the day (h of chilling during day/night: 0/9, 5/9, 10/9, 15/9).
At continuous exposure to low temperatures, permanent reduction of ATP content occurred between days 7 and 10, while EL increased significantly between days 4 to 7 (depending on experimental conditions). Of three leaves differing in age, most injuries were found in the oldest leaf. An increased intensity of irradiation from 150 to 500 μE. m⁻².s⁻¹ caused an earlier decrease in the ATP content and a further increase in electrolyte leakage. ATP content showed a 24 h rhythm, it increased at the end of the night and decreased at the end of the day. The rhythm was particularly noticeable in the control plants (20 °C), as well as, however to a lesser extent, in plants exposed to daily fluctuating chilling temperatures. It has also been observed that higher temperatures occurring in day time may diminish electrolyte leakage induced by previous low temperatures
The intensity of F_n determined at 20 °C, 4 h after withdrawal of chilling, decreased with the prolongation of the chilling period during the day.
Thus, it may be assumed that the EL and F_n values as indicators of the plants' sensitivity are in better agreement with the induced chill doses than the ATP content in leaves, which to a greater extent depends on the interaction between chilling and other experimental factors, such as irradiation intensity or the sequence of light and darkness.     

低磷胁迫对磷不同利用效率玉米叶绿素荧光参数的影响

盆栽试验在高磷（+P）和低磷(－P)条件下,于四叶期测定了磷高效利用型玉米KH5和磷低效利用型玉米齐201的老叶（第2叶）和新展开叶的（第4叶）叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数。结果表明,低磷处理使玉米叶片PSⅡ关闭程度增加、光能转换和电子传递效率降低,过剩激发能增加。基因型间比较,磷高效利用型玉米的光能转换和电子传递效率     

四川地方玉米种质的SSR聚类分析

利用SSR分子标记方法研究28个玉米自交系的遗传变异。分析四川地方玉米种质的遗传基础,并进行SSR聚类分析,探讨四川地方玉米种质与国内主要杂种优势群的关系。结果表明：大部分四川地方玉米种质均可被划分到常见的几大杂种优势群中去,少数地方玉米自交系可形成单独的类群,四川地方玉米种质具有广泛的遗传基础;SSRs能较真     

Effect of Low Soil Temperature on Weight Increase, Gas Exchange and Distribution of 14C-Assimilates in Seedlings of a Maize Hybrid

Seedlings of a maize hybrid sensitive to chilling initially grew in the growth chamber of the phytotron at 20/ 17°C (day/night) and after the formation of the fourth leaf, the soil temperature was lowered to 5°C. Under such growth conditions the dynamics of dry weight change, gas exchange and the distribution of ¹⁴C-assimilates in seedlings were examined. The low soil temperature inhibited daily growth of dry weight of whole seedlings more than their photosynthesis. Simultaneously, it was also responsible for a greater increase in dissimilative losses.
During 37 hours (day-night-day), following exposure to ¹⁴CO₂, dissimilation in seedlings in cool soil (5°C) and in non-chilling conditions amounted to 35.1 % and 23.4 % of assimilated ¹⁴C (AC), respectively. At lower soil temperature relatively high dissimilative losses were observed on the first day after exposure (23.5 %), lower at night (9.9 %) and the lowest on the following day - merely 1.7 % AC. Higher losses of ¹⁴C under chilling conditions occurring on the first day were a result of limited photosynthetic refixation of ¹⁴CO₂ At night, however, they were associated with a prolonged period of intensive translocation of assimilates to the stem. It was assumed that an excessive accumulation of assimilates in leaf blades might be an additional factor responsible for increased dissimilative losses at low temperature during the first twenty-four hours. In the third period of measurements, as a result of a limited transport of ¹⁴C, dissimilative losses were lower than in previous ones and were not dependent upon soil temperature.     

利用cDNA—AFLP技术研究玉米基因的差异表达

利用cDNA-AFLP技术，对玉米强优势组合和弱优势组合及其双亲自交系在苗期和雄穗生长锥伸长期的基因表达进行了分析。结果表明，玉米强优势组合和弱优势组合的基因表达有明显差异，基因表达有多种类型，表现出质和量的差异，不仅有增强，也有双亲沉默，弱优势组合双亲沉默的数量在苗期和雄穗生长锥伸长期均高于强优势组合，杂     

苗期水分胁迫对玉米根系生长杂种优势的影响

以玉米杂交种高油115及其亲本(母本220、父本1145) 为材料, 研究了玉米苗期根系生长的杂种优势及水分胁迫的影响。试验设水分充足、轻度干旱和严重干旱3个处理, 田间持水量分别为75%、55%和35%。结果表明, 在水分充足条件下, 根长(RL)、根表面积(SA)和根干重(RDW)均表现出不同程度的中亲优势和超亲优势, 轻度干旱显著降低了各指标的杂种优势, 而严重干旱则完全抑制了根系生长的杂种优势。根系各性状中, RL的杂种优势最强。在水分充足条件下, 与中等根(根直径0.25~0.45 mm)和粗根(根直径>0.45 mm)相比, 细根(根直径0.05~0.20 mm)的RL、SA及其占总根系比例的杂种优势最高。轻度干旱胁迫虽然降低了根系的杂种优势, 但RL、SA仍表现出显著的超亲优势和中亲优势(粗根的超亲优势除外)。此外, 只有细根RL和SA占总根系的比例在轻度干旱胁迫下具有显著的中亲优势, 说明杂交种可以通过生成较亲本更高比例的细根来抵抗轻度干旱胁迫。     

Effects of Thiourea, Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Three chemicals, viz., thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid capable of potentiating-SH turnover, were tested with the objective to improve growth and productivity of maize. Thiourea was tested as seed-soaking and foliar-applied treatments as also in combination. Thiamine and ascorbic acid were tested as foliar sprays alone. Foliar treatments were applied at vegetative stage (30 and 45 days after sowing).
The results of the field experiment showed that seed soaking with thiourea (500 ppm) tended to improve grain yield (13.4 per cent over control), but improvement in biological yield was significant. However, seed soaking plus foliar treatment of thiourea significantly increased both biological and grain yields, besides causing significant improvement in leaf area index and number of green leaves plant^-1. The increase in grain yield ha^-1 was of the order of 34.6 per cent over control.
It was further noted that foliar sprays of thiourea (1000 ppm), thiamine (100 ppm) and ascorbic acid (100 ppm) significantly increased leaf area index, number of green leaves plant^-1 and biological yield ha^-1. These treatments also significantly increased grain yield ha^-1 by 40.6, 20.2 and 26.3 per cent, respectively over control. Improvement in maize yield with thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid treatments appeared to have resulted from increased photosynthetic efficiency and canopy photosynthesis on account of the biological activity of -SH group. It was also apparent that leaf senescence was delayed under the influence of these chemicals. It is therefore suggested that thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid are the potential bioregulators for improving photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield of maize and possibly other cereals, and that thiourea, a sulphydryl compound, holds considerable promise in this context.     

玉米花期性状的全基因组关联分析

花期性状是玉米的重要性状,与熟期、散粉结实率和产量关系密切,对玉米品种选育至关重要。为探究玉米花期性状的遗传基础,本研究以248份遗传多样性丰富的玉米自交系作为关联群体,通过2017年和2018年在河北保定和辛集的田间试验调查抽雄期、散粉期、吐丝期和散粉吐丝间隔期4个花期相关性状,利用分布于全基因组的83057个SNP标记进行关联分析。结果表明,4个花期相关性状的基因型、年份、地点、基因型与地点的互作、基因型与年份的互作均达到极显著水平;抽雄期、散粉期、吐丝期的遗传率分别为71.77%、71.27%、73.93%,并且两两性状间呈极显著正相关,散粉吐丝间隔期遗传率为62.50%,仅与吐丝期呈极显著正相关;4个花期性状共检测到18个SNPs-性状关联(共涉及16个SNP位点),单个位点的表型贡献率范围为5.46%~28.36%,仅1个位点在不同性状中检测到;筛选到81个候选基因,其中36个在GO分析中具有功能注释。潜在候选基因GRMZM5G877647编码early flowering 4蛋白,参与光周期的调节;GRMZM2G173630编码类赤霉素受体蛋白参与植物激素信号转导;GRMZM2G001139、GRMZM2G375707编码与花器官建成的MADS转录因子。这些潜在候选基因为解析玉米花期性状遗传基础和分子辅助选择育种提供参考。     

玉米籽粒发育性状的遗传及与产量性状关系的研究

在含有 BA(6-苄基腺嘌呤)2.5毫克/升、NAA(萘乙酸)0.1毫克/升的 MS 培养基上诱导苎麻(Boehmeria niveaL.)试管苗未离体叶面生芽。比较了不同激素的效果,在诱导芽形成中 BA 优于 ZT(玉米素)和 KT(激动素)。在叶脉处,特别是在中脉维管束的薄壁细胞容易分裂和脱分化,且具有较强的分化能力。芽在叶面上发生有一定的规律,并对叶面     

影响玉米花药培养效率的因素研究

对影响玉米花粉胚诱导的因素进行了研究。结果表明 :花药接种前对雄穗进行 5℃低温预处理 15～ 2 1d效果较好 ;接种后高温 (33℃ )连续处理花药 ,胚出现早、质量好且效率高 ;活性炭 (0 5 g/L)加入培养基中能显著地提高胚诱导效率。此外 ,还对基因型间差异进行了比较分析     

The Influence of Plant Water Stress on Net Photosynthesis and Leaf Area of Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars

The effect of plant water stress on net photosynthesis and leaf growth were investigated in order to determine to what extent leaf water potential during vegetative growth and silking affects maize development.
Two commercial maize hybrids grown in pots in a glasshouse were subjected to leaf water potentials of -1300 and -1700 kPa during the eighth leaf stage and during silking to -1700 and -2300 kPa to previously unstressed, moderately and severely stressed plants. The effect of stress on inhibiting CO₂ uptake rates and leaf areas, as well as the recovery after alleviating stress, were compared to that of unstressed plants.
No substantial differences in CO₂ uptake rates were found between medium and long seasoned cultivars. The CO₂ uptake rates per unit leaf area decreased to negative values under both moderate and severe stress conditions during both growth stages. During silking, the recovery of CO₂ uptake rate was much lower than during the eight leaf stage. Leaf area decreased proportionally with increased stress but did not recover after alleviating stress on plants stressed during both the eighth leaf and silking stages.     

渍涝胁迫对玉米生理生化的影响研究进展

渍涝胁迫是玉米生产中重要的非生物逆境之一,对玉米的生长发育造成危害,严重制约了玉米产量的提升。因此回顾了人们针对渍涝胁迫对玉米生理生化的影响及其适应机制的研究,介绍了人们从栽培耕作和遗传育种两个角度提高玉米抗渍涝能力的研究现状,并展望了未来玉米抗渍涝胁迫的重点研究方向。     

夏玉米光合特性对氮素用量的反应

随氮素用量增加,植株下位叶、穗位叶和上位叶的光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、可溶蛋白含量（Pro）、Hill反应活性、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、Mg²⁺-ATPase活性和PEPCase活性均不断增大。植株不同叶位Pn和Pro随生长进程均不断下降;不同叶位Chl的变化动态表现为下位叶在各测定时期之间差异较小、穗位叶和上位叶为单峰曲线。Hill反应活力、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性和Mg²⁺-ATPase活性的变化规律不同,随生长进程表现不断下降、单峰曲线和双峰曲线等不同形式。各叶位PEPCase活性均表现单峰曲线型变化。随氮素用量增加,叶源量、生物产量和籽粒产量不断增加。适量施氮具有全面改善玉米光合效率和内在生理、生化过程的作用。Ca²⁺-ATPase活性是影响光反应活力的重要因素;在叶片生长前中期,P_n受到PEPCase的影响较小,主要受到光反应活力和暗反应效率的调控。可采用叶源量作为玉米单株生产力的参考诊断指标。     

Genotypic Variation for Cold Tolerance among Twelve Maize (Zea mays L.) Populations

The objectives of this study were (1) to ascertain the genetic differences for cold-tolerance traits in a series of diallel crosses among 12 maize populations grown in field experiments, and (2) to compare, in controlled environment rooms, the modification of various metabolic parameters of two sets of four F1 variety crosses which, according to the field experiments, differed largely in seedling early vigour (cold-tolerant [Ct] vs cold-sensitive [Cs] Fl sets). Under field conditions, cold-tolerance adaptability, as monitored by shoot dry matter accumulation, appeared genetically controlled; moreover, considerable differences existed among genotypes. Field data suggested that shoot dry weight was a good indicator of plant adaptability to periods of unfavorable cool conditions. The growth-chamber experiments showed that shoot dry weights of the two sets of hybrids (Ct vs Cs), were more uniform at the highest temperature regimes than under suboptimal temperatures. Moreover, the laboratory study indicated that the interval of time of attain a specific stage of development provided a meaningful and useful criterion for differentiating the capacity of maize plants to grow at low temperatures. Although a clear association between a particular metabolite and the capacity of plants to grow at low temperatures was not observed, it was of interest to note that the total N concentration in the shoot was significantly higher in the Ct plants compared to the Cs ones.     

Productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Relation to Morphological and Physiological Characteristics under Varying Amounts of Nitrogen Supply

In a field trial located in a northern region of Germany, characterized by a Podzol soil and increasing N fertilization resulted in an enhanced N uptake of the maize (Zea mays L.) variety “Felix” with increasing N fertilization ranging from 0 kg N ha^-1 (N1) to 60 kg N ha^-1 (N2) and to 160 kg N ha^-1 (N3). The growth conditions reached only nearly optimal temperature for biomass allocation in a short period of July and August 1990. The plant productivity was stimulated due to higher N uptake and N utilization to values of nearly 1600 g ha^-1. The N efficiency decreased with increasing N fertilization. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of varied nitrogen nutrition on the development of maize plants under standardized growth conditions, comparable to the sub optimal growth conditions of the field experiment. Physiological and anatomical parameters were measured. Within a range of 0.2—1.0 mg N cm^-2 of leaf nitrogen, the chlorophyll concentration and the CO₂ exchange rate showed a linear relationship with the reduced N in the leaf. Above 1.0 mg N cm^-2 no further increases in chlorophyll levels or photosynthesis were observed. Nitrate reductase activity was stimulated throughout the N range supplied. The activities of photosynthetic enzymes (PEP carboxylase, Nadp malic enzyme, RubP carboxylase) was increased from the low (0.19 g N kg^-1 soil) to the middle N level (0.37 g N kg^-1 soil). Under conditions of a high N supply (0.75 g N kg^-1 soil) the activity decreased, except Nadp malic enzyme. This effect was accompanied by alterations of the internal structure of the leaf. Leaf thickness and size of the mesophyll parenchyma were less at the medium nitrate supply. Other anatomical parameters were influenced in proportion to leaf nitrogen status. Stomatal index was not affected by N supply, but lengths and widths of epidermal and stomatal cells as well as the distance between stomata and vascular bundles were increased by high N supply. It is proposed that above an optimal range of leaf nitrogen, maize plants cannot use the potential advantage of the C₄ mechanism and the N utilization shows maximum efficiency in the intermediate N level under the sub optimal growth conditions used in the greenhouse experiment.     

若干玉米胚乳突变体基因效应的研究

对５个玉米单隐性胚乳突变体、３个双隐性胚乳突变体的可溶性糖（还原糖、蔗糖）、水溶性多糖、淀粉、粗蛋白、赖氨酸含量测定，并对突变体种子结构扫描电镜观察。分析了玉米胚乳突主体的基因效应及其互作效应。     

高温对玉米籽粒淀粉合成及产量的影响

以农大108和山农3号为试材，采用田间生长箱增温的方法，研究了不同生育时期高温对玉米淀粉合成及产量的影响。结果表明，第1期（出苗后0~28 d）高温处理对玉米的产量没有显著影响，第2期（出苗后29~57 d）和第3期（出苗后58~86 d）高温处理显著降低玉米产量，以第2期对产量的影响最大；同时高温降低1,6-二磷酸酯酶（FBPase）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）的活性，且以第2期降低的幅度最大；籽粒淀粉含量，以第1期高温处理高于对照，其他2个处理显著低于对照。     

Yield and Agronomic Characters of Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars under Different Irrigation Regimes

Drought spells are unpredictable under tropical conditions and can occur at every growth stage of the maize plants. Little is known about the reactions of tropical maize cultivars to water shortage. A set of Thai cultivars was examined in the field during the dry season. Three stress situations were imposed: prolonged stress throughout the growing season, pre- and post-anthesis stress. Pre-anthesis water stress delayed flowering and especially the data of silking. Thus, the anthesis-silking interval was wider. Prolonged water stress decreased grain yield mainly due to a low number of kernels and/or thousand kernel weight (TKW). Post-anthesis stress mainly reduced TKW grain set per ear. Relief from pre-anthesis stress increased grain yield by a grater number of kernels and higher TKW as compared to prolonged stress. Genotypic differences were high for the anthesis-silking interval following pre-anthesis stress. Low yielding, early but generally drought-stable cultivars existed as well as cultivars which were generally high yielding even under water stress because of a good residual yield. Some cultivars were resistant to pre-anthesis stress but not to post-anthesis stress and vice versa. It can be concluded that ample genotypic variability exists for adaptation to varying situations of pre-and post-anthesis stress within tropical maize cultivars.