大白猪哺乳期背膘损失对繁殖性能的影响

为了研究大白母猪哺乳期背膘损失对其繁殖性能的影响,试验选取大白母猪1 178头,统计6个胎次的总产仔数、产活仔数、健仔数、断奶窝重、断奶发情间隔、哺乳期背膘损失等性状,根据哺乳期的背膘损失情况将母猪分为6组：<0、0~1、1~2、3~4、5~6、>6 mm,以断奶窝重为协变量,利用最小二乘检验开展组间总产仔数、产活仔数、健仔数、断奶发情间隔等性状的差异显著性分析。结果显示,大白母猪6个胎次平均总产仔数、产活仔数、健仔数、断奶窝重、断奶发情间隔和哺乳期背膘损失分别为13.67头、11.51头、10.32头、65.90 kg、4.83 d和2.89 mm,大白母猪1~6胎产仔数在各组间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。综合全部6个胎次的结果可知,第4、5、6组间差异不显著（P>0.05）,但均显著高于第1、2、3组（P<0.05）;第4组总产仔数最高,达13.54头,比第1、2、3组分别高出1.90、2.29和1.63头（P<0.05）。虽然各胎次中各组间产活仔数和健仔数性状有时也出现显著差异,但综合分析6个胎次组间并未出现显著差异（P>0.05）。从断奶发情间隔性状来看,各组间均未出现显著差异（P>0.05）。结果表明,在大白猪生产中,将哺乳期母猪的背膘损失控制在3~4 mm可以获得更高的总产仔数。     

Well-being in Pregnant Sows: Confinement versus Group Housing with Electronic Sow Feeding

Abstract

Indicators of stress, behaviour in the pen, and lesions of the integument were used as indicators of sow well-being in a comparison of group housing with electronic sow feeding [GH] and confinement in gestation crates [C] in experiment 1, which included 2 × 4 groups of 20–25 sows. Effects of earlier experience with a gestation system on the indicators of stress was investigated in experiment 2, which included 2 × 3 groups of 20–25 sows. Reaction in a novelty test and reactivity in plasma Cortisol to the procedure of blood sampling were used as indicators of stress. Behaviour in the pen as well as lesions of the integument revealed that both gestation systems were suboptimal in some manner. However, following acclimatization for 1–2 weeks, young GH sows experienced less stress than young C sows as measured by reduced fear in the novelty test. In experiment 2 this interpretation was further supported by lower reactivity in plasma Cortisol. It was concluded that sow well-being was higher for the majority of the gestation period in young group-housed animals. Thus, in spite of the inadequate feeding method, well-being of sows may be improved in group housing systems with electronic sow feeding if the system is well functioning with low levels of aggression and vulva bites. One of the major determinants of vulva biting is suggested to be the mechanism of gate control.     

Plasma Prolactin in the Sow with Emphasis on Variation in Resumption of Ovarian Activity after Weaning

Plasma prolactin in the sow was studied during pregnancy, lactation and during the post weaning period. The ovarian activity was monitored hy progesterone determinations. In the pregnant sows (2 sows) there was a distinct increase in prolactin values ahout a week before parturition, amounting to maximum levels around parturition. A moderate decrease in prolactin values during the lactation period (3 sows) was observed. After weaning the prolactin values dropped immediately to basal levels. Of the 91 sows studied in the post weaning period 72 sows resumed cyclic ovarian function within normal time (10 days) after weaning while 19 sows had delayed resumption of ovarian activity. The prolactin patterns in sows with prolonged periods of ovarian inactivity were similar to those seen in normal sows. None of our results indicate that post weaning anoestrus is caused by prolonged hyperprolactinaemia after weaning.     

分娩后不同饲喂模式对泌乳母猪生产性能、乳成分和生理代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究母猪分娩后3种饲喂模式(产后不限饲、限饲3 d和限饲7 d后自由采食)对泌乳母猪生产性能、乳成分和生理代谢的影响.挑选遗传背景一致、体况和健康良好、分娩日期接近的3～6胎次丹系长×大母猪45头,分娩后根据体重、背膘厚度和胎次随机均分成3个组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头.3组母猪饲喂相同的泌乳饲粮,执行对...     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性研究

为研究硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性,试验选用12头健康泌乳奶牛(6头初产、6头经产),间隔12 h对每头奶牛的4个乳区分别注入硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(规格:8 g:75 mg/支)1支,连续给药3次,比较观察给药前后奶牛的临床症状、体细胞数、日产奶量及乳区病原菌变化情况。结果显示,与给药前相比,给药期间及停药后奶牛的临床症状、体细胞数、日产奶量、乳区病原菌检测结果均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。表明硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛是安全的。     

母猪妊娠末期背膘厚度对产仔性能和胎盘脂质氧化代谢的影响

本试验旨在探讨母猪妊娠末期背膘厚度对产仔性能和胎盘脂质氧化代谢的影响,以探索母猪妊娠期脂肪沉积与繁殖性能的关系。本试验度量了846头经产大白母猪妊娠第109天时的背膘厚度,并分为3组,背膘厚度≤18 mm的为第1组(母猪192头),背膘厚度为19~22 mm的为第2组(母猪265头),背膘厚度≥23 mm的为第3组(母猪389头)。记录母猪分娩后的产仔性能,测定胎盘组织中脂质、氧化产物水平及抗氧化酶活性。结果表明:1)尽管母猪妊娠末期背膘厚度对总产仔数、产活仔数及木乃伊数无显著影响(P0.05),但显著影响了死胎数、初生窝重、初生头重和胎盘效率(P0.05)。其中,第2组的初生头重、初生窝重及胎盘效率显著高于其他2组(P0.05);第2组的死胎数显著低于第1组(P0.05),与第3组差异不显著(P0.05)。值得注意的是,母猪妊娠末期背膘厚度显著影响每窝初生重≤0.9 kg的仔猪数和每窝初生重≤1.0 kg的仔猪数(P0.05),第3组的每窝初生重≤0.9 kg的仔猪数和每窝初生重≤1.0 kg的仔猪数均显著高于其他2组(P0.05)。2)在第3组的胎盘组织中,不仅甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及游离脂肪酸(FFA)的水平显著高于其他2组(P0.05),而且丙二醛(MDA)和活性氧(ROS)水平也显著高于其他2组(P0.05),同时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于其他2组(P0.05)。3)妊娠末期母猪胎盘组织中ROS水平与总产仔数、初生窝重及胎盘效率呈显著负相关(P0.05),而MDA水平与总产仔数呈显著负相关(P0.05)。由此可知,母猪妊娠末期背膘厚度与产仔性能密切相关。妊娠末期维持背膘厚度在19~22 mm,母猪可获得较高的产仔性能;背膘厚度≤18 mm时,会增加死胎数;而背膘厚度≥23 mm时,会引起胎盘组织中脂质过度沉积,从而加剧胎盘氧化应激的发生。     

日粮赖氨酸与粗蛋白质比例对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

选用分娩日期相近的长×大二元母猪 6 0头 ,按胎次 ,体重随机分为 5个处理 ,分别饲喂不同赖氨酸和粗蛋白质比例 (4 .8,5 .3,5 .8,6 .3和 6 .8gLys/ 10 0gCP)的日粮。试验结果表明 :随着哺乳母猪日粮赖氨酸与粗蛋白质比例的增加 ,母猪体重与背膘厚度损失呈二次曲线下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;母猪 2 1日龄的产奶量呈二次曲线变化趋势 (P <0 .0 1) ;哺乳期间窝平均日增重呈二次曲线变化趋势 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;哺乳母猪产后 14d和 2 1d血清尿素氮的浓度呈线性或二次曲线下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,而血清游离赖氨酸的浓度则呈二次曲线变化趋势 (P <0 .0 5 )。在本试验条件下 ,粗蛋白质为 17%时 ,长×大二元哺乳母猪最佳的赖氨酸和粗蛋白质比例为 6 .3g/ 10 0g。     

Chemical Characterization of Bovine Urine with Special Reference to Oestrus

Cows' urine was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The profiles from preovulatory, ovulatory and postovulatory samples were compared to establish any qualitative and quantitative differences that might have potential value in olfactory communication. Dichloromethane was used as the solvent for extraction of the compounds. Seven different compounds were detected, of which only two were common to all the chromatograms. The chemical profile of oestrous urine was distinguished by the presence of two specific compounds, viz. di-n-propyl phthalate and 1-iodoundecane, that were not found in the other samples. As oestrous urine has been shown to elicit sexual behaviour in cattle, these two characteristic peaks may represent important chemical compounds that elicit signals that allow the bull to detect `oestrous odours'.     

Symposium on Diseases of Cats—III. Some Pathogenic Bacteria of Cats with Special Reference to their Public Health Significance

Abstract— The role of haemolytic staphylococci, streptococci, Mycobacterium species, members of the coli-typhoid group, Pasteurella multocida and certain other bacteria in cat diseases is discussed in association with the results of a small-scale survey of some of the bacteria occurring in healthy cats.
Résumé— –Les auteurs discutent le rôle des staphylocoques héiolytiques, des streptocoques, des races de Mycobacterium , des membres du groupe coli-typhoïde, de la Pasteurella multocida et de certaines autres bactéies dans les maladies du chat, à la lumiére des résultats d'un examen sommaire de quelques-unes des bactéries trouvées chez Ie chat en bonne santé.
Zusammenfassung— In Verbindung mit den Ergebnissen einer im kleinen Rahmen ausgeführten Untersuchung einiger der Bakterien, die in gesunden Katzen auftreten, wird besprochen, welche Rolle hämolytische Staphylokokken, Streptokokken, Mykobakteriumspecies , Glieder der koli-typhoiden Gruppe, Pasteurella multocida und bestimmte andere Bakterien bei Katzenkrankheiten spielen.     

饲粮不同蛋白质水平下添加合成氨基酸对夏季哺乳母猪生产性能及氮排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同蛋白质水平下添加合成氨基酸对夏季哺乳母猪生产性能及氮排泄的影响.选择120头长白×约克杂交母猪,随机分成3个蛋白质水平组(19.5%、18.5%和17.5%,均添加由赖氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸和苏氨酸组成的合成氨基酸),每组40个重复,每个重复1头,饲养到仔猪断奶.结果表明:1)18.5%组仔猪断奶窝重和窝增重显著高于17.5%组(P<0.05),与19.5%组差异不显著(P>0.05).蛋白质水平对母猪日均采食量、背膘损失及断奶后发情间隔影响不显著(P>0.05);2)18.5%组血浆尿素氮水平显著低于17.5%组(P<0.05),与19.5%组差异不显著(P>0.05);18.5%组血浆部分氨基酸浓度显著低于17.5%组和19.5%组(P<0.05),乳中部分氨基酸浓度显著高于19.5%组和17.5%组(P<0.05);3)各组氮表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);蛋白质水平每降低1个百分点,粪氮排泄减少6.0%.由结果可知,夏季高温环境下(平均温度为29.5℃),哺乳母猪饲粮添加5种合成氨基酸,蛋白质水平为18.5%时哺乳母猪生产性能最佳.     

Housing of Pregnant Sows in Loose and Confined Systems–a Field Study 1. Vulva and Body Lesions,Culling Reasons and Production Results

A field study was carried out in 18 herds with loose housing of pregnant sows (loose herds) and in 18 herds with tethered or stalled pregnant sows (confined herds). Three of the loose herds were excluded due to different kind of flooring from the rest of the herds. The remaining 15 herds had partly slatted concrete floors and electronic sow feeding. The frequencies of sows with vulva and body lesions, thin sows as well as the culling reasons and production results were used as animal welfare indicators for the herds. Vulva lesions were found only in the loose herds and the mean prevalence proportion of sows with lesions within these herds was 15.2%. All vulva lesions observed in this study seemed to be caused by biting. The relative risk of vulva lesions was 2.6 times higher in the loose herds with no roughage feeding as compared to loose herds with appetite feeding of roughage. The sows in the loose herds, that had a feeding station with a mechanical hind gate had 1.8 greater risk of vulva lesions than sows in the loose herds that used a feeding station with an electronic gate.The mean prevalence proportion of sows with body lesions was 13.1% in the loose herds and 4.0% in the confined herds. Aggression between sows seemed to be the main cause of body lesions in the loose herds, while decubitus ulcers on the shoulders were the main cause of body lesions in the confined herds. Sows in loose herds that were not fed additional roughage feeding had 1.7 times greater risk of body lesions than sows in herds that used additional roughage feeding.The main culling reasons and production results were similar in the loose and confined herds. This study showed that there were welfare problems both in confined and loose herds, however, with improved management, many of the welfare problems associated with loose housing can be reduced.     

A Photometric Method for Recording Hoof Diseases in Cattle,with Special Reference to Haemorrhages of the Sole

Bergsten, C: A photometric method for recording hoof diseases in cattle, with special reference to haemorrhages of the sole. Acta vet. scand. 1993,34,281-286.– After cleaning and trimming, the sole surface and interdigital space of the hooves of cows are photographed in a standardized way. The colour slides are projected on to a screen and the haemorrhages of the sole (reflecting Pododermatitis aseptica diffusa) and the lesions of Dermatitis interdigitalis and Erosio ungulae are scored according to their severity and extent by 2 people who do not know the identity of the cows. In a repeatability test the correlation coefficients between 2 assessments of the haemorrhages in the sole ranged between 0.78 and 0.88 for assessments of the front hooves, the hind hooves and all the hooves together.     

金华猪回肠、结肠真菌结构及其与体脂沉积的相关性研究

本试验旨在探究不同肥瘦率的金华猪回肠、结肠真菌菌群结构差异及其与体脂沉积的相关性.试验选择270日龄的同批次金华猪35头,测定背膘厚、眼肌面积和瘦肉率,并选择瘦肉率最低(高脂肪组,H组)和最高(低脂肪组,L组)的金华猪各5头,采集回肠、结肠内容物用于真菌测序分析.结果表明:1)不同肥瘦率金华猪的瘦肉率与背膘厚存在显著差...     

断奶仔猪日粮中添加复合酶制剂的效果研究

本试验主要研究不同水平的复合酶制剂(0%,0.1%,0.5%,1.0%)对断奶仔猪消化机能的影响。结果表明,饲料中添加0.10%酶制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能作用明显,可提高断奶仔猪日增重,降低料肉比,复合酶制剂提高了营养物质消化率,其中干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪均达显著水平(P<0.05);且随酶制剂水平的增加,腹泻频率表现出不同程度的降低,成活率提高。日粮中添加酶制剂可显著影响尿氮含量(P<0.05),且当日粮中添加酶制剂的比例为0.10%时,尿氮的含量最低,为20.48g/d。     

A Simple Procedure for the Preliminary Identification of Aerobic Gram Negative Intestinal Bacteria with Special Reference to the Enterobacteriaceae

A useful procedure is described for rapid identification of some Gram negative bacteria during quantitative studies of the intestinal flora from various species. The methods used are based on primary isolation and differentiation of the bacteria by the use of MacConkey agar and the subsequent differentiation according to definite procedure using the replica plating technique.     

Electron Microscopic Observation on the Structure of a Freshwater Teleost Dermis with Special Reference to the Dermo-epidermal Junction

An electronmicroscopic study of the dermis of the ventral skin of a fresh water teleost ( Pimelodus maculatus ) was examined with standard techniques. It was demonstrated that the dermal organization consists of a well developed basal membrane underlying the epidermis, and two collagenous layers (stratum compactum most superficially and stratum spongiosum, deep to it) which are separated by a layer of elastic connective tissue. Within the superficial layer melanocytes and iridophores were demonstrated.