我国春麦区部分小麦品种品质状况分析

1999年将 38份春小麦品种 (品系 )种植于内蒙古呼和浩特 ,对其磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质进行了评价。结果表明 ,我国春小麦品种的面包烘烤品质较差 ,不同地区品种间品质差异较大 ,辽宁和内蒙品种的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质优于其它地区的品种。回归分析表明 ,蛋白质含量和单位蛋白质含量的面包体积决定了面包体积总变异的 99.9% ,硬度、沉淀值和吸水率对面包总分有重要作用。品种的出粉率主要取决于 1心槽路出粉率 ,2心和 1皮槽路出粉率对出粉率贡献也较大。高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (HMW GS)Glu A1和Glu D1位点的等位变异与品质性状密切相关。面包烘烤品质的改良应在分析HMW GS的基础上 ,将硬度作为选择指标之一 ,适当提高蛋白质含量 ,重点加强对沉淀值的选择     

Effect of physicochemical and empirical rheological wheat flour properties on quality parameters of bread made from pre-fermented frozen dough

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of flour quality on the properties of bread made from pre-fermented frozen dough. The physicochemical parameters of 8 different wheat flours were determined, especially the protein quality was analysed in detail by a RP-HPLC procedure. A standardized baking experiment was performed with frozen storage periods from 1 to 168 days. Baked bread was characterised for specific loaf volume, crumb firmness and crumb elasticity. The results were compared to none frozen control breads. Duration of frozen storage significantly affected specific loaf volume and crumb firmness. The reduction of specific loaf volume was different among the used flours and its behaviour and intensity was highly influenced by flour properties. For control breads wet gluten, flourgraph E7 maximum resistance and RVA peak viscosity were positively correlated with specific loaf volume. However, after 1–28 days of frozen storage, wet gluten content was not significantly influencing specific loaf volume, while other parameters were still significantly correlated with the final bread properties. After 168 days of frozen storage all breads showed low volume and high crumb firmness, thus no significant correlations between flour properties and bread quality were found. Findings suggest that flours with strong gluten networks, which show high resistance to extension, are most suitable for frozen dough production. Furthermore, starch pasting characteristics were also affecting bread quality in pre-fermented frozen dough.     

Phytate negatively influences wheat dough and bread characteristics by interfering with cross-linking of glutenin molecules

The influence of added phytate on dough properties and bread baking quality was studied to determine the role of phytate in the impaired functional properties of whole grain wheat flour for baking bread. Phytate addition to refined flour at a 1% level substantially increased mixograph mixing time, generally increased mixograph water absorption, and reduced the SDS-unextractable protein content of dough before and after fermentation as well as the loaf volume of bread. The added phytate also shifted unextractable glutenins toward a lower molecular weight form and increased the iron-chelating activity of dough. It appears that phytate negatively affects gluten development and loaf volume by chelating iron and/or binding glutenins, and consequently interfering with the oxidative cross-linking of glutenin molecules during dough mixing. Phytate could be at least partially responsible for the weak gluten network and decreased loaf volume of whole wheat flour bread as compared to refined flour bread.     

Correlations of the Breadmaking Performance of Wheat Flour with Rheological Measurements on a Micro-scale

For the characterization of wheat quality, micro-extension tests for dough and gluten and a micro-baking test were developed using comparable dough compositions, the same mixing temperature and cultivar-specific mixing times. By means of these methods, the flours of 26 wheat samples were studied for dough development time, maximum resistance and extensibility of dough and gluten and loaf volume of the baked products. Standard methods (rapid-mix-test, gluten index determination) were used for comparison. The results indicated that the rheological properties of dough and gluten as well as the gluten index are correlated higher with the optimised micro-baking test than with the standard baking test. If flour protein or wet gluten content is included in the correlations, the extension test of gluten, which can be performed easily and reproducibly, allows a reliable prediction of the loaf volume obtained by the micro-baking test.     

面包烘焙品质与小麦品质性状的相关性

为了了解适宜的面包小麦的品质指标范围，对58个小麦品种(系)的面包烘焙品质与小麦品质性状的相关性进行了分析与研究，将58个品种(系)的面包总评分分为三个梯度与小麦品质性状进行比较，结果表明，面包总评分和面包体积与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、延伸性呈显著正相关，与抗延阻力相关不显著；面包芯平滑度与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、形成时间呈显著正相关；纹理结构与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、延伸性呈显著正相关；面包弹柔性与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关；与其它指标相关性不显著．     

面筋蛋白对小麦粉理化性质及面包烘焙品质的影响

为明确不同类型小麦的面粉改良方案,为我国优质面包专用粉的生产提供理论与技术支持,以三个筋力不同的小麦品种宁麦13、扬麦16和郑麦9023为材料,通过洗面筋法提取各供试材料的湿面筋,将其冷冻干燥后按照7%、8%、9%、10%、11%的添加比例与各自面粉进行配比,对配粉的面包烘焙品质、面粉理化性质和面团流变学特性进行了测定分析。结果发现,随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,配粉的蛋白质、湿面筋、谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)含量和沉降值逐步上升;粘度参数和面团弱化度有所下降;糊化温度和糊化时间呈上升趋势。在同一添加量下,强筋小麦的烘焙品质和面粉理化性质始终优于中筋小麦和弱筋小麦。随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,面包体积、弹性、回复性、内聚力增大,而硬度、咀嚼性减小,感官品质得到改善。面筋蛋白添加量超过一定范围(宁麦13、扬麦16添加9%,郑麦9023添加8%),面包品质改良效果变缓,且色泽不断加深。综上所述,适量添加面筋蛋白可改变面粉的理化性质,提高其面包烘焙品质;配粉的蛋白质含量为18%左右是最经济的面包烘焙品质改良方案。     

新疆小麦1BL/1RS易位和 Dx5基因的多重PCR检测及其面筋品质分析

为了给新疆小麦面筋品质改良提供参考依据,利用多重PCR体系对267份新疆冬、春小麦品种中1BL/1RS易位和 Dx5基因的分布进行了检测,并测定了其中181份小麦品种的面粉蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、Zeleny沉淀值以及面团特性等品质性状。结果表明,新疆小麦品种中,1BL/1RS易位品种有55份,占20.6%,含有 Dx5基因的品种有76份,占28.5%。冬小麦品种中1BL/1RS易位系分布频率（26.6%）显著高于春小麦（9.6%）,而春小麦品种中 Dx5基因的分布频率（31.9%）高于冬小麦（26.6%）。在新疆小麦农家品种、引进品种和自育成品种中,1BL/1RS易位和 Dx5基因的分布频率也存在明显差异。分析表明,1BL/1RS和非1BL/1RS小麦品种的主要面筋品质性状（如Zeleny沉淀值、峰值高度、8 min宽度等）达到显著性差异（P＜0.05）,1BL/1RS小麦中含 Dx5和不含 Dx5基因品种的面筋指数、Zeleny沉淀值、峰值时间和8 min面积等5个参数差异达到显著水平（P＜0.05）。多重PCR体系检测结果可靠稳定,节省实验经费和时间,提高了效率,可用于小麦分子辅助育种。     

Durum wheat breadmaking quality: Effects of gluten strength,protein composition,semolina particle size and fermentation time

The effects of particle size of granulars (semolina and flour combined), gluten strength, protein composition and fermentation time on the breadmaking performance were compared for eleven durum wheat genotypes of diverse strength from North America and Italy grown in the same environment. All genotypes were γ-gliadin 45 types (low-molecular weight glutenin subunit 2 patterns) associated with superior pasta-making quality. Three cultivars with high-molecular weight glutenin subunit 20 exhibited relatively weak gluten, confirming that this subunit is associated with weakness in durum wheat. Gluten strength as measured by a range of technological tests was directly and strongly related to the proportion of insoluble glutenin (IG) in granulars protein as determined by a spectrophotometric procedure. Reducing the particle size of granulars by gradual reduction shortened development time in both the farinograph and mixograph. Reducing granulars also increased starch damage and, accordingly, farinograph water absorption, but remix-to-peak baking absorption was unaffected due to increased fermentation loss for finer granulars. Neither loaf volume, nor remix-to-peak mixing time were affected by the particle size of the granulars indicating that regrinding is not an asset for baking provided there is adequate gassing power. Loaf volume was directly related to gluten strength and IG content, and inversely related to residue protein, a non-gluten containing fraction. When fermentation time was reduced from the standard 165 to 90 min and 15 min, all genotypes exhibited a progressive increase in loaf volume. Therefore, regardless of strength, short fermentation time is preferred when high volume durum wheat bread is desired. Some of the stronger durum genotypes exhibited remix-to-peak bread volume comparable to that expected of good quality bread wheat, indicating that there is potential to select for genotypes with improved baking quality in conventional breeding programs by screening for high content of insoluble glutenin.     

黄淮冬麦区强筋小麦品种的产量及品质分析

为了解当前黄淮冬麦区强筋小麦品种的产量和品质表现,选用9个近年来黄淮麦区育成、在河南省大面积推广种植的强筋小麦品种,种植于河南的郑州和泛区,按AACC或国标的方法对其蛋白质和淀粉品质进行分析。结果表明,供试强筋小麦品种的产量显著低于高产对照品种周麦18;有5个品种的有效穗数显著高于周麦18,有3个品种与周麦18差异不显著;分别有1个品种的穗粒数、千粒重与周麦18差异不显著,其余品种均显著低于周麦18。说明黄淮冬麦区强筋小麦品种的穗粒数和千粒重有待提高。分析各品种的品质指标,对于湿面筋含量,有5个品种在两个试点均达国标,有2个品种在一个试点达国标;弱化度、面包体积、面包评分等反映面筋质量的品质指标均表现为郑州点优于泛区点;弱化度、面包体积在2个试点的差异达极显著水平;面包评分在2个试点的差异达显著水平。含5+10亚基的品种中,非1BL/1RS易位品种的烘焙品质显著优于1BL/1RS易位品种。郑麦366、师栾02-1、新麦26的麦谷蛋白亚基构成和面包烘焙品质均较优。郑麦366、矮抗58的峰值黏度较高,淀粉糊化特性较好,适合制作优质面条。     

Kernel, Milling and Baking Properties of Spring-Type Spelt and Einkorn Wheats

One accession of einkorn (Triticum monococcum) and five spring spelt accessions (T. aestivumsubsp.spelta) were selected and grown at five locations in 1992 and 1993 for evaluation of kernel, milling and baking properties. The high protein einkorn accession (TM23) was similar to common hard red spring (HRS) wheat in kernel size but the soft grain gave low flour yields. Einkorn flour had low sedimentation values, weak Mixograph curves and low loaf volumes with no bromate response. The two large-seeded spelt accessions, SK0021 and PGR8801, were comparable to common HRS wheat in kernel hardness, flour yield and protein content, but were very inferior in falling number, sedimentation value, Mixograph characteristics, loaf volume, crumb texture and colour. The spelt accessions, SK0505, SK0263 and RL5407, also exhibited large kernels but were soft in texture and gave high flour yields, intermediate sedimentation values, weak Mixograph characteristics, but satisfactory loaf volumes and bromate responses relative to HRS wheat. With addition of only 15 ppm bromate, the latter spelt accessions gave breads with loaf volumes similar to those of HRS wheat breads. In sensory tests, these spelt breads were intermediate in preference as compared to HRS wheat breads.     

Can bread wheat quality be determined by gluten index?

In recent years, the Israeli wheat industry has suffered from quality problems that endangered the possibility of growing bread wheat in Israel. In addition to relying upon grain protein and test weight, the Israeli wheat market has therefore begun using the gluten index (GI) test method. To shed new light on wheat grain quality determinations, wheat grain samples were analyzed for GI and other quality parameters such as dry and wet gluten, SDS-sedimentation, and loaf volume. In many cases, low-GI grains exhibited good dough and bread quality. This could be attributed to the difference in GI values of the wheat versus the corresponding flour. Hence, milling plays a major role in GI determination. Furthermore, grain and white flour GI values did not correlate with other accepted quality parameters, such as SDS-sedimentation and loaf volume. Therefore, it is suggested that the GI be used with caution, and that the addition of other methods can improve wheat quality determination.     

有机与常规栽培条件下不同春小麦品种产量与品质的差异

为了解有机和常规栽培条件下不同春小麦品种产量与品质形成的差异,进而筛选适宜有机栽培的优质高产春小麦品种,以北方春麦区主栽的10个品种为供试材料,通过大田试验,采用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合的品质-产量综合评价方法,系统分析了有机与常规栽培模式下不同小麦品种籽粒品质和产量的综合表现。结果表明,不同品种间,籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质品质指标、容重、出粉率和面团流变学特性指标的差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。与常规栽培相比,有机栽培下10个品种的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量依次降低了15.1%、42.9%、12.5%和21.4%;蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、容重和出粉率分别降低了32.9%、44.0%、52.9%、8.2%和1.0%;吸水率、面团稳定时间、面团形成时间、拉伸面积、面团延展性和最大抗延阻力分别降低了11.5%、36.2%、40.3%、1.0%、20.5%和10.2%。通过主成分分析,从11个品质指标中提取出4个主成分,累计贡献率达到了91.17%,其中贡献较大的指标有蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、拉伸面积、出粉率、最大抗延阻力。根据品质主成分综合得分和产量聚类,在两种栽培...     

减少灌水次数对河北冬性强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

为明确不同生态环境下减少灌水次数对冬性强筋小麦产量和品质的影响,以冬性强筋小麦品种农优3号和中麦998为材料,分别在冀中北生态区的徐水区和冀东生态区的昌黎县进行大田试验,设3个灌水次数处理(CK:越冬水+拔节水+开花水;W_2:越冬水+拔节水;W_1:越冬水),研究了不同灌水次数对冬性强筋小麦叶面积系数、干物质积累、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随灌水次数减少,两个供试小麦品种孕穗期叶面积系数呈下降趋势,W_1处理显著低于其他处理;减少灌水次数导致2个冬性强筋小麦地上部的干物质积累量显著降低,而对收获指数的影响因品种而异,其中农优3号收获指数呈上升趋势,而中麦998以W_2处理最大。减少灌水次数使冬性强筋小麦有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重显著降低,导致产量显著降低。灌水次数减少造成冬性强筋小麦籽粒容重和蛋白质含量提高,稳定时间延长,但湿面筋含量和沉降值下降。本研究条件下,徐水点农优3号的产量较高,而昌黎点中麦998的产量较高;相同灌水处理下,同一品种在昌黎点的品质指标优于徐水试验点。综上,在河北冬性强筋小麦种植区可以选用灌越冬水和拔节水协调其籽粒产量和品质。     

Interrelationships of Protein Composition, Protein Level, Baking Process and the Characteristics of Hearth Bread and Pan Bread

Baking performance of hearth bread and pan bread were investigated using 10 wheat varieties with variable protein quality. For most varieties, samples were selected at two protein levels, approximately 11 and 13% (d.m.). The effects of flour quality on loaf characteristics were different for hearth bread compared to pan bread, where both protein quality and protein content affect loaf volume positively in an optimised baking test. Hearth bread is more complex as both the form ratio and loaf volume are critical external characteristics. When using fixed proving time, the form ratio was positively affected by dough resistance and mixing peak time at high speed mixing, and negatively affected by dough extensibility. Dough resistance and mixing peak time correlated strongly to the HMW glutenin composition, whereas dough extensibility was related to protein content. In contrast to the form ratio, loaf volume was positively affected by dough extensibility, whereas protein quality had no significant effect. This was seen both for doughs produced at optimal mixing time at high speed mixing (126 rev/min) and for doughs produced at fixed mixing times at low speed mixing (63 rev/min). When proving time was optimised to achieve a defined form ratio, flours of strong protein quality should be proved longer than flours of week protein quality, resulting in higher loaf volume for flours of the strongest protein quality. With respect to protein content, the positive effect of protein content on loaf volume was counteracted due to reduced proving time when aiming for a defined form ratio.     

小麦籽粒发芽对品质的影响

选用来自黑龙江、辽宁和北京的11个冬、春性小麦品种,对其发芽籽粒和耒发芽籽粒进行了11个品质性状的分析,以研究籽粒发芽对小走品质性状的影响。结果表明,小麦籽粒发芽对其蛋白质、淀粉和馒头加工品质均造成负面影响,籽粒发芽与不发芽相比,蛋白质舍量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、峰值粘度、稀懈值、降落值、馒头体积和馒头评分等品质性状的差异均达到5％或1％显著水平。籽粒发芽造成蛋白质质量的下降程度大于蛋白质含量的下降程度。籽粒发芽对品质影响程度在品种（系）间也存在差异。发芽处理的小走高分子量走谷蛋白亚基组成和醇溶蛋白电泳图谱均未发生变化。     

25份澳大利亚小麦种质的性状表现及利用

为给黄淮南片冬麦区小麦育种提供信息,对25份澳大利亚小麦种质于2016-2018年度在新乡进行了部分农艺性状调查,对其品质性状及优质亚基等进行了分析。结果表明,25份澳大利亚小麦种质多表现为春性,综合农艺性状较差;千粒重低于黄淮麦区高产对照品种周麦18,变化范围为31.4 g～43.1 g;湿面筋含量、面筋指数、稳定时间、弱化度的变化范围分别为28.0%～39.1%、55.2%～96.5%、4.0 min～25.0 min、5%～100%。从澳大利亚小麦种质中,筛选出了具有湿面筋含量高、面筋指数高、稳定时间长、面粉粉色白等优良品质特性的材料,鉴定出了含5+10亚基、7+8~*亚基(7超量表达亚基)、17+18亚基、13+16亚基、低PPO活性基因及 Wx-B1基因缺失等优异品质材料,筛选出了含有 Rht-D1b矮秆基因以及 Lr34和 Lr46抗叶锈基因的材料。利用澳大利亚小麦种质为改良亲本,与黄淮麦区表现突出的小麦品种配制三交或四交组合,按常规系谱方法对优良性状进行定向选择,培育出了综合农艺性状表现好、品质表现突出的小麦新品系。     

甘肃冬小麦品种品质性状分析与评价

为了全面掌握甘肃冬小麦的品质状况,以甘肃省冬小麦主产区100个小麦品种(系)为供试材料,采用AACC国标分析方法对其籽粒蛋白质品质、磨粉品质及面团流变学特性进行检测和分析。结果表明,甘肃冬小麦品种具有较高的蛋白质、湿面筋含量和吸水率,但面筋强度较低,形成时间、稳定时间较短,最大抗延阻力和拉伸面积较小,加工品质与国内主产麦区存在一定的差距,商品率低。甘肃冬小麦品种整体以中筋小麦为主。建议在今后育种过程中加强对品质性状的选择,以进一步提升小麦品种质量水平。     

施氮量对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响

为探明协同提高强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的施氮量,以强筋小麦品种济麦20（中穗型）和洲元9369（大穗型）为材料, 研究了180、240和300 kg·hm^-2三个氮肥水平（分别用N180、N240和N300表示）对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率、品质及其相关指标的影响。结果表明,相同施氮量下,洲元9369的产量、氮素利用率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均高于济麦20。当施氮量由N180增至N240时,2个品种的产量无显著变化,但沉降值、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均显著提高;施氮量增至N300后,2个品种的产量和品质又都显著下降,籽粒总蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量、SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量和谷蛋白聚合指数均明显降低,而SDS-可溶性谷蛋白含量和谷醇比却表现为上升趋势。经相关分析,SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白聚合指数与面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,谷蛋白聚合程度降低是过量施氮条件下强筋小麦品质下降的主要原因。综合考虑小麦产量、氮素利用率和籽粒品质,240 kg·hm^-2为本研究条件下的最佳施氮量。     

Large deformation stress relaxation and compression-recovery of gluten representing different wheat classes

Despite the great variety of physicochemical and rheological tests available for measuring wheat flour, dough and gluten quality, the US wheat marketing system still relies primarily on wheat kernel hardness and growing season to categorize cultivars. To better understand and differentiate wheat cultivars of the same class, the tensile strength, and stress relaxation behavior of gluten from 15 wheat cultivars was measured and compared to other available physicochemical parameters, including but not limited to protein content, glutenin macropolymer content (GMP) and bread loaf volume. In addition, a novel gluten compression–relaxation (Gluten CORE) instrument was used to measure the degree of elastic recovery of gluten for 15 common US wheat cultivars. Gluten strength ranged from 0.04 to 0.43 N at 500% extension, while the degree of recovery ranged from 5 to 78%. Measuring gluten strength clearly differentiated cultivars within a wheat class; nonetheless it was not a good predictor of baking quality on its own in terms of bread volume. Gluten strength was highly correlated with mixograph mixing times (r = 0.879) and degree of recovery (r = 0.855), suggesting that dough development time was influenced by gluten strength and that the CORE instrument was a suitable alternative to tensile testing, since it is less time intensive and less laborious to use.     

安徽麦区软质小麦籽粒品质和终端制品品质评价

为明确安徽大田生产环境下软质小麦籽粒和终端产品品质表现,评价优质软麦品种的加工适用性,本研究选取该区当前推广种植的24个软质小麦品种,对其籽粒和面粉的主要品质性状及其制品南方馒头和曲奇饼干的品质进行差异性、相关性分析,并以美国软白麦近五年的主要品质性状平均值为理想指标进行灰色关联度比较。结果表明,供试材料的硬度、面粉色泽b^*、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等籽粒品质性状变异系数较大,而容重、面粉L^*值和吸水率变异系数较小。南方馒头品质性状中,白度差异最小,比容差异最大;曲奇饼干品质性状中,感官评分变异系数较大,饼干直径均值和变异系数都较小。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均符合弱筋标准(GB/T 17320-2013)的样品数为0。相关分析表明,容重、降落值、面粉L^*、b^*、白度与大部分性状间相关性不显著;籽粒硬度与水SRC和乳酸SRC均呈显著正相关,与湿面筋含量和面粉a^*值均呈显著负相关。蛋白质含量与面粉a^*值等7个指标均呈显著正相关,与面粉b