Gender Differences of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Erythrocyte Damage in Well-Trained Horses During Exercise

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gender differences on the blood oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant defenses, and resistance of erythrocytes to hemolytic agents of trained horses before and after exercise. The study was carried out on nine mares and 14 stallions of Ukrainian Warmblood well-trained horses, involved in jumping, eventing, and dressage. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant defenses, and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes were assessed. Trained stallions showed a decrease in lipid peroxidation and higher glutathione reductase activity, whereas mares presented a higher superoxide dismutase activity after exercise. The resistance of erythrocytes was similar in female and male. No statistically significant differences were observed in the percentage of hemolyzed erythrocytes between after and before exercise. A correlation between the oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant defenses in the stallions after exercises were observed, which may indicate a protective response of superoxide dismutase and catalase against exercise-induced oxidative stress.     

Oxidative Stress Associated With Spasmodic,Flatulent, and Impaction Colic in Draft Horses

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress level and antioxidant trace elements status associated with spasmodic, flatulent, and impaction colic in draft horses. For this purpose, venous blood samples were obtained from 20 randomly selected clinically healthy draft horses (control group) and 60 draft horses with different types of colic (spasmodic colic, n = 20; flatulent colic, n = 20; and impaction colic, n = 20). In horses with flatulent and impaction colic, there was a significant (P < .05) decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) as well as level of selenium, copper, zinc, and iron. However, there was a significant (P < .05) increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and manganese. Meanwhile, glutathione reductase (GR) was significantly (P < .05) increased in flatulent colic and significantly (P < .05) decreased in impaction colic. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was significantly (P < .05) increased in horses with flatulent and impaction colic. In horses with flatulent colic, there was a negative correlation between CAT and SOD (r = −0.446), MDA and zinc (r = −0.450), and IL-6 and zinc (r = −0.470). However, those with impaction colic, a negative correlation was recorded between CAT and MDA (r = −0.602), copper and GSH (r = −0.474), iron and GR (r = −0.511), and OSI and GR (r = −0.662). The results of the present study indicate that oxidative stress, with alteration of antioxidant trace element levels, is a feature of flatulent and impaction colic in draft horses.     

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Standardbreds: Effect of Age and Training in Resting Plasma and Muscle

The hypothesis of this study was that yearlings would have more oxidative stress as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH-T), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitric oxide (NO) than mature mares before training, but after they would have similar levels. Ten Standardbred yearling fillies and 10 mature Standardbred mares were split into trained and nontrained groups. Horses were trained 5 days/wk for 7 weeks. Blood and muscle samples were collected at rest on weeks 0, 2, 5, 7, and 9. At week 0, the yearlings had higher muscle GSH-T and NO concentrations (P = .03) than the trained mares. At week 9, plasma NO concentrations were lower in trained mares than in the trained yearlings (P = .007). Trained mares increased muscle MDA and decreased plasma MDA concentrations from weeks 0 to 9 (P < .01), while all mares increased muscle NO and GSH-T concentrations by week 9 (P < .05). Trained mares and yearlings had increased erythrocyte GPx activity at weeks 7 and 9 and GSH-T concentration at week 7 (P < .05). Mares had higher lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant status in the muscle than the yearlings prior to training. Trained mares improved antioxidant status and oxidative stress levels through training, resulting in levels similar to the yearlings.     

Relationship of Some Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Jumper Horses After Regular Training Program

In the present study, the redox status of blood samples, by assessing the total oxidant status (TOS), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the oxidative stress index (OSI), together with the nitric oxide radical (NO^•) metabolite (NOx) content, was evaluated in trained horses. Moreover, the oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, analyzed as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), was also assessed. Twenty-five regularly trained Italian Saddle horses (7–10 year old, 12 geldings and 13 females, mean body weight 480 ± 30 kg) were enrolled in this study. Animals were carried on with their specific training programs for jumpers for 6 days per week with a day of rest, during which blood sampling was performed. On obtained serum samples, TOS, TAC, NOx, TBARS, and AOPP were measured. Our results showed significant linear correlations among markers of redox potential (TAC, TOS, and OSI) and among TOS and NOx with serum markers of lipid and protein oxidative injury (TBARS and AOPP). Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis has shown that lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels are related to the content of oxidant substances (TOS and NOx). The obtained data can be useful to assess the status of an athletic horse and its adaptability to physical effort, providing an opportunity to modify the training schedule to achieve the desired performance.     

Oxidative Stress and Neutrophil Function in Cats with Chronic Renal Failure

Background: Oxidative stress is an important component in the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) and neutrophil function may be impaired by oxidative stress. Hypothesis: Cats with CRF have increased oxidative stress and decreased neutrophil function compared with control cats. Animals: Twenty cats with previously diagnosed renal failure were compared with 10 age‐matched control cats. Methods: A biochemical profile, CBC, urinalysis, antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH : GSSG), and neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst were measured. Statistical comparisons (2‐tailed t‐test) were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The CRF cats had significantly higher serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations than control cats, and significantly lower PCV and urine specific gravity than control cats. The GSH : GSSG ratio was significantly higher in the CRF group (177.6 ± 197, 61.7 ± 33; P < .02) whereas the antioxidant capacity was significantly less in the CRF group (0.56 ± 0.21, 0.81 ± 0.13 Trolox units; P < .005). SOD activity was the same in control and CRF cats. Neutrophil oxidative burst after Escherichia coli phagocytosis, measured as an increase in mean fluorescence intensity, was significantly higher in CRF cats than controls (732 ± 253, 524 ± 54; P < .05). Conclusions: The higher GSH : GSSG ratio and lower antioxidant capacity in CRF cats is consistent with activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. It remains to be determined if supplementation with antioxidants such as SOD beyond the level of control cats would be of benefit in cats with CRF.     

奶牛氧化应激研究进展

高产奶牛更容易发生氧化应激,氧化应激可以导致生物学大分子和生物膜系统的破坏,并可以增加炎症反应时的组织损伤：奶牛氧化应激的产生除了与机体的生理状态、健康状况和饲料成分有关外,环境因素也会引起氧化应激。目前主要通过饲喂抗氧化添加剂来预防奶牛氧化应激。     

Form of Vitamin E Supplementation Affects Oxidative and Inflammatory Response in Exercising Horses

Vitamin E is an essential antioxidant that may benefit athletes by reducing oxidative stress and influencing cytokine expression. Supplements can be derived from natural or manufactured synthetic sources. This study aimed to determine (1) if supplemental vitamin E is beneficial to exercising horses and (2) if there is a benefit of natural versus synthetic vitamin E. After 2 weeks on the control diet (vitamin E–deficient grain and hay), 18 horses were divided into three groups and fed the control diet plus (1) 1000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-L), (2) 4000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-H), or (3) 4000 IU/d RRR-α-tocopherol (natural source [NAT]). On day 7, horses began a 6-week training protocol, with standard exercise tests (SETs) performed before and after the 6-week protocol. Venous blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 29, and 49. Horses fed NAT had higher α-tocopherol (P < .05) at post-SET1 through post-SET2. Plasma thiobarbituric acid–reactive substance levels were lower in NAT versus SYN-L horses after SET2 (P = .02). Serum aspartate aminotransferase was lower after exercise in NAT horses versus SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02), and less reduction in stride duration was seen after exercise in NAT as compared with SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α was lower in NAT compared with SYN-H (P = .01) but not SYN-L. In conclusion, feeding higher levels of natural vitamin E source resulted in higher serum α-tocopherol levels as well as some improvement in oxidative and inflammatory response and improved functional outcomes in response to an exercise test.     

The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horses

Since "free radical research" started in 1954, understanding the role of oxidants and antioxidants in physiological and pathological conditions has increased continuously. Oxidants are essentially generated by metabolic enzymes, inflammatory cells and mitochondrial electron leakage; they are indispensable for the cellular redox regulation and may, under certain conditions, have a pro-inflammatory stimulatory role. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants counterbalance the oxidative processes and so maintain the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. Excessive oxidant generation or antioxidant insufficiency can lead to oxidative stress. The aims of this review are: (1) to provide an insight into the concept of the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium by briefly introducing the oxidant and the antioxidant systems; (2) to describe how the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium or oxidative stress can be evaluated in horses, and (3) to summarise current knowledge about oxidative stress in equine medicine and equine exercise physiology.     

胺鲜酯(DA-6)浸种对盐胁迫下白三叶种子萌发及抗盐性的影响

以白三叶(Trifolium repens L.‘Haifa’)为研究对象,研究了0.8 mmol·L^-1胺鲜酯(DA-6)浸种处理对白三叶种子在盐胁迫条件下萌发的影响,并对DA-6诱导的耐盐机理进行初步研究,为白三叶的栽培管理提供参考。结果表明,DA-6浸种显著提高了盐胁迫下种子的发芽势、发芽率、活力指数、发芽指数、茎长和鲜干重(P<0.05)。盐胁迫显著诱导了游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累,降低了细胞渗透势(P<0.05)。此外,盐胁迫导致了萌发种子中活性氧(超氧阴离子和过氧化氢)和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量显著增加,电导率显著升高(P<0.05)。DA-6浸种前处理显著提高了胁迫下抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和APX)的活性,增幅分别为33.0%、31.9%和49.1%,这有效地缓解了由盐胁迫引起的氧化损伤,有利于幼苗稳定细胞膜(P<0.05)。本研究表明DA-6浸种处理通过增强抗氧化防御并降低细胞氧化伤害,从而提高盐胁迫下白三叶种子的萌发特性和胁迫耐受性。     

Simultaneous Flow Cytometric Analysis of Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Equine Leukocytes

This paper describes a method for simultaneously measuring phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in equine peripheral blood leukocytes by flow cytometry. Opsonized propidium iodide-labelled Staphylococcus aureus (PI-Sa) was used to measure the uptake of bacteria by equine phacocytes and the oxidative burst activity by oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123. The requirements to achieve optimal activity of phagocytosis and oxidative burst are described. The advantage of the simultaneous technique is that it provides both independent and comparative values for phagocytosis and the oxidative burst, for the detection of impaired mechanisms of microbial destruction. Furthermore, the technique allows evaluation of opsonization activity in this context.     

围产期奶牛氧化应激、抗氧化防御系统及其与机体炎症反应的关系

氧化应激诱导机体自由基的产生是有氧代谢的一个组成部分。活性氧(reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS)是机体正常代谢过程和某些白细胞群体在疾病防御过程中产生的。越来越多的研究表明,机体组织和细胞产生的氧化损伤会直接或间接诱导许多疾病的发生,进而影响动物健康和福利。高产奶牛的生产性能在一定程度上可通过补充抗氧化剂来优化。概述了氧化应激的研究进展,综述了围产期奶牛氧化应激、抗氧化防御系统及其与炎症反应的关系,以期为进一步揭示抗氧化剂预防免疫功能障碍和宿主组织氧化损伤的分子机理,避免围产期奶牛发生由氧化应激诱导的代谢病和临床型疾病提供新思路。     

Cholesterol Loaded Cyclodextrin Supplementation Enhances the Cholesterol-to-Phospholipid Ratio and Diminishes Oxidative Stress in Jack Spermatozoa During Cryopreservation

The present study was conducted with the hypothesis that addition of cholesterol to the extender would stabilize the sperm membranes by increasing the cholesterol-to-phospholipid (C:P) ratio and would result in an improved post-thaw semen quality and reduce oxidative stress in the jack (Martina franca) semen. Forty-eight ejaculates from six jacks were collected and analyzed for the present study. The freshly collected semen sample of each jack stallion was divided into five equal fractions after addition of the primary extender without cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) (C) and with 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 mg/mL CLC to obtain 120 × 10⁶ sperm/mL spermatozoa concentration. The semen was cryopreserved using customized freezing protocols. Evaluation of seminal parameters, the C:P ratio, and the oxidative status of jack spermatozoa was analyzed at all stages of cryopreservation. The oxidative status in the jack semen was evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde, glutathione and total antioxidant capacity levels. The results indicated that the mean percent values for various seminal quality parameters and the oxidative parameters were found to be significantly higher (P < .05) in CLC-treated groups with the highest values for 2 mg of CLC/120 × 10⁶ spermatozoa. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the supplementation of CLC before cryopreservation has significantly reduced the oxidative stress and also increased the C:P ratio during semen cryopreservation process. Furthermore, a reduction in lipid peroxidation levels, reduced damage to the sperm plasma and acrosome membranes and improvement in the post-thaw sperm integrity as well as stability were recorded.     

Antioxidant Status and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Dogs with Lymphoma

Background: Oxidative stress might play a role in carcinogenesis, as well as impacting morbidity and mortality of veterinary cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antioxidant concentrations and biomarkers of oxidative stress in dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma before treatment and once in remission, with comparison with healthy controls.
Hypothesis: Dogs with lymphoma have increased oxidant and reduced antioxidant concentrations compared with healthy controls, and that these abnormalities normalize once remission is achieved.
Animals: Seventeen dogs with lymphoma and 10 healthy controls.
Methods: Prospective, observational study. Measures of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde and total isoprostanes (isoP)] and antioxidants [α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx)] were assessed in dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma before treatment compared with healthy control dogs. The same parameters were measured in the dogs with lymphoma on week 7 of the chemotherapy protocol when all dogs were in remission.
Results: At baseline, dogs with lymphoma had significantly lower α-tocopherol ( P <.001) and γ-tocopherol ( P = .003) but higher GSHPx ( P = .05), ORAC ( P = .001), and isoP ( P < .001) compared with healthy controls. In the dogs with lymphoma, α-tocopherol concentrations were higher ( P = .005) and ascorbic acid were lower ( P = .04) after treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results suggest that dogs with lymphoma have alterations in oxidant and antioxidant concentrations and that the status of some of these biomarkers normalize after remission. Further studies are warranted to determine whether antioxidant interventions to correct these are beneficial in the treatment of canine lymphoma.     

苷元型大豆异黄酮对母羊氧化应激、乳中免疫球蛋白和羔羊生长的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平的苷元型大豆异黄酮对妊娠后期及泌乳期母羊氧化应激、乳中免疫球蛋白和羔羊生长的影响。试验选用33只年龄、体重、胎次相近的妊娠100 d的崇明白山羊,随机分为3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮(C0组,11只),试验组分别在基础日粮中添加20 mg/kg(T1组,9只)和30 mg/kg(T2组,13只)苷元型大豆异黄酮。结果表明:T1和T2组母羊的窝产羔数、初生窝重、断奶窝重和窝日增重显著高于C0组(P0.05);分娩当日,T2组母羊血清中过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量显著低于C0和T1组(P0.05);与T1和T2组相比,C0组血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性最高(P0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)最低(P0.05),3组间丙二醛(MDA)无显著差异(P0.05);在泌乳21 d,T2组母羊血清中H_2O_2含量显著低于C0和T1组(P0.05);与C0和T2组相比,T1组血清中T-SOD活性最高(P0.05),3组的T-AOC和MDA无显著差异(P0.05);T1和T2组初乳中免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)含量显著高于C0组(P0.05)。结果提示,在妊娠后期及泌乳期母羊饲粮中添加苷元型大豆异黄酮可有效减缓母羊的氧化损伤,提高初乳中免疫球蛋白含量,促进羔羊生长发育,且添加量以30 mg/kg效果更显著。     

奶牛夏季产奶量与红细胞钾和S441遗传标记的研究

[目的]为探讨奶牛产奶量与红细胞钾含量和S441遗传标记是否存在联系.[方法]本研究以6～8月产奶量为依据将奶牛分为高产耐热组、中产组和低产不耐热组,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定红细胞钾含量,采用SCAR技术对S441遗传标记进行检测.[结果]表明:高产耐热组奶牛红细胞钾含量最低,90%有S441标记;中产组奶牛红细胞钾含量居中,40%有S441标记,低产不耐热组奶牛红细胞钾含量最高,10%有S441标记.[结论]初步得出奶牛耐热性能与红细胞钾含量呈一定的负相关,与S441遗传标记的有无存在正相关趋势.     

热应激诱发的氧化应激对羊的影响及其作用机制

热应激会破坏机体氧化系统和抗氧化系统之间的平衡,诱发机体的氧化应激。而机体抗氧化系统与免疫系统息息相关,其中核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路是联系二者的重要途径。本文阐述了热应激如何诱导羊发生氧化应激,以及热应激诱导的氧化应激对羊肠道组织、机体免疫细胞及相关细胞因子表达分泌的影响和Nrf2信号通路的调控机制,以期系统理解热应激诱导的氧化应激对羊的影响。     

Efficacy of vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E combinations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress response to long-term transportation and to analyze the effects of vitamin A + D + E and vitamin E + selenium administrations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows. Control group (n = 10) received 0.9% saline (placebo), Group I (n = 10) received vitamin A + D + E, and Group II (n = 10) received vitamin E + selenium. After the transport, adrenaline levels were high in all groups (P < 0.05). Noradrenaline level was low in Group I (P < 0.05) and tended to be low in Group II. Mean levels of serum cortisol decreased significantly in all groups (P < 0.05) when comparing pre-transport data with post-transport data. Glucose levels increased in Control group (P < 0.05) and in Groups I and II (P < 0.01). The malondialdehyde level significantly increased in the Control group (P < 0.05) after the transport and the levels were lower in Group I (P = 0.076) and Group II (P < 0.05) than in the Control group. As a result, vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E have been determined to prevent lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, associated with long-term transportation stress in cattle.     

繁殖母羊的氧化应激和氧化损伤研究

本试验旨在探究不同生殖阶段、胎次繁殖母羊的氧化应激及氧化损伤状态。试验1选取体重、体况相近的2~3胎空怀期、妊娠期(30、60、120 d)、分娩及哺乳期(21 d)的崇明白山羊各5只;试验2选取后备、1胎、2~3胎、4~5胎、6胎及以上的崇明白山羊母羊各5只。分别采集血样,测定血清自由基代谢指标[皮质醇、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量]、抗氧化指标[总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性]、氧化损伤指标[丙二醛(MDA)、8-异前列腺素-F2α(8-ISO-PGF2α)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHDG)、蛋白质羰基化(PC)含量]。结果表明:试验1,从空怀期至哺乳期,血清皮质醇、H2O2含量呈先上升后降低的趋势,在分娩时达最高值,较空怀期显著提高(P0.05);血清T-AOC、SOD活性逐渐增强,且哺乳期21 d较空怀期显著提高(P0.05);血清MDA、8-ISO-PGF2α、PC含量先增加后趋于平稳,且在分娩时达最高,较空怀期显著提高(P0.05),血清8-OHDG含量逐渐增加,哺乳期21 d达到最高,较空怀期显著提高(P0.05)。试验2,随着母羊胎次的增加,血清中皮质醇含量无显著变化(P0.05),4~5胎、6胎及以上血清H2O2含量显著高于其他胎次(P0.05);血清TAOC无显著变化(P0.05),血清SOD及GSH-Px活性逐级递减,6胎及以上较后备母羊下降显著(P0.05);血清MDA、8-ISO-PGF2α、8-OHDG和PC含量逐渐增加,6胎及以上显著高于其他胎次(P0.05)。综上所述,伴随着妊娠的进行,母羊体内的自由基代谢逐渐增强,与此同时,体内的抗氧化水平也相应提高以维持氧化-抗氧化体系平衡,但在妊娠后期至哺乳期激增的活性氧自由基破坏了自由基稳衡体系,导致氧化应激和氧化损伤;随着母羊胎次的增加,抗氧化能力逐渐减弱,高胎次母羊氧化损伤严重。