环渤海湾地区甜樱桃小果病毒及樱桃病毒A的鉴定与调查

为了解环渤海湾地区甜樱桃[Cerasusavium (Linn) Moench]中樱桃病毒的发生情况,选取该地区代表性樱桃示范园中甜樱桃品种‘红灯’为研究对象,以生长期功能叶片为材料,根据樱桃小果病毒-1(Little cherry virus-1,LChV-1)、樱桃小果病毒-2(Little cherry virus-2,IChv-2)和樱桃病毒A(Cherry virus A,CVA)基因组序列设计特异性检测引物进行RT-PCR扩增,结果扩增出与LChV-2、CVA预期片段337 bp和652 bp大小相符的目的片段,测序结果与基因组(基因登录号NC-005065、NC-003689)对应片段一致性分别为89.0％、98.2％,未检测到LChV-1.本研究完成了对环渤海湾地区甜樱桃‘红灯’样品LChV-2、CVA的检测调查,LChV-2检出率43.1％,CVA检出率60.8％;在该地区首次发现LChV-2、CVA复合侵染植株,复合检出率37.3％0.结果表明该地区CVA发生较为普遍,可与LChv-2等其他病毒共同加重对甜樱桃的危害.     

马铃薯Y病毒CP基因的原核表达及免疫金标试纸条的研制

选取马铃薯Y病毒（potato virus Y,PVY）代表株（NC＿001616.1）外壳蛋白基因37～281区间，采用化学合成方法合成目标序列，将其连接到原核表达载体pET-32a（+），并转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)，经IPTG诱导表达出45 kDa融合蛋白，回收后免疫日本大耳白兔制备抗血清。Western Blot分析多克隆抗体特异性良好，后制备25 nm胶体金，标记PVY CP37-281多克隆抗体，制备胶体金免疫层析试纸条。结果表明，试纸条能在15 min内检出PVY,PVY病株汁液检测稀释限度可达106倍（W/V），使用常见复合侵染烟草检测，未出现交叉反应。由此可知，该试纸条操作简便，反应灵敏特异，适用于田间一线及种薯生产中马铃薯Y病毒的检测。     

4种葫芦科植物病毒复合胶体金免疫层析试纸条的研制

使用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,在pH值7.6,蛋白用量10～15μg/mL条件下,制备形成4种葫芦科植物病毒多克隆抗体的稳定胶体金蛋白复合物;设计了双向复合试纸条,使用微定量喷头在试纸条两侧的硝酸纤维素膜上分别喷2条病毒检测线和1条质控线,组装制成免疫层析检测试纸条。结果表明经过条件优化后制备的双向复合试纸条特异性好,可在10min内同时检测4种葫芦科植物病毒,且对不同病毒阳性材料的检测灵敏度可达到稀释103倍以上。     

我国部分地区樱桃病毒病害初步调查和病原检测

对山东泰安、辽宁大连和北京的樱桃病毒病发生情况进行调查,发现8个果园/栽培区均有病毒病发生,主要症状为叶片皱缩、畸形、卷叶、花叶、植株矮缩等。采集20份样品,利用12种病毒的引物进行RT-PCR检测。结果表明,在样品中扩增出与樱桃病毒A(Cherry virus A,CVA)、李属坏死环斑病毒(Prunus necrotic ringspot virus,PNRSV),李矮缩病毒(Prune dwarf virus,PDV)、李树皮坏死与茎痘伴随病毒(Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus,PBNSPaV)、樱桃绿环斑驳病毒(Cherry green ring mottle virus,CGRMV)、樱桃小果病毒-1(Little cherry virus-1,LChV-1)预期大小一致的目的片段;序列分析表明,与GenBank中注册所测的病毒核苷酸序列均具有较高的一致性。其中,大连、泰安和北京样品均检测到CVA;大连和北京样品中检测到PNRSV和PDV;北京样品中检测到PBNSPaV;大连苗木样品枝条中检测到CGRMV和LChV-1。这是在我国樱桃上首次检测到LChV-1。     

检测南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒胶体金免疫试纸条的建立

由白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)传播的南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice blackstreaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV)是目前我国南方水稻上危害最严重的病毒,为开发简便、快速、准确的SRBSDV病毒检测技术和检测试剂,以感染SRBSDV的植物粗提液为免疫原,利用杂交瘤技术制备了2株抗SRBSDV的单抗(14A8和15G6),并利用制备的单抗建立了可快速、特异、灵敏地检测SRBSDV的胶体金免疫试纸条。结果表明,2株制备单抗的抗体类型及亚类均为Ig G1、kappa链,单抗腹水的间接ELISA效价均达到10~(-7);Western blot分析表明,2株单抗均与SRBSDV的外壳蛋白亚基有特异反应,而不与水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV)反应。以制备14A8和15G6单抗分别为捕获抗体和胶体金标记抗体,开发成能在5 min内准确、特异地检测水稻植物和白背飞虱传毒介体体内SRBSDV的胶体金免疫试纸条;灵敏度分析表明,该检测试纸条的检测水稻病叶的灵敏度达到1∶6 400倍(g/m L),检测单头携毒白背飞虱的灵敏度达到1∶51 200倍(单头/μL)。田间样品检测结果表明,该试纸条的检测结果与RT-PCR的符合率达到100%。建立的SRBSDV胶体金免疫试纸条可对南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒进行快速、特异、灵敏的诊断和检测。     

番茄褐色皱果病毒胶体金免疫试纸条的研制

 番茄褐色皱果病毒(tomato brown rugose fruit virus, ToBRFV)是一种新发病毒,严重威胁番茄的安全生产。为了快速、简便地检测该病毒,我们制备了ToBRFV胶体金免疫试纸条。本研究以ToBRFV粒子为免疫原,通过杂交瘤技术制备了17个抗ToBRFV的单克隆抗体。将不同单抗两两组合分别作为胶体金标记抗体和硝酸纤维素膜检测线上的捕获抗体,共获得272个配对组合的胶体金试纸条。通过特异性测定筛选到一组配对抗体制备的试纸条能够在5 min内特异识别ToBRFV,而与番茄斑驳花叶病毒、番茄花叶病毒、烟草花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒、辣椒轻斑驳病毒、马铃薯X病毒、马铃薯Y病毒、番茄褪绿病毒、番茄斑萎病毒、番茄黄化曲叶病毒等无交叉反应。灵敏度分析表明,该试纸条可从稀释12 800倍的番茄叶片病汁液中检测到ToBRFV,也可检测到50 ng ToBRFV粒子。本研究制备的胶体金试纸条使用方便,灵敏度高,特异性强,适合田间大批量样品检测,可用于ToBRFV的精准监测及早期预警。     

基于胶体金免疫层析法快速检测蓝莓中的百菌清残留

为建立蓝莓样品中百菌清残留快速筛查方法，以农药百菌清为目标分析物，系统研究了胶体金标记参数及样品前处理方法对胶体金免疫层析方法 (colloidal gold immuno-chromatographic assay, GICA)的影响。结果表明：以25 nm的胶体金颗粒标记百菌清单克隆抗体作为检测探针，分别将包被原百菌清-BSA (1 mg/mL)和羊抗鼠IgG抗体(0.1 mg/mL)包被于硝酸纤维膜(NC膜)，形成检测线(T线)和质控线(C线)，组装成百菌清胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条。蓝莓样品经酸化乙腈提取，双蒸水(dd H2O)稀释后，应用该纸条对蓝莓中百菌清残留肉眼观察检出限(LOD)为0.1 mg/kg (T线完全消线)，可实现15 min内蓝莓中百菌清的定性与半定量分析，同时，试纸条对样品中4-羟基百菌清、五氯硝基苯、多菌灵和腐霉利的检测不存在交叉反应。蓝莓中百菌清添加回收试验的胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条测试结果与超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)方法的检测结果一致。这两种方法都可以成功地应用于蓝莓中百菌清的检测，胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条有助于现场检...     

黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌检测试纸条的研制

应用胶体金免疫层析技术研制了黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌[Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder 1930) Dowson1939]检测试纸条.采用柠檬酸三钠法还原氯金酸制备胶体金,标记黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌多克隆抗体,将金标抗体喷涂在结合垫上,将黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌抗体和羊抗兔二抗包被在硝酸纤维素膜上作检测线和质控线,组装制成黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌检测试纸条.用试纸条检测黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌的结果表明,制备的试纸条特异性好,与其他常见植物病原细菌等无交叉反应,对黄瓜叶片中黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌的最低检测限为106 cfu/mL,能在5～15 min内快速检测出黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌,适合田间现场快速检测黄瓜细菌性白枯病病菌.     

黄瓜细菌性角斑病免疫胶体金检测试纸条的研制

 应用免疫胶体金技术进行黄瓜细菌性角斑病(Pseudomonas syringae pv.lachrymans)的快速检测研究。为了研制黄瓜细菌性角斑病的免疫胶体金检测试纸条,通过柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,选择25 nm胶体金标记黄瓜细菌性角斑病菌多克隆抗体(CMb)。采用双抗夹心法,将CMb-胶体金复合物包被在胶体金结合垫上,将羊抗兔二抗和CMb包被在硝酸纤维素膜上,分别作为质控线(C)和检测线(T),组装成试纸条。该试纸条检测灵敏度为106 cfu/mL,与唐菖蒲疮痂病菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens biovarⅡ)等26个菌株无交叉反应,特异性强,检测时间为15 min。稳定性试验表明试纸条在37℃条件下放置15 d可保持检测结果的可靠性。用试纸条对田间采集的病叶进行检测,C线和T线清晰可见,缓冲液对照呈阴性反应。本试纸条可应用于生产上黄瓜细菌性角斑病早期快速检测,进而指导病害防治。     

SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量RT-PCR技术在甜樱桃病毒定量分析中的应用

为了探讨SYBR Green Ⅰ实时定量RT-PCR技术在甜樱桃病毒粒子定量分析中的应用前景,以复合感染李属坏死环斑病毒(Prunus necrotic ringspot virus,PNRSV)、李矮缩病毒(Prune dwarf vi-rus,PDV)、樱桃病毒A(Cherry virus A,CVA)、樱桃小果病毒-2(Little cherry virus-2,LChV-2)的甜樱桃"红灯"Prunus avium cv.Red Lamp植株为研究对象,采用相对定量方法,分析各病毒的外壳蛋白基因的表达,用以指示病毒的增殖量。在花、幼叶、功能叶、衰老叶中均能检测到4个基因,但各基因表达量在各器官中存在差异。PNRSV-CP与CVA-CP表达模式相似,功能叶中明显高于其它器官,衰老叶中急剧降低。PDV-CP与LChV2-CP表达模式类似,幼叶中的表达量较高,功能叶片中较低。PNRSV-CP在花、功能叶中的表达显著高于其它3个病毒基因。LChV2-CP在各器官中的表达量均低于其余3个基因。该方法适用于植物组织内多种甜樱桃病毒增殖量的分析。     

Characterization and Detection of Several Filamentous Viruses of Cherry: Adaptation of an Alternative Cloning Method (DOP-PCR), and Modification of an RNA Extraction Protocol

For the identification and analysis of new RNA plant viruses infecting fruit trees, an initial step often involves the laborious procedure of isolation and cDNA synthesis and cloning from purified viral dsRNA. For subsequent RT-PCR detection of these and other viruses from tissue with high phenolic and polysaccharide concentrations, a simple and efficient extraction protocol for viral nucleic acid is also important. A method for rapid cDNA cloning from small amounts of purified dsRNA using a modification of degenerate oligo primed polymerase chain reaction mbox(DOP-PCR), and a modification of a protocol for effective extraction of viral RNA for use in RT-PCR are presented. Both methods were used to analyze a number of mottling diseases described in cherry. The causal agents for two of these diseases have been previously described, Cherry green ring mottle virus, a tentative member of the foveaviruses, and Cherry mottle leaf virus, a member of the trichoviruses. For the diseases cherry rusty mottle and cherry necrotic rusty mottle, data are presented identifying viruses associated with each disease. Viruses associated with cherry rusty mottle, cherry necrotic rusty mottle and European isolates of cherry mottle leaf diseases, are closely related to Cherry green ring mottle virus and can be tentatively included in the foveavirus genus. An additional virus, related to cherry green ring mottle virus, was discovered by RT-PCR cloning and appears to be a common latent virus of cherry. Finally, isolates of cherry necrotic mottle disease could be assayed positive by RT-PCR for a virus     

Partial Nucleotide Sequence and Genome Organization of a Canadian Isolate of Little cherry virus and Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Diagnostic Test

ABSTRACT Approximately 12.4 kb of the genome of a mealybug-transmissible, North American isolate of Little cherry virus (LChV-3, previously designated LChV-LC5) has been cloned and sequenced. The sequenced portion of the genome contains 10 open reading frames (ORFs) and, based on sequence comparisons, encodes a putative RNA helicase (HEL), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (POL), two coat proteins (CPs), a homologue of HSP70, a 53K protein (p53) that is similar to an equivalent-size protein in other closteroviruses, and a 22K (p22) protein of unknown function. The genome also potentially encodes two small proteins (p5 and p6), one of which is similar to the small hydrophobic proteins of other closteroviruses. Phylogenetic analyses utilizing sequences of the HEL, POL, and HSP70 homologue suggest that LChV-3 is most similar to other mealybug-transmitted closteroviruses. Further comparisons between LChV-3 and a 4.7-kb region of the recently described Little cherry virus-2 (LChV-2) reveals 77% nucleotide sequence identity. Based on this low sequence identity, we propose that LChV-3 be considered a separate species, designated LChV-3. Unexpectedly, the LChV-3 CP duplicate ORF was found to lie upstream of the HSP70 ORF; therefore, the genome organization of LChV-3 is distinct from that of other closteroviruses. Polyclonal antiserum raised to bacterially expressed LChV-3 CP was useful for detection of LChV-diseased trees in the cherry-growing districts of British Columbia, Canada.     

青蒿中番茄斑萎病毒和烟草花叶病毒的分子鉴定及相关序列分析

番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)和烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)是2种重要的植物病原病毒, 对多种经济作物的产量和品质均造成严重影响。2021年-2022年, 在云南省丽江市烟草种植区不同烟区采集叶片黄化、皱缩以及无症状的青蒿Artemisia caruifolia样品共计14份, 利用免疫金标速测卡和RT-PCR对其病原病毒进行检测。利用免疫金标速测卡检测结果显示, 在所检样品中有9份样品检测出TSWV, 检出率为64.28%, 有3份样品检测出TMV, 检出率为21.43%, 2种病毒复合侵染的检出率同样为21.43%;利用RT-PCR对复合侵染的3份样品进行分子检测, 结果显示, 在3份复合侵染青蒿样品中获得3条TSWV N基因序列、3条TMV cp基因序列和2条TMV RdRp部分序列。TSWV青蒿分离物与分离自云南的TSWV-2分离物相似性最高, 为99.6%;TMV青蒿分离物与分离自辽宁的TMV-Shenyang分离物和分离自云南的TMV-Yongren-1相似性最高, 均大于99.4%。这是首次发现TSWV和TMV 2种不同属病毒复合侵染青蒿。     

Enhancement of Biocontrol Activity of Cryptococcus laurentii by Silicon and the Possible Mechanisms Involved

ABSTRACT Exogenous application of silicon (Si) in the form of sodium metasilicate reduced disease development caused by Penicillium expansum and Monilinia fructicola in sweet cherry fruit at 20 degrees C. The inhibition of fruit decay was correlated closely with Si concentrations. Silicon at concentrations of 1%, in combination with the biocontrol agent Cryptococcus laurentii at 1 x 10(7) cells per ml, provided synergistic effects against both diseases. Population dynamics of C. laurentii were stimulated by Si 48 h after the yeast treatment in the wounds of sweet cherry fruit. Silicon strongly inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of P. expansum and M. fructicola in vitro. Based on results with scanning electron microscopy, growth of both pathogens was significantly inhibited by Si in the wounds of sweet cherry fruit. Compared with the wounded water control, Si treatment induced a significant increase in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenoloxidase, and peroxidase in sweet cherry fruit but did not increase the levels of lignin. Application of Si activated a cytochemical reaction and caused tissue browning near the site of wounding. Based on our studies, the improvement in biocontrol efficacy of antagonistic yeast when combined with Si may be associated with the increased population density of antagonistic yeast by Si, the direct fungitoxicity property of Si to the pathogens, and the elicitation of biochemical defense responses in fruit.     

柑橘溃疡病菌快速诊断胶体金速测卡的研制

将制备并提纯的抗Xcc单克隆抗体、多克隆抗体及重组抗体,采用间接ELISA方法对比其效价和特异性,筛选用于胶体金速测卡的最优抗体;采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记抗Xcc单抗Xcc-2D8,固定于金标垫上;利用双抗夹心原理,将单抗Xcc-2D6和羊抗鼠抗体分别固定于硝酸纤维素膜上,作为检测线(T线)和质控线 (C线),经试验条件优化,组装胶体金速测卡密封干燥保存.对Xcc菌悬液及柑橘样本浸泡液进行检查.结果表明ELISA方法筛选出2株特异性强、稳定性好的抗体(Xcc-2D8效价为1∶128 000倍、Xcc-2D6效价为1∶256 000倍),应用于胶体金速测卡的研发;所研制速测卡对Xcc菌悬液的最低检测下限为1×103～1×104 cfu/mL,对多个地区的206份柑橘样本进行实际检测所得结果与qPCR方法所得结果具有较高一致性(kappa值=95.15％),混杂的柑橘组织液对检测结果无影响,检测时间控制在10 min以内,检测常见细菌及植物病菌显示特异性良好,各批次速测卡无批间差异,速测卡保存方便稳定性良好.