骨髓间充质干细胞的研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞是存在于骨髓中的除造血干细胞以外的另一类具有多向分化潜能的干细胞。在一定的诱导条件下 ,这类细胞可定向分化为多种造血以外组织 ,特别是中胚层和神经外胚层来源的组织细胞。例如成骨细胞、成软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、腱细胞、肌肉细胞、神经细胞等。骨髓间充质干细胞具有贴壁生长的特性 ,在体外易分离和扩增 ,还易于外源基因的转入和表达 ,在人类医学上被认为是一种理想的治疗性细胞和基因治疗中的靶细胞。本文针对骨髓间充质干细胞的研究进展和在临床医学上的应用进行综述     

山羊骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养

旨在对山羊的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)进行分离培养。将分离得到的BMSCs进行传代培养,采用RT-PCR法检测其干细胞转录因子oct4和sox2基因,以验证其干细胞特性;在此基础上绘制BMSCs的生长曲线,对其生物学特性进行直观了解。结果表明,分离到的山羊BMSCs原代细胞呈现出成纤维样,并能够表达oct4和sox2基因,证明了其干细胞特性;其生长曲线呈"S"型,在1~2 d时为潜伏期,第3天时进入指数生长期,第7天时进入平台期。结果提示,分离得到的细胞具有BMSCs的特性,能够用于后续的相关试验研究。     

Relation Among Neutrophil Enzyme Activity,Lipid Peroxidation,and Acute-Phase Response in Foal Heat in Mares

Apart from functional abnormalities, genetic structural disorders and management problems endometritis is one of the major causes of infertility or subfertility in mares. However, the causes of postbreeding endometritis in foal heat have not been clearly resolved to date. The aim of this study was to search for the relationship between neutrophil activity, acute-phase proteins, and oxidative status to indicate the parameters, which can influence fertility in cold-blooded mares in foal heat. The blood for the experiment was collected from 16 cold-blooded mares at five time points: 6–8 days before parturition, 24 hours after parturition, at the first postpartum breeding on the ninth day, 24 hours after breeding, and 48 hours after ovulation. The obtained samples were assigned for hematological tests, assays of neutrophil activity, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and fibrinogen concentrations. We estimated that in susceptible mares during persistent postbreeding endometritis, neutrophil activity increased together with MDA and fibrinogen plasma level. Elastase release in resistant mares before parturition was 48.91 ± 1.75%, whereas in susceptible animals, the value reached 45.57 ± 1.9% of the maximal release. Myeloperoxidase release in resistant mares before parturition reached 13.95 ± 2.1%, then increased at three consecutive measurements, and returned to a value from before parturition at the last measurement. Myeloperoxidase level in susceptible mares was slightly lower than in resistant ones, then these values augmented at all measurements, reaching the maximum at the fourth one. The obtained results may help to indicate the predisposition to persistent postbreeding endometritis in cold-blooded mares bred at foal heat.     

Study on Inducing Equine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiated into Chondrocytes

This study was aimed to establish equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) line and induce it to differentiate into chondrocytes. The BMSCs were collected by cutting the bone and flushing the cutting surface by PBS, and then the bone marrow was washed with PBS,the collected cells were cultured after centrifugation. The cells were purified by passaging,the stem cell properties were tested before the induction. And the cells were also appraised by the expression of the special gene of chondrocytes as well as staining the differentiated cells with Alcian blue to insure the induction was effective. The obtained BMSCs expressed Sox2 and Nanog genes, which were the stem cell special genes, and also expressed CD44, CD90 and CD105 genes, but absent of CD34 and CD45 genes. The shapes of the 3rd passage BMSCs were changed after cultured in inducing medium for a few days. Furthermore, the cells were positive to Alcian blue staining, increased expression of the Col special gene of chondrocyte day by day as well. According to this study, the BMSC line was established, and the BMSCs were induced and differentiate into chondrocytes successfully.     

马骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的诱导分化

试验旨在建立马骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）细胞系,并诱导其向软骨细胞分化。通过获取马BMSCs,进行细胞培养和纯化,对第3代（P3）细胞进行干细胞特性鉴定,并诱导其向软骨细胞分化,对分化后的细胞染色,并检测其软骨细胞特异性基因的表达。结果显示,获得的马BMSCs表达标记基因Sox2和Nanog,并表达间充质干细胞表面标记因子CD44、CD90和CD105,不表达造血细胞表面标志物CD34和CD45。P3代细胞经诱导培养后形态发生改变,阿尔新蓝染色为阳性,并表达软骨细胞特异基因Col,且其表达量随着诱导分化时间的增加而增高。综上表明,本试验建立了马BMSC细胞系,并成功诱导其分化为软骨细胞,为软骨损伤的干细胞治疗提供了试验依据。     

崂山奶山羊永生化骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化研究

为研究崂山奶山羊永生化骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的诱导分化潜能,采用P3代BMSCs和P30代TERT-BMSCs进行体外成脂和成神经诱导分化。结果显示,当细胞传至P30代时,TERT-BMSCs生长旺盛;在成脂诱导后,P3代BMSCs和P30代TERT-BMSCs均能观察到细胞中透明脂滴的形成,油红O染料染色后可见脂滴被染成红色;在成神经诱导后,P3代BMSCs和P30代TERT-BMSCs均能形成树突样或三角形的形态,甲苯胺蓝染色后可观察到细胞中尼氏体的存在。综上提示,永生化的崂山奶山羊BMSCs在多次传代后仍具有较强的多向诱导分化能力,这为永生化MSCs的广泛应用提供了理论依据。     

Comparison of the Cytology Brush and Cotton Swab in the Cytological Evaluation of the Endometrium in Mares with Regard to Fertility

The aim of this study was to compare the cytology brush (CB) and cotton swab (CS) in the cytological evaluation of the endometrium in mares with regard to fertility. The study was conducted on 26 mares displaying spontaneous estrus. Samples for cytological evaluation were taken from each mare by using commercially available CS and CB. After sample collection, all mares were mated in the same estrus, and pregnancy diagnosis was performed 14-18 days after last mating. No vaginal cells were found in smears, and the CB technique yielded significantly more cells/high-power field (HPF) than the CS technique. Additionally, more cases of endometritis were diagnosed using the CB than the CS. It was also shown that the degree of inflammation is more important in diagnosis of infertility in the mare than the mere presence or absence of inflammation. In conclusion, further studies are needed to establish more precise criteria for the interpretation of inflammation, especially if samples are collected using the CB.     

细胞自噬对犬骨髓间充质干细胞干性的影响

本研究旨在探讨细胞自噬对犬骨髓间充质干细胞（cBMSCs）干性的影响。分离培养cBMSCs,将其分为对照组、使用雷帕霉素促进细胞自噬的雷帕霉素组、使用3-MA抑制细胞自噬的3-MA组,于药物处理12、24、48 h后收集细胞,利用间接细胞免疫荧光法检测自噬微管相关蛋白1轻链3 Ⅱ（LC 3Ⅱ）的蛋白表达水平;荧光定量PCR检测自噬相关基因LC 3、Beclin 1、自噬相关基因7（Atg 7）以及干性相关基因性别决定基因相关转录因子2（Sox 2）、特异AT序列结合蛋白2（Satb 2）mRNA转录水平;通过茜素红染色检测经成骨诱导的cBMSCs的成骨分化能力,通过油红O染色检测经成脂诱导的cBMSCs的成脂分化能力。结果显示：雷帕霉素组的LC 3Ⅱ蛋白表达量上调,3-MA组则为下调。雷帕霉素组干性相关基因与自噬相关基因在不同时间点的表达水平均有不同程度的上调,且随感染时间的延长呈上调趋势;3-MA组干性相关基因与自噬相关基因的mRNA转录水平在不同时间点不同程度降低,且随感染时间延长呈下调趋势。成骨诱导试验中雷帕霉素组cBMSCs形态变化最明显,且矿化面积较大,3-MA组细胞矿化面积小;成脂诱导试验中雷帕霉素组脂滴数量少,3-MA组脂滴数量多且聚集程度高。在一定程度上促进cBMSCs自噬水平可以更好地维护其干性并提高成骨分化能力,为优化治疗中cBMSCs的质量提供理论基础和技术支持。     

崂山奶山羊骨髓间充质干细胞永生化细胞系的建立

为建立崂山奶山羊骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)永生化细胞系,将已构建的pcDNA3.1-EGFPTERT转入崂山奶山羊BMSCs中,利用含G418的培养基筛选获得稳定转染的TERT-BMSCs;通过多次传代,测定其生长曲线;选取高代次TERT-BMSCs的分裂中期相的细胞,检测其染色体及核型的稳定性。结果表明,转入TERT基因的崂山奶山羊BMSCs能够稳定表达该基因,其生长曲线呈"S"形;在多次传代后,P40代细胞的核型正常率仍能达到88.24%。综上提示,转染得到的TERT-BMSCs具有良好的生长状态,其细胞生长稳定,符合永生化细胞特征,为间充质干细胞应用于组织修复及基因工程种子细胞的制备提供了理论基础。     

荷斯坦牛骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养和体外诱导分化的研究

本试验采用密度梯度离心法来分离纯化和体外培养荷斯坦牛骨髓间充质干细胞,并在体外分别诱导其分化为神经样细胞和脂肪样细胞.结果表明,采用密度梯度离心法可获得纯化度较高的荷斯坦牛骨髓间充质干细胞,并且在一定的诱导条件下能够分化为脂肪样和神经样细胞,为利用骨髓间充质干细胞作为核供体进行核移植的研究和动物遗传资源的保存研究奠定理论基础.     

生长因子对兔骨髓间充质干细胞增殖的影响

旨在研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)对兔骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)体外生长及增殖的影响。体外培养并鉴定兔BMSCs,用不同浓度的bFGF(5、10、20、40、80和100μg.L-1)作用于兔BMSCs,用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT)、流式细胞仪观察细胞的生长及增殖情况。结果,经免疫细胞化学法和分化反推法鉴定所分离培养的细胞为兔骨髓间充质干细胞;MTT法结果显示,bFGF浓度为80μg.L-1时细胞的增殖能力最强(P<0.01),在培养第3天即出现显著的促增殖作用(P<0.01);流式细胞仪结果显示,bFGF组BMSCs的增殖指数明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。说明bFGF有促进体外培养兔BMSCs增殖的作用,浓度为80μg.L-1时促增殖能力最强,可以作为体外扩增培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞的最佳培养条件。     

Primary Cilia in Chondrogenic Differentiation of Equine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Ultrastructural Study

Locomotor system disorders in equine species, such as tendon lesions, osteoarthritis, or ligament injuries, are some of the most frequent causes of dramatic reduction in horse performance. Traditional therapies are aimed at the inflammatory process and pain, but they do not regenerate normal tendon or ligament matrix and do not reduce re-injured rates. Mesenchymal stem cells have started to use as therapeutic option to repair these injured tissues. Most studies have focused on their isolation, in vitro culture and phenotyping. However, mesenchymal stem cell ultrastructure has been disregarded in the last years. We investigate the ultrastructural characteristics of these cells once differentiated into chondrocytes. Ultrastructural analysis was conducted on suspension cultures of differentiated chondrocytes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by means of transmission electron microscopy. The morphologic characteristics of these cells, their ability to produce the extracellular matrix, and the presence of a single cilium could be indicative of the mesenchymal cells differentiation into chondrocyte phenotype. This study provides essential data to evaluate the degree of suitable phenotypic stability, for these cells can be used with repair purposes.     

Isolation,Culture and Multiple Differentiation Induction of Nanyang Bovine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The study aimed to build the method of Nanyang bovine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) separation culture in vitro, and study its bionomics and the ability of multiple differentiation induction on this basis. Using bone marrow puncture to take rib bone marrow of 3 months calf, isolation and culture BMSCs, subcultured and determined its curve of growth, detected Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 genes expression by RT-PCR technique, then took P3 BMSCs into neural and fat cells to carry out induction differentiation, and took the use of histology staining technique and RT-PCR technique to detect. The results of the BMSCs were uniform sindleshaped in appearance; RT-PCR could dectect the expression of stem cell factor Oct4, Nanog, Sox2. The results showed that an "S" shape growth curve of cell at different generations times, it entered exponential growth stage at the 3rd day generally, and entered plateau after then the 7th day. Into nerve after induction, stained with toluidine blue was apparent throughout the structure of Nissl substance, ENO2 and GFAP genes showed a positive expression. After adipogenic differentiation of ASCs was assessed by oil Red O staining which showed a large number of lipiddroplet, RT-PCR dectected Leptin and PPAR genes showing a positive expression. The tests showed that had successfully isolated from Nanyang bovine BMSCs and it had the potential of multidirectional differentiation.     

南阳牛骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及多向分化

本研究旨在建立南阳牛骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)体外分离培养方法,在此基础上研究其生物学特性和多向分化的能力。采用骨髓穿刺法取3月龄小牛的肋骨骨髓,分离培养BMSCs,传代培养并测定其生长曲线,RT-PCR检测Oct4、Nanog、Sox2基因的表达,然后取P3 BMSCs分别向神经和脂肪细胞进行诱导分化,并利用组织学染色技术和RT-PCR技术进行鉴定。结果表明,分离得到的BMSCs大小均匀,多呈梭形的成纤维细胞样生长;RT-PCR可检测到干细胞因子Oct4、Nanog、Sox2的表达;不同代次细胞生长曲线呈S型,一般在第3天时进入指数生长期,第7天后进入平台期;成神经诱导后,甲苯胺蓝染色可见明显的尼氏体结构,RT-PCR检测ENO2和GFAP基因表达呈阳性;成脂肪诱导后,油红O染色后可见大量的脂滴存在,RT-PCR检测Leptin和PPAR基因表达呈阳性。试验证明,成功分离得到了南阳牛BMSCs,且其具有多向诱导分化潜能。     

骨髓间充质干细胞为核供体的克隆绵羊的生产与鉴定

本研究旨在采用骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）为核供体进行体细胞核移植,以获得成体干细胞克隆绵羊。选择幼体绵羊BMSCs为核供体,构建重构胚进行克隆胚胎移植,克隆绵羊诞生后,选取IASG上公布的绵羊10个微卫星标记位点,PCR扩增克隆羊、供体细胞及代孕母羊微卫星DNA,利用Quantity One软件进行基因分型,计算供体细胞与克隆羊之间的父子关系相对机会（RCP）值。结果显示,以幼体绵羊BMSCs为核供体,与去核成熟卵母细胞进行核移植,构建重构胚进行电融合,其融合率达80.62%,重构胚发育至桑椹胚阶段,经手术植入20只代孕母羊,获得克隆绵羊5只,成活3只。克隆羊基因型与供体细胞一致,供体细胞与克隆羊之间的RCP≥99.999%,证明克隆羊来自幼体绵羊BMSCs。本试验最终成功获得了首例以BMSCs为核供体的克隆绵羊。     

Production and Identification of Clone Sheep Using Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Donor Cell

In order to obtain the cloned sheep using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells（BMSCs）as the donor cells,the BMSCs of sheep were chosen and reconstructed embryos were built to transfer.10 published microsatellite markers were chosen,and the DNA samples from clone sheep,donor cells and surrogate ewes were amplified,and the relationship of father-son（RCP）was analyzed using the Quantity One for genotyping.The results showed that the reconstructed embryos were successfully built for electric fusion using sheep BMSCs as nuclear donor,and making nuclear transplantation into enucleated mature oocytes of which the fusion rate was 80.62%.20 surrogate ewe were chosen to be implanted with the reconstructed embryos at morula stage by implant surgery,and 5 lambs were born and only 3 were survived.The genotype of cloned sheep was in line with the dornor cell and the RCP were more than 99.999%.In conclusion,the first clone sheep were obtained successfully by using BMSCs as a nuclear donor in this experiment.     

同源异体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗犬急性肝功能损伤

探讨同源异体骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSCs)移植对犬急性肝功能损伤的治疗作用,为犬干细胞治疗相关疾病提供理论基础和技术支持。对患急性肝损伤的10只病犬经超声引导腹腔内肝门附近移植BMMSCs,移植后检测血常规、肝功能和肝脏B超,观察同期的症状体征和不良反应情况。结果显示,干细胞移植7天后可使患犬各项肝功能指标明显改善,10d后B超结果显示肝组织回声均匀,无明显异常,14d后患犬的精神、体力、食欲明显好转,干细胞移植21d后血常规各项指标恢复正常,患犬基本康复,移植干细胞的患犬均未发现有不良反应。说明相对于常规治疗,犬BMMSCs同源异体移植治疗急性肝损伤可明显缩短治疗时间,显著提高患犬生活质量。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的分离纯化及其定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞

比较了全骨髓法和密度梯度离心法分离、纯化小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞，并研究了不同培养基和血清对干细胞生长的影响以及小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的神经分化潜能。结果表明，密度梯度离心法和贴壁法结合使用可以分离纯化小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞；所获得的小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞具有诱导分化为神经元样细胞和脂肪样细胞的潜能，为小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向诱导分化的研究提供了技术支撑。