氯氟醚菌唑对西红花球茎腐烂病原菌尖孢镰刀菌的生物活性

球茎腐烂病是“新浙八味”浙产中药植物西红花上最为严重的病害。本研究采用菌丝生长速率法测定了82株西红花球茎腐烂病菌——尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum对新型甾醇脱甲基酶抑制剂(DMIs)氯氟醚菌唑的敏感性，评价了其对尖孢镰刀菌生长、产孢、萌发和细胞膜透性的影响，同时测定了氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌的保护和治疗作用。结果表明：氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的EC50值范围在0.182～2.491μg/mL之间，平均EC₅₀值为(0.838±0.438)μg/mL，敏感性频率分布符合正态分布。氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长和产孢都有显著的抑制作用，对病菌细胞膜表现显著的破坏作用。此外，氯氟醚菌唑对西红花球茎腐烂病的保护作用要强于治疗作用。本研究结果可为生产上有效防治西红花球茎腐烂病提供依据。     

藏红花球茎腐烂病病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

球茎腐烂病是严重影响藏红花球茎品质和柱头产量的病害。为鉴定引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS和TEF-1α序列分析,对青海省藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了10种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti,其中尖孢镰刀菌为优势病原菌。室内药剂试验表明70%甲基硫菌灵WP、 50%咯菌腈WP、 50%苯醚甲环唑SC和25%硅唑·咪鲜胺EW对两种镰刀菌均具有较好的抑制作用,EC50在0.574 0~1.808 6 mg/L之间,64%噁霜·锰锌WP、 30%噁霉灵AS和45%石硫合剂WP对2种镰刀菌的抑菌作用较差,EC50在2.134 4~7.915 3 mg/L之间。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治藏红花球茎腐烂病提供了科学依据。     

一株对西红花种球腐烂病有生防效果的蜂房类芽胞杆菌

西红花Crocus sativusL.是一种名贵中药材,西红花种球腐烂病是制约西红花生产的土传病害.本实验室前期研究表明,浙江省建德地区的室内和大田西红花种球腐烂病主要由尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum引起.目前,国内防治该病害的主要措施是使用化学杀菌剂,但效果不理想,而且造成病菌的抗药性不断增强,使生态环境污染和农药残留愈加严重.生物防治因其对环境友好和可持续性等优势越来越受到青睐,但至今国内外尚未见有关西红花种球腐烂病生物防治的报道,本研究从腐烂的西红花种球及土壤中分离到大批的拮抗菌株[1],发现其中的一株革兰氏阳性菌ZJUB2011-1菌株具有生防潜力,并对该菌株作了进一步研究.     

荸荠贮藏期腐烂病药剂筛选与防治研究

棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum Samuels,Lieckfeldt & Nirenberg)是引起荸荠贮藏期球茎腐烂病的为主病原菌.用抑菌圈法及菌落生长速率法测定棘孢木霉对27种药剂的敏感性,结果显示:丙环唑对棘孢木霉室内抑菌效果最好,其次是咪鲜胺、腈菌唑、恶醚唑、三唑醇、百菌清+异菌脲、福美双+福美锌和异菌脲;药剂防治试验结果表明:50%噻菌灵+25.5%异菌脲防治荸荠球茎腐烂病效果最好.     

桐梓县魔芋主要病害综合防治技术

随着桐梓县种植业结构的调整 ,市场经济格局的变化 ,人们对保健食品的要求不断提高 ,魔芋在桐梓县的栽培面积已不断扩大。但是 ,发展魔芋生产 ,首先要抓好病害防治 ,现将桐梓县魔芋栽培主要病害综合防治技术作如下简述 :1　发病症状1.1　软腐病　魔芋软腐病属细菌性病害 ,该病主要为害叶片、叶柄和球茎。苗期发病后 ,叶柄、种芋发生腐烂 ,叶片展开后染病 ,叶脉、叶柄出现水渍状条斑 ,有汁液流出使叶柄腐烂 ;球茎染病 ,全株或半株发黄、叶片萎蔫 ,球茎逐点蓝灰色或灰褐色粘液状腐烂 ,并发出恶臭味 ,植株基部染病 ,呈软腐倒伏干枯。1.2　白绢…     

果树腐烂病影响因素与防治

果树腐烂病是果树常见病之一,具有分布广、难治愈、高复发等特点。分析影响果树腐烂病的因素,果树腐烂病泛滥的原因,介绍物理防治、化学防治、生物防治3个方面对果树腐烂病的作用效果,对果树腐烂病影响因素及防治方法进行概括。     

荷兰进口的唐菖蒲上发现球茎腐烂病

1987年12月,在上海市林业站温室栽种的荷兰引进的唐菖蒲植株上发现一种细菌病害,发病率50％左右,严重者已全株干枯,造成很大损失。笔者对病株进行了实验室分离、鉴定,确定本病是由细菌Pseudomonasmarginata(Mcculloch)Stapp引起的唐菖蒲球茎腐烂病,此病在江苏省和北京市的局部地区有分布,而上海市还未见报道,属危险性病害。 得病球茎表面出现许多褐色下陷的园形斑点,病株易被土壤中的螨类和昆虫感染,最后使整个球茎腐烂,     

苹果腐烂病

本文就日本青森县苹果腐烂病的季节发生(尤其是秋季发病),发生主干腐烂的侵染点、特征、病斑扩大和防治方法作了全面介绍。文末还对苹果腐烂病治疗的基本原则和综合防治进行了探讨。     

土法防治苹果腐烂病效果好

土法防治苹果腐烂病效果好李素华（山东省茌平县植保站２５２１００）苹果腐烂病是苹果的重要病害之一，用常规方法一般很难根治，笔者经过试用二种土法防治此病，取得良好的防治效果。现介绍给读者。１、塑料薄膜封闭法在果树生长期内刮除腐烂病斑后，用塑料薄膜包严。据...     

柑橘脚腐病的防治措施

柑橘脚腐病又称裙腐病，俗称烂蔸巴。是柑橘产区常见的─种病害，常使受害植株主干基部皮层腐烂，致使枝叶枯黄，树势衰退，产量与果实品质下降，严重时导致整株死亡。发病时病部皮层褐色湿腐，散发酒糟气味，常流出褐色胶液，并引起主干和根群腐烂；天气干燥时，病部干枯开裂，扩展缓慢。防治该病的根本措施是选用抗病砧木，在已采用感病砧木的橘园，应加强栽培管理，创造不利于发病的环境条件，并及时治疗病株。笔者结合多年来的生产经验，现将柑橘脚腐病的防治措施简介如下： 　　1)选用抗病砧木。尽量采用枳壳等抗病砧木，在地下水位较…     

Vegetative Compatibility Grouping of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli from Saffron

Fusarium corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, causes severe yield losses in Italy. Major symptoms during flowering (October–November) include yellowing and wilting of shoots, basal stem rot and corm rot. Sixty-four isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, obtained from infected saffron crops located in Italy (Abruzzi, Tuscany and Umbria) and in Spain, were characterized by pathogenicity and vegetative compatibility. Chlorate-resistant, nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to determine vegetative compatibility among the isolates of the pathogen with the aim of examining the genetic relatedness among populations from different locations. All the isolates belonged to vegetative compatibility group 0340. Since saffron shares susceptibility to F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli with other ornamental plants of the Iridaceae (Crocus, Gladiolus, Iris and Ixia), it is likely that a clone of the pathogen (VCG 0340) was introduced with other hosts and is responsible for the disease outbreak observed on saffron in Italy. Alternatively, or additionally, the clone of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli causing disease on saffron in other countries may have spread to the saffron fields in Italy through the import and dispersal of infested propagation material.     

辣椒根腐型疫病病原鉴定及防治药剂筛选

近年来,在我国北方设施大棚内的辣椒上普遍发生根腐症状,为了明确该病的病原及其防治药剂,对不同辣椒产区的该病病原菌进行了分离鉴定,并筛选防治该病的药剂。结果表明:根据病原菌的形态特征、培养性状、生化特性以及致病性测定结果,将该病病原鉴定为辣椒疫霉Phytoph-thora capsiciLeonion,因此将这种造成根腐症状的病害定名为辣椒根腐型疫病;供试的10种杀菌剂中,25%烯肟菌酯乳油、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂的防治效果均在80%以上,是防治辣椒根腐型疫病的理想药剂。     

马铃薯镰刀菌干腐病研究进展及防控手段

马铃薯是世界第四大粮食作物。马铃薯干腐病是一种重要的马铃薯收获后真菌病害,在我国各马铃薯产区内广泛发生,导致马铃薯块茎的商品薯率大幅下降,对马铃薯的产量造成严重经济损失。本文针对马铃薯干腐病的症状、发生与危害、病原菌种类以及综合防控手段进行综述,以期为病害的研究及防治提供参考。     

Cost-effective control of a quarantine disease: a quantitative exploration using "design of experiments" methodology and bio-economic modeling

ABSTRACT An integrated approach to control of quarantine diseases at the level of the plant production chain is complicated. The involved actors have different interests and the system is complex. Consequently, control policies may not be cost effective. By means of a bio-economic model for brown rot in the Dutch potato production chain, the efficacy of different control options was quantitatively analyzed. An impact analysis was performed using the methodology of "design of experiments" to quantify the effect of factors in interaction on incidence and costs of brown rot. Factors can be grouped as policy, sector, economic, and exogenous factors. Results show that brown rot incidence and economic consequences are determined predominantly by policy and sector factors and, to a lesser extent, by economic and exogenous factors. Scenario studies were performed to elucidate how the government and sector can optimize the cost-effectiveness of brown rot control. Optimal cost-effectiveness of control requires cooperation of the sector and government, in which case brown rot incidence can be reduced by 75% and the costs of control can be reduced by at least 2 million euros per year. This study demonstrates quantitatively the potential contribution of an integrated approach to cost-effective disease control at chain level.     

Improving cost‐effectiveness of brown rot control: the value of bio‐economic modelling*

Since 1995, the Dutch potato production chain has been hit by several outbreaks of brown rot, a quarantine disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2. To avoid establishment of brown rot in the potato production chain and avert the consequences on potato export, the Dutch government has implemented an intensive and costly control policy. It is unknown whether this policy is cost‐effective. A bio‐economic model was developed that can be used to simulate the effect of a control policy on the epidemiology and economic consequences of brown rot in the Dutch potato production chain. Two applications of this model are presented, based on which the potential contribution of the model to cost‐effective control of brown rot is discussed.     

核果类果树褐腐病在重庆的发生与防治初报

近年随着乡村产业调整和果业发展, 褐腐病在我国的发生呈加重趋势。本文对重庆地区核果类果树褐腐病的发生状况做了调查分析, 在室内通过平板及离体果实试验, 筛选拮抗菌和化学药剂, 为田间防治实践提供科学依据。主要结果如下:桃褐腐病在重庆普遍发生, 核果类果树均易感, 病原菌经鉴定为果生链核盘菌Monilinia fructicola; 系统调查初步分析发现, 降雨时间与李褐腐病发生发展关系最密切, 其与病情指数增幅的相关系数R=0.94(P<0.05); 平板对峙和离体桃果筛选, 获得2株有生防潜力的放线菌YLS5-2和YYDB3-1, 二者的抑菌率分别为91.3%和84.5%, 相对防效分别为65.1%和67.1%, 可能具有较好的应用前景; 平板毒力测定和离体桃果控病试验, 效果最优的化学药剂分别为戊唑醇、苯甲·丙环唑, 其中戊唑醇在推荐浓度处理96 h其离体果实防效仍维持在100%水平。     

小麦细菌性叶鞘褐腐病及其病原鉴定

为搞清杭州小麦上一新发生病害的病原，从病区获得6份小麦病株样本的症状，经初步的植物细菌学特性分析，鉴定为细菌病害。6个分离细菌经32项生理生化反应、茵落形态、致病性、Biolog、脂肪酸分析及与6个标准菌株比较，证实了这种小麦叶鞘褐腐病是由Pseudomonasfuscovaginae．,Miyajima，Tanii＆Akita引起，与水稻细菌性叶鞘褐腐病为同一病原。     

Eradication of black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) from grapevines by drastic pruning

A drastic pruning strategy was developed to eradicate the fungal disease black rot (Guignardia bidwellii), which is exotic in Australia, from grapevines, while minimizing the economic cost of returning an affected vineyard to its previous quality and production levels. The protocol involved cutting off vines at the top of the trunk, removing debris from the ground beneath and between vines, mulching the vineyard floor, removing low watershoots during vine regrowth and applying a targeted fungicide programme. The protocol was initially evaluated and consequently modified in Australia using an endemic grapevine disease, black spot or anthracnose (Elsinoe ampelina), as an analogous model system. Then, it was validated in a black‐rot‐infested vineyard in New York, USA. Following two seasons of disease‐conducive weather conditions, no black rot was detected on treated vines, whereas leaf and fruit infections developed on the untreated control vines. These results confirmed the efficacy of the protocol for eradicating black rot from vineyards while allowing vines to return quickly to previous yield and quality levels without replanting. The protocol may have applicability to disease eradication protocols for other perennial crops as well. Evidence is also presented on the efficacy and potential pitfalls of burning infected grapevine material to eradicate E. ampelina.     

不同药剂对魔芋软腐病田间防治效果评价

镇巴县魔芋种植面积已达6 000hm2,但魔芋软腐病在镇巴县连年发生严重,为探索魔芋软腐病田间药剂防治技术,我们组织了防治魔芋软腐病田间防治效果比较试验。结果表明,噻菌铜20%悬浮剂,叶枯唑20%可湿性粉剂,氢氧化铜77%可湿性粉剂防治效果最好,在生产应用中可以交替使用,以延缓抗药性的产生。     

甘肃玉米主要病害发生动态调查

为了掌握甘肃玉米病害的发生动态,明确主要病害的流行趋势,采用随机抽查法调查了甘肃庆阳、平凉、天水、陇南、定西、武威和张掖7个市/地区的玉米病害类群。结果表明,普通锈病、红叶病和穗腐病普遍发生并较严重,在7个市/地区的平均病株率分别为81.6%、80.6%和77.3%;大斑病、纹枯病、交链孢叶斑病、茎腐病、小斑病、瘤黑粉病和鞘腐病局部发生较重,在7个市/地区平均病株率分别为83.3%、44.9%、29.1%、27.5%、25.6%、14.4%和8.3%,矮花叶病和丝黑穗病普遍发生但发病较轻,在7个市/地区病株率分别为3.1%和1.1%,但矮花叶病在旱作区平凉市依然严重,丝黑穗病在武威市和张掖市的玉米制种田发病率依然较高。调查表明,甘肃玉米叶部病害、穗腐病和茎腐病有加重趋势,今后应该加强多病害抗性品种选育和防治用化学药剂的筛选研究。