九种杀菌剂对新拟盘多毛孢病菌的室内毒力作用

新拟盘多毛孢叶斑病是在草莓上发现的一种新病害。本研究对采自北京昌平、山东诸城、云南保山及广东惠州等地草莓Fragaria × ananassa发病叶片进行了组织分离,结合形态特征和ITS系统发育分析对所分离获得的8株疑似拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病菌进行了鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定了病原菌对8种代表性杀菌剂及新型药剂——双苯菌胺的敏感性。结果表明:所分离得到的病原菌为新拟盘多毛孢Neopestalotiopsis clavispora;双苯菌胺对8株新拟盘多毛孢 N. clavispora的毒力最强,平均EC₅₀值为 (0.004 ± 0.002) μg/mL,可作为防治草莓叶斑病的首选药剂;其次为咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯、戊唑醇、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑和腈菌唑,平均EC₅₀值在0.006~0.803 μg/mL之间;百菌清毒力较低,而代森锰锌对新拟盘多毛孢 N. clavispora几乎没有抑制作用。研究结果对合理使用杀菌剂防治草莓新病害——新拟盘多毛孢叶斑病提供参考。     

污斑新拟盘多毛孢为害蓝莓的首次报道及致病力测定

类拟盘多毛孢真菌(Pestalotiopsis-like fungi)是危害蓝莓的一类重要病原菌。实验室前期对比发现有8株分离自蓝莓病样的类拟盘多毛孢菌单独聚成一支，并且与危害蓝莓的类拟盘多毛孢已知种相互区分，表明这8株菌有可能是危害蓝莓的新纪录种或新种。为明确这8株菌的种群分类地位，本研究对供试菌株进行形态学鉴定及系统发育分析，结果表明它们隶属于污斑新拟盘多毛孢Neopestalotiopsis foedans,这是该菌危害蓝莓在国内外的首次报道。在此基础上，进一步研究了该新纪录种不同菌株对辽宁省5个蓝莓主栽品种的致病能力，结果表明这8株菌的致病力具有明显分化，不同蓝莓品种均对强致病菌株较敏感，生产中应当加以重视。     

岗梅枝枯病病原鉴定

为明确引起岗梅Ilex asprella枝枯病的病原,对从广东梅州采集的岗梅枝枯病病部分离的致病菌株Gangmei 2进行了形态学观察,并运用MEGA-X构建了病原菌株rDNA内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)的系统发育树。结果显示:病原菌的形态学特征与拟盘多毛孢属Pestalotiopsis真菌相似,在系统发育树中该菌株与小孢拟盘多毛孢菌Pestalotiopsis microspora在同一分支上。因此,初步将岗梅枝枯病病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢菌P.microspora。     

青岛市草莓根腐病病原菌分离及鉴定

草莓根腐病是草莓根部重要病害,已经成为草莓产业发展的瓶颈。2014年,对山东省青岛市几个主要草莓种植基地的草莓根腐病进行了调查,并在室内用组织分离法对病原菌进行了分离。根据菌落形态特征及rDNA-ITS序列对其进行了鉴定。结果表明,引起草莓根腐病的病原菌有棒形拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis clavispora)、胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)。其中,棒形拟盘多毛孢菌引起草莓病害为首次报道。     

云南核桃叶枯病病原鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确引起云南核桃叶枯病的病原及其生物学特性,本文对分离自叶枯病病斑上的一株拟盘多毛孢进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,并通过柯赫氏法则验证其致病性;采用生长速率法、悬滴法和载玻片法研究其菌丝生长和孢子萌发的生物学特性。结果表明,该菌株为小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora,是引起云南核桃叶枯病的新病原。该病原菌的最适生长温度为20～25℃,最适光周期L//D=12 h//12 h,最适生长pH为4～8。病原菌的分生孢子萌发受pH和湿度的影响较大,在中性及碱性环境下不萌发,最适萌发pH为4～5;在高于90%的相对湿度下才能萌发。分生孢子在20～25℃下萌发率最高,全光照最适于孢子萌发;核桃叶汁液对分生孢子萌发有显著的促进作用。     

澳洲坚果叶枯病病原鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

对云南澳洲坚果主产区叶枯病进行采样调查和病原菌分离,得到了216个菌落。其中,81.9%为拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis spp.),12.5%为炭疽菌,0.6%为拟茎点霉。致病性测定结果显示,拟盘多毛孢具有较强的致病性,为叶枯病主要病原菌。经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,澳洲坚果叶枯病主要病原菌为小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)。室内药剂毒力测试表明,对澳洲坚果叶枯病病原菌抑制效果较好的是50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、240 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂、12.5%烯唑醇悬浮剂,其次为77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、10%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、20%噻菌铜悬浮剂等。     

小孢拟盘多毛孢PM-1菌株的液体发酵及除草活性物质的分离

前期研究发现分离自毛竹的小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora PM-1菌株具有较强的除草活性,为了明确其产生除草活性物质的最佳液体发酵条件,对培养基种类及成分、培养温度、培养时间和培养方式进行了探讨,并利用薄层层析(thin-layer chromatography, TLC)和高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)对除草活性物质进行了分离。小孢拟盘多毛孢在含硫酸亚铁的PD培养基中,30 ℃黑暗静止培养15天,得到的粗提物除草活性最强;除草活性物质经TLC分离获得7个条带,其中条带6具有较强的除草活性,HPLC分析发现该条带含有7个组分,其中组分3对马唐的活性较强,其保留时间为46.3 min。研究结果表明,利用最佳液体发酵条件对PM-1菌株进行发酵培养,可分离获得除草活性化合物——组分3。     

新病害—山核桃果实黑斑病病原菌的鉴定

2007年以来,浙江临安、淳安、桐庐和安徽部分地区山核桃主产区出现了一种果实新病害——山核桃果实黑斑病,该病严重影响山核桃果实的产量和品质。本研究从采集的病果中分离得到了一种真菌,离体幼果接种的症状与田间相似。病原菌在PDA培养基上形成白色轮纹状菌落,分生孢子长梭形,直或弯曲,(22.6～29.9)μm×(6.1～9.0)μm,5个细胞,中间3个有色孢(上部2个为黑褐色、下部1个为淡橄榄色),孢子顶生2～3根附属丝、多为3根。根据该病原菌的培养和形态特征及其ITS序列,将其鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)。     

番石榴果实腐烂病诊断与鉴定

本文报道了从台湾进口的番石榴果实的腐烂组织中分离培养到一种病原真菌,经过病原菌形态观察和培养性状等方面的研究表明：木防己拟盘多毛孢菌（Pestalotiopsis cocuuli Guba）是导致果实腐烂的致病菌.     

短穗鱼尾葵灰斑病菌的鉴定及生物学特性*

［目的］ 明确引起短穗鱼尾葵灰斑病的病原菌及该菌的生物学特性。［方法］ 从短穗鱼尾葵感病组织上分离、纯化病菌,经致病性测定后根据其形态特征进行种类鉴定,并测定其在不同培养条件下的生物学特性。［结果］ 引起短穗鱼尾葵灰斑病的病原菌为小孢拟盘多毛孢菌［Pestalotiopsis microspora (Speg.) Satista &; Peresapud Batista］。该菌在PSA 培养基上长势最好;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度为25 ℃;完全光照条件最利于菌丝的生长和产孢;在pH5时菌丝生长最好,pH6时孢子萌发率最高,pH2时孢子不萌发;孢子的致死温度为50 ℃。［结论］ 上述结果可以为短穗鱼尾葵灰斑病的防治提供依据。     

Infection by Neopestalotiopsis spp. occurs on unwounded eucalyptus leaves and is favoured by long periods of leaf wetness

Brazil is the leader in the global ranking of forest productivity; however, one of the major challenges to eucalyptus production is the existence of fungal diseases. A severe epidemic caused by pestalotiopsis-like fungi was observed in a forest nursery in Brazil, causing a huge impact on the eucalyptus micropropagation stages. The aims of the present study were to identify the causal agents associated with pestalotiopsis leaf spot and dieback in eucalyptus, assess their pathogenicity to different commercial clones, and evaluate which conditions favour conidial germination and infection by the pathogens. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses using ITS, TEF and TUB identified the isolates as members of Neopestalotiopsis and segregated them into three species. Isolates from all Neopestalotiopsis spp. caused symptoms on unwounded eucalyptus leaves and disease development was strongly dependent on long leaf wetness periods (≥72 h). All four commercial clones tested were susceptible to the pathogen. These results clearly dispute the commonly held assumption that pestalotioid fungi are weak and opportunistic pathogens. This is the first report of different phylogenetic species of Neopestalotiopsis causing dieback, leaf and stem lesions in eucalyptus cuttings and provides a basis for developing novel disease management strategies in forest nurseries.     

草莓红叶根腐病病原菌分离与鉴定

0 引言 近年来,在草莓'甜查理'等品种上出现一种新病害,发病初期表现为叶片红色,后期全株萎蔫.2019年课题组对采自江苏省徐州市贾汪区的草莓红叶病样进行分离,初步鉴定为类拟盘多毛孢真菌.经与国内已报道危害草莓的类拟盘多毛孢真菌Neopestalotiopsis clavispora[1-5]比较,结果发现课题组分离的...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.