LDH and LDH Isoenzymes of Synovial Fluid in the Horse

LDH is an intracellular enzyme, which when cells degenerate is released to the extracellular spaces and body fluids. Cells and organs in the mammalian body differ from each other with respect to their LDH isoenzyme patterns. These circumstances have led to the use of LDH isoenzyme determinations in laboratory diagnostic work. In the present investigation total LDH activity and LDH isoenzyme distribution in equine synovial fluid from healthy joints, joints with serous arthritis, osteochondrosis dissecans and arthrosis, were determined. The fluids from the diseased joints differed from normal synovial fluid with respect to total LDH activity, and the different joint diseases each seemed to give rise to a characteristic isoenzyme pattern. In order to examine possible sources of the increased LDH activity and altered isoenzyme patterns, blood plasma, red and white blood cells, synovial membrane and articular cartilage were also studied. It was found that LDH4 and LDH5 were present in high amounts in articular cartilage, and an increase in these isoenzymes was the most characteristic feature in synovial fluid from joints with arthrosis. The results were discussed in view of possible diagnostic value of isoenzyme determinations on synovial fluid.     

黄淮山羊微卫星多态性及其与产羔数相关性的研究

以绵羊FecB、GDF9和BMP15为候选基因,同时选择绵羊6号染色体与FecB基因紧密连锁的6个微卫星标记,分析其在黄淮山羊中的多态性及其与产羔数的关系。结果表明:在黄淮山羊中均未发现FecB、GDF9基因和BMP15基因突变。微卫星Lscv043、BMS2508、300U、GC101均为多态位点;而GC101与产羔数具有较强的相关性,在GC1013种基因型中200bp/238bp基因型群体对应的第1胎产羔数和第2胎产羔数均显著高于其他2种基因型群体的对应产羔数(P<0.05);但是各基因型群体之间第3胎产羔数差异不明显;同样基因型200bp/238bp对应群体的平均产羔数极显著高于其他2种基因型群体的平均产羔数(P<0.01)。其他位点的不同基因型群体之间产羔数差异均不明显。这些结果表明,FecB基因所在区域位点对山羊产羔数亦具有一定影响,可以作为山羊早期选育的理论依据。     

单次大剂量和多次小剂量环磷酰胺腹腔注射对小鼠免疫抑制模型的影响

试验旨在研究环磷酰胺不同剂量、不同给药次数对建立的小鼠免疫抑制模型免疫指标变化的影响。选择7周龄雄性昆明小鼠200只,随机均分为5组：对照组（生理盐水组,0 mg/g环磷酰胺）、环磷酰胺3次注射低剂量（0.04 mg/g）和高剂量（0.08 mg/g）组、环磷酰胺1次注射低剂量（0.10 mg/g）和高剂量（0.16 mg/g）组。3次注射组在试验第1天按照给定剂量腹腔注射环磷酰胺,连续注射3 d;对照组按照相同方法每天腹腔注射等体积生理盐水;1次注射组仅在试验第1天按照给定剂量腹腔注射环磷酰胺1次。试验期间每天对小鼠称重,在试验的第1、2、4、6、9、10、11天从各组分别选取8只小鼠采取尾静脉血检测血常规,并在试验的第1、4、6、9、11天从各组分别选取8只小鼠处死,测定股骨骨髓有核细胞、胸腺指数、脾脏指数等指标。结果表明,所有剂量环磷酰胺均可成功建立免疫抑制模型。抑制效果上,0.08 mg/g 3次注射对白细胞、骨髓有核细胞、体重增重、脾脏、胸腺的免疫抑制效果最好,0.16 mg/g 1次注射对红细胞免疫抑制效果最好。抑制周期上,环磷酰胺对白细胞、骨髓有核细胞、脾脏免疫抑制周期较短,对红细胞、胸腺的免疫抑制周期较长;1次注射均较3次注射更早且显著地出现白细胞免疫亢进,而脾脏免疫情况则刚好相反。综上,环磷酰胺不同给药剂量及给药次数对动物不同免疫部位的免疫状态及免疫抑制周期均会产生不同的影响。本研究可为药理试验中针对不同免疫指标进行观测时提供适当的检测剂量及检测时间参考。     

Influence of Disease Process and Duration on Acute Phase Proteins in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid of Horses with Colic

Background

The acute phase proteins (APP) serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, and fibrinogen are valuable blood biomarkers in equine inflammatory diseases, but knowledge of factors influencing their concentrations in blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) of horses with colic is needed.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of demographics (age, sex, breed), disease process (simple obstruction, strangulating obstruction, inflammatory), disease location, disease duration, hypovolemia, and admission hospital on concentrations of APP, lactate and white blood cell counts (WBC) in horses with colic admitted to 2 referral hospitals.

Animals

The study included 367 horses with colic admitted at 2 referral hospitals.

Methods

Prospective multicenter observational study of clinical data, as well as blood and PF biomarkers. Associations between biomarker concentrations and clinical variables were analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results

Increasing pre‐admission duration of colic was associated with increased concentrations of APP in blood and PF. Blood concentrations of SAA and fibrinogen were associated with disease process (inflammatory, strangulations, simple obstructions) in more colic duration groups (5–12 and >24 hours) than any of the other biomarkers. No relevant associations between demographic factors, hospital, or hydration status and the measured biomarkers were found.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In horses with colic, concentrations of APP are associated mainly with disease process and duration of colic and may thus be used for assessment of disease independently of demographic or geographic factors. Serum amyloid A may be a diagnostic marker for use in colic differential diagnosis, but further evaluation is needed.     

Experimental osteoarthritis in the rabbit. II. A new method to estimate the oxygen consumption and diffusion capacity in the synovial membrane of the knee

The oxygen supply to the joint cartilage depends on the oxygen transport from the capsular arteries to the capillaries, the oxygen diffusion across the synovial membrane and the oxygen transport through the synovia. In osteoarthritis the resistance to transport across all 3 barriers may be increased because of the joint effusion, the elevated intraarticular pressure and the inflammatory changes of the synovial membrane.In the present study we describe a method to determine 2 important parameters affecting the oxygen transport through the synovial membrane: the oxygen consumption and diffusion capacity of the membrane. The principle of the method is to perfuse the joint cavity of the knee by saline saturated with air and to record the relationship between the oxygen partial pressure in the outflowing perfusate and the perfusion rate.The values found for the diffusion capacity and oxygen consumption were 0.039 ± 0.013 μl O₂/min/Torr and 0.93 ± 0.90 μl O₂/min (mean ± s).     

Comparison of Synovial Fluid in Middle Carpal Joints Undergoing Needle Aspiration, Infusion with Saline, and Infusion with a Combination of N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine, Hyaluronic Acid, and Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate

Synovial fluid white blood cell (WBC) count and total protein (TP) concentration were evaluated in the midcarpal joints of horses to not only determine the effects of needle aspiration, infusion with saline, and infusion with a combination of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, hyaluronan, and sodium chondroitin sulfate (GHCS) at two different doses to evaluate the latter for safety, but to also provide information on saline injection as a control in joints. The midcarpal joints from 24 horses were used for this study. One midcarpal joint served as an untreated control, in which only synovial fluid was aspirated, whereas the opposite joint received either 2.5 mL isotonic saline (n = 8 horses), 2.5 mL of GHCS (n = 8 horses), or 7.5 mL of GHCS (n = 8 horses). Synovial fluid WBC and TP concentration were measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21. Needle aspiration caused a transient increase in synovial fluid WBC and TP levels after 1 day. Instillation of fluid (2.5 mL), whether saline or GHCS, caused significantly higher WBC and TP concentrations. GHCS at a dose of 7.5 mL created an elevation in TP level for an additional 48 hours; however, after 48 hours, WBC and TP were at concentrations that were not statistically different from controls. Even though an increase in WBC and TP concentrations occurred because of intra-articular saline and GHCS administration, these results were transient demonstrating that GHCS is no different than saline on synovial fluid, WBC, and TP parameters and that as previously described short-term elevation in synovial fluid inflammatory parameters should be expected when saline is used as a control.     

An Experimental Study on the Treatment and Prevention of Shimao Zheng Fleece-Eating) in Sheep and Goats in the Haizi Area of Akesai County in China

A series of experimental trials on methods of treatment and prevention of shimao zheng fleece-eating) were carried out using various sulphates. The results confirmed the hypothesis that this is a local nutritional and metabolic disease, caused mainly by a sulphur deficiency, that could be prevented or cured with supplementary sulphur in the diet. In field studies, the clinical signs virtually disappeared within 14 days of the animals receiving medicated pellets. Over the same period, the concentrations of sulphur in the blood, liver and spleen returned to normal and the pathological changes in the skin improved. The condition of the controls became worse in each of these respects over this time. However, the pathological changes in the musculature were not alleviated by the treatment.     

饲用燕麦Y-09—05新品系在黔南低热河谷地区适宜播期研究

2010～2011年对Y-09—05饲用燕麦新品系在贵州南部低热河谷地区进行适宜播期试验,结果表明：新品系在该区生长良好,抗性较强,用以刈割鲜草利用,适宜秋季早播,最适秋播时期为9月中旬至10月下旬,鲜苹产量可达53150kg／hm^2以上;用以收种,以10月份为最适宜播种期,种子产量可达6850kg／hm^2以上