Nutritional support of hospitalised animals

Effective nutritional support requires a sound knowledge of both basic and clinical nutrition of dogs and cats as well as familiarity with products and their administration. Management includes the assessment of a patient's nutritional status and estimation of fuel sources. Most starved or stressed patients utilise fatty acids at over 70 per cent kcalME (metabolisable energy) and protein at over 20 per cent kcalME; appropriate diets contain at least 30 per cent kcalME from protein as well as fat. Approximate calorie needs are based on maintenance energy requirements. Enteral nutritional support is superior to parenteral support in most patients as gastrointestinal integrity and enterocyte viability are maintained. Meat-based pet foods, liquid enteral products and nutrient supplements are offered in slurries and via tubes. Management includes careful monitoring of patients and the gradual transition to diets with more complex nutrient sources.     

A quantitative summary of nutrition support services in a veterinary teaching hospital

A full-time nutrition support service provided 1,133 consultations in a small animal teaching hospital from July 1986 to June 1988, consisting of 840 dogs, 260 cats, 23 exotic species, and 10 consultations with incomplete information. The dog and cat consultations represented 2.1 and 3.7% of canine and feline admissions, respectively. Consultations involved the determination of nutritional goals which led to recommendations of specific dietary regimens. Most frequent requests were for diet evaluation and diet formulation to meet estimated calorie and protein needs during illness and stress (23%), for specific calorie or nutrient modification given a working diagnosis (23%), and for avoidance of tissue utilization or weight loss (23%). Frequently involved single organ systems were gastrointestinal (16%), liver (12%), kidney (9%), and pancreas (4%), but multiple system involvement was more common (19%). Most frequent diagnostic categories were metabolic disorders (17%), chronic organ failure (17%), and neoplasia (12%). Enteral nutrition was preferred for 98% of consultations. Voluntary consumption was deemed adequate in 81% of consultations, and highly palatable balanced homemade diets and specialty products were recommended in 74% of these. Human hospital liquid enteral products were used in 95% of consultations recommending involuntary feeding, either fed alone, blended with petfoods, or supplemented with modules of protein or fat. The service demonstrated that full-time nutrition support can be utilized effectively in a small animal teaching hospital. Further development of such services will depend on research focused especially on determination of case-specific nutritional goals, patient responses, and cost effectiveness.     

A Retrospective Study of the Use of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Dogs and Cats

The records of all dogs and cats receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) over a 43-month period were examined retrospectively. Dextrose, amino acids, lipids, electrolytes, and vitamins were administered by central venous catheter according to published nutrient recommendations; 72 dogs and 12 cats were studied, accounting for 380 patient days of TPN. Duration of TPN administration was 1–14 days with a mean of 4.5 days. Most animals required TPN because of gastrointestinal dysfunction, and more than half of them gained weight during TPN administration. Mechanical complications were frequent. Metabolic complications, especially lipid and glucose intolerance, were also commonly seen. Septic complications were the least frequently encountered, but resulted in patient morbidity and may have contributed to mortality. Most animals receiving TPN were returned to enteral nutrition and discharged. For critically ill animals unable to tolerate enteral alimentation, TPN can be supportive therapy in the treatment of the primary disease.     

Esophagostomy Feeding Tube Use and Placement in Exotic Pets

Providing enteral nutrition to injured or ill exotic animal patients by means of assisted feedings minimizes catabolism and gastrointestinal morbidity associated with anorexia, while optimizing immune system and organ function, and providing nutritional precursors necessary for healing. When determining the nutritional needs of a debilitated animal, it is important to account for both metabolic rate and energy requirements. Providing enteral nutrition via a feeding tube utilizes the functional gastrointestinal tract in patients that cannot or will not eat. Additionally, administration of food through a feeding tube is significantly less stressful for patients than restraint and syringe feeding. Feeding tube placement should be considered in any animal where the stress associated with syringe feeding is likely to result in significant morbidity or when the need for an extended period of assisted feeding is required.     

猪营养与营养源

营养对生物性状的表达、生产性能、经济效益有着明显的影响。营养的全部内涵包括营养素、营养源、营养水平和营养组合。营养及营养源的重要性有待深入认识。本文以猪为例,在讨论营养重要性的基础上,总结了近年来本研究室在营养源方面的研究进展,以推动这方面的深入研究。     

益生菌对肠内营养治疗并发腹泻的调节作用

为研究益生菌对行肠内营养治疗患者肠道适应性的调节作用,采用随机数表将157 例患者分为研究组（n＝101）和对照组（n＝56）,进行双盲、随机对照研究。根据Harris-Benedict公式测算基础能量消耗,氮供给量0.2 g/（kg?d）,研究组给予肠内营养＋益生菌,对照组给予肠内营养,治疗期10 d。统计患者的基础人口学资料及临床信息,于肠内营养治疗前和治疗后第10天观察并记录患者的体质量、体质量指数等指标,评价肠道及肾脏等重要脏器的营养代谢状况。结果表明：肠内营养治疗后第10天,2 组患者的营养不良     

Nutritional management of the foal with diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is a common problem in the neonatal and suckling foal. In certain circumstances supplemental nutrition is necessary depending on the age of foal, severity of diarrhoea and presence of other systemic manifestations. Nutritional supplementation can be provided either enterally or parenterally. Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition because it is the most natural and physiologically sound means to provide nutritional support. Parenteral nutrition may be warranted if the foal is unable to receive or tolerate enteral nutrition. Dextrose alone or with amino acids and lipids can provide appropriate nutrition when enteral feeding is not tolerated. As soon as the foal stabilises enteral feeding can be reintroduced.     

Parenteral nutrition in the mature horse

Parenteral nutrition is an important component of the management of critically ill horses unable or unwilling to eat. It provides dextrose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals and, in some cases, lipids for nutritional support until enteral nutrition can be reinstituted. It can also be used as a supplement to enteral nutrition, where horses are not ingesting at least 80% of digestible energy (resting) requirements for more than 2–3 days. This review discusses the indications, applications, monitoring and complications of parenteral nutrition in mature horses.     

From research measurements to application: Bridging the gap; Overview of practical and scientific measurements in nutrition

Research that advances the practice of poultry nutrition covers a wide range, including fundamental studies that explore mechanisms in cells or a small number of birds and applied research that determines product yield in authentic production facilities. Ultimately, the applied research informs the economic analysis necessary for implementation of novel nutritional strategies or products. Nutritional controversies arise from applied research experiments that were not designed and interpreted based on the realities learned from mechanistic work. The experimental design and measurements selected for comparing nutrient sources or setting nutrient recommendations should be informed by underlying mechanistic information, such as the relative priorities of cells and tissues for the nutrient and the shape of the dose response relationship across a wide range of added dietary levels of the nutrient. Integrating mechanistic and applied research provides more robust results that can be used across wider ranges of diets and husbandry conditions.     

A pilot study of protein sparing in healthy dogs using peripheral parenteral nutrition

Total parenteral nutrition is the standard nutritional support of dogs when the enteral route is contraindicated, but it can be difficult because of cost, technical difficulties, and potential complications. Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) may be a feasible option for short-term support in some cases. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of PPN on nitrogen balance (as an indicator of the effect on protein sparing), serum folate concentrations and serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF - I) concentrations in fasting dogs. The effect of PPN on these parameters has not previously been reported in dogs. Using a cross-over design, three healthy adult fasting dogs were randomly assigned to three treatments: 5 per cent amino acid solution, 5 per cent glucose solution, and a control electrolyte solution. The solutions were administered into a peripheral vein at 60 ml kg(-1)per day for 4 days. The amino acid infusion resulted in a positive nitrogen balance and the glucose infusion produced less nitrogen loss than the control. Amino acid, but not glucose or electrolyte infusions, decreased serum folate concentrations. Amino acid and glucose infusions resulted in higher serum IGF -I concentrations than electrolyte infusions, although the differences were small and IGF -I decreased in all cases. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PPN increases nitrogen balance in healthy dogs undergoing short-term fasting.     

Nutritional plan: matching diet to disease

Institution of appropriate, timely nutritional support in the anorexic or critically ill patient has become accepted medical practice in people and animals. This article focuses on the benefits of appropriate nutrient intake in critically ill animals, recommended nutrient requirements for dogs and cats receiving enteral feeding, and mechanics of food preparation and delivery for a variety of feeding tubes. General nutrient requirements for all patients, specific recommendations for certain illnesses such as renal failure, pancreatitis, and hepatic disease, and nutritional alterations for critical illness are reviewed. Commercial liquid diets manufactured for people and pets, and pet-food diets practical for formulation of gruel are presented. Institution of and weaning from feeding are explained.     

Estimated nutrient content of diets commonly fed to pet birds

The owners of 135 pet birds were surveyed by questionnaire to determine their birds' weekly food consumption. The birds were divided into six food groups on the basis of the amounts of seeds, formulated products and human food they consumed. The formulated products and seeds were analysed for their nutrient content by two independent laboratories, the nutrient content of the human foods was obtained from a standard nutrition reference, and each bird's nutrient intake was estimated. The dietary content of individual nutrients was then compared with the estimated maintenance requirements for pet birds. Birds consuming less than approximately 50 per cent of their diets as formulated products had inadequate intakes of vitamins A and D3, and calcium. Diets high in human food were low in protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. Diets high in seed were excessive in fat and deficient in vitamins A and D3, and calcium.     

Progresses on Personalized Nutritional Evaluation and Recommendation

Health is maintained by a state of dynamic homeostasis in which nutrient intake and ex- penditure are of good balance. Therefore, it is important to know exactly the nutritional value of food sources, as well as the nutritional requirements of individuals, in order to achieve optimal nutrition. Considering the interaction between diet and individual back- ground, nutritional evaluation and recommendation has become a complicate issue needing further investigations. While traditional nutrition research has made significant progress in population nutrition, modern nutrition research is now becoming possible to focus on personalized nutrition in health promotion, disease prevention, performance improvement, and risk assessment of individual with the development of emerging omics technologies. This review tried to summarize the methods used in nutritional evaluation and recom- mendation as well as their applications. Though personal nutrition evaluation and recommendation are still not well-established, utilization of these advanced technologies may expand our knowledge in bioavailability and bioefficacy of diet ingredients, pathophysiological changes in response to dietary intervention, as well as nutrition-associated disease biomarkers discovery, and thus contributing to personalized nutrition.     

Enteral feeding of dogs and cats: 51 cases (1989-1991).

Feeding commercial enteral diets to critically ill dogs and cats via nasogastric tubes was an appropriate means for providing nutritional support and was associated with few complications. Twenty-six cats and 25 dogs in the intensive care unit of our teaching hospital were evaluated for malnutrition and identified as candidates for nutritional support via nasogastric tube. Four commercial liquid formula diets and one protein supplement designed for use in human beings were fed to the dogs and cats. Outcome variables used to assess efficacy and safety of nutritional support were return to voluntary food intake, maintenance of body weight to within 10% of admission weight, and complications associated with feeding liquid diets. Sixty-three percent of animals experienced no complications with enteral feedings; resumption of food intake began for most animals (52%) while they were still in the hospital. Weight was maintained in 61% of the animals (16 of 26 cats and 15 of 25 dogs). Complications that did occur included vomiting, diarrhea, and inadvertent tube removal. Most problems were resolved by changing the diet or adhering to the recommended feeding protocol. Nutritional support as a component of therapy in small animals often is initiated late in the course of the disease when animals have not recovered as quickly as expected. If begun before the animal becomes nutrient depleted, enteral feeding may better support the animal and avoid serious complications.     

Nutritional considerations for horses with colitis. Part 1: Nutrients and enteral nutrition

The equine colon is the primary site of fibre digestion and water absorption. It is therefore not surprising that colitis and associated colonic dysfunction can result in severe nutritional derangements, which can be exacerbated by reduced feed intake in affected horses. Dietary management of colitis is important for optimum recovery. In broad terms, it should prioritise provision of nutrients to horses that otherwise have reduced appetites. In some forms, such as right dorsal colitis, as well as those with chronicity, nutritional recommendations include restricting or eliminating long‐stem roughage from the diet and feeding a complete pelleted diet. Voluntary enteral nutrition is preferred, but horses that are not ingesting enough to meet the minimum recommended requirements as outlined, should be fed via nasogastric tube (if tolerated – no reflux, no ileus and no colic present; faecal output present). Parenteral nutrition may be necessary in some cases, as some colitis cases do not tolerate enteral feeding for reasons such as colic, intestinal dysmotility or abdominal distension. Timing and constitution of nutritional intervention is vital and should be tailored to the individual patient to prevent further complications of the disease process.     

影响羊肉品质因素的研究进展

肉品质是指与鲜肉或加工肉的外观和适口性等相关的一些特性,包括肉的色泽、结构、硬度、大理石纹和肌肉系水力等。羊肉品质的物理特性决定着消费者对肉品的可接受性,而化学成分则与营养性关系密切。随着生活水平的提高,消费者对羊肉的要求越来越高。从量变到质变,需要不断改善羊肉品质。目前,生产优质的畜产品已成为热点话题。作者主要就品种、性别、年龄、环境、饲料营养等对羊肉品质有影响的因素进行概括和总结,以期为从营养调控措施入手改善羊肉品质提供科学的理论依据。     

Research Progress on Influence Factors of Mutton Quality

Meat quality means the characteristics such as appearance is related to palatability in fresh meat or manufactured meat, it includes meat color, meat structure, hardness, marbling, water holding capacity and so on.The physical characteristics of mutton quality determines the consumer acceptability of meat and there is a close relationship between chemical composition of mutton quality and nutrient substance.With the improvement of living standards, consumers are increasingly high demand for mutton.From quantitative to qualitative change, we need to continuously improve mutton quality.At present, the production of high quality animal products has become a hot topic.This paper is a summary of the effects of breed, gender, age, environment and feed nutrition on mutton quality, and aims to provide a scientific basis for improving of mutton quality with nutritional regulation measures.     

Route of nutrient delivery

Nutritional intervention early in the course of critical illness in humans and animals can have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Enteral delivery of nutrients is less technically demanding, more physiologic, and less expensive than parenteral nutrition. Furthermore, as complete bowel rest during critical illness can be associated with detrimental intestinal structural and functional changes ultimately resulting in bacterial translocation from the gut, direct delivery of nutrients to the gastrointestinal tract is preferred in patients with sufficient gastrointestinal function to allow digestion and absorption of nutrients. Once the decision to "feed the gut" has been established, there are several routes of enteral nutrient delivery available. A sound knowledge of gastrointestinal function, anticipated duration of enteral support, and co-moribund conditions will help the clinician tailor a plan of nutrient delivery that optimally meets each patient's needs. This article will review available routes of nutrient delivery to the gastrointestinal tract, and discuss indications and contraindications for each.     

Nutrient–drug interactions in nutritional support

Abstract Objective: To review the types and potential consequences of diet/nutrient–drug interactions that can occur in patients receiving nutritional support. Data sources: A literature review was performed using Ovid multi‐database searching including Medline, Agricola and Biosis. Summary: Although very little information is currently available that pertains specifically to veterinary patients, we know from the human experience that food intake and diet composition can affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, efficacy and toxicity of a drug. Conversely, certain drugs can alter the absorption of nutrients when administered in conjunction with food or act to antagonize nutrient metabolism or function. The different ways that incompatibility can arise between food or nutrients and drugs in patients receiving nutritional support and strategies for avoiding these problems are discussed. Conclusions: The consequences of diet/nutrient–drug interactions include decreased tolerance of nutritional support, loss of feeding access, decreased drug efficacy, nutrient malabsorption or malassimilation, and risk of drug overdosage. Therefore, when patients receiving nutritional support experience these types of complications, a review of the diet, route of nutritional support, drugs, and timing of feeding and medication administration are indicated.     

A conceptual approach to optimal nutrition of brood mares

Cumulative nutritional demands on good brood mares are unrivalled among domestic livestock, but little attention has been given to the influence of nutrition on their reproductive performance and efficiency. We suggest that part of the decline in racing performance of progeny of mares over 10 years of age may be caused by suboptimal nutrition. This article contrasts the concepts of minimal and optimal nutrient requirements, revives Hammond's concept of nutrient partitioning to the conceptus and mammary gland, and discusses energy and nutrient requirements during gestation and lactation. Further consideration is given to the aged brood mare.