农业水利调配问题研究

针对农业水利调配过程中存在的问题,提出了一种费用最小的水利调配方法。     

水利土方工程机械化施工的常见问题

本文从水利土方工程机械化施工中的常见问题出发。提出了施工机械调配不当、施工工序不合理下对应的预防措施,为水利土方工程机械化施工提供了一定的参考。     

水利灌溉水资源调配过程中的问题和解决对策

农业生产离不开水利灌溉,我国的水资源分布不均匀,不同区域间水资源需求程度也有着很大的差异,将水量相对丰富甚至过剩区域的水资源调配到水资源缺乏地区,是充分提高水资源利用率,缓解相对干旱地区农业灌溉压力,满足不同区域水利灌溉需求的有效措施。但在我国水利灌溉水资源调配的过程中人存在着一些问题,一定程度上制约了我国农业经济的发展,需要采取有效措施予以解决。     

水利技术创新促进水利管理能力提高

在近代人类社会发展过程中,水利工程建设给经济社会发展做出了重要贡献。水利工程对农业生产、居民生活、水资源调配、防洪防涝等事业都有重要意义,社会对水利技术创新及水利管理水平都提出了更高要求。该文分析了当前水利管理的现状和存在的不足,提出了要不断引进新兴技术,完善城市排水系统,加强水利组织管理等相关创新措施,进一步提升水利管理能力,推动水利事业可持续发展。     

浅谈加大节水改造建设与水资源的可持续性发展

近年来,随着国家对农业发展的重视,各地的小型水利农田工程取得了可喜的进展,小型水利工程建设的目的就是为了农业增产、增收,节约水资源。改造小型水利农田工程是水资源的科学调配及可持续发展的决定因素。     

从西南旱灾看农田水利建设存在的问题

水利是农业生产的命脉。西南地区罕见的旱灾,再次敲响了我国农村水利设施严重滞后的警钟。严峻的旱情警示我们,惟有继续加强农田水利基础设施建设,加大农田水利设施的资金投入,建立大、中、小、微水利设施相结合的体系,科学调配水资源,才能改变农业＂靠天吃饭＂的状况,加快推进传统农业向现代农业转变。     

浅析水利灌溉水资源调配过程中存在的问题及对策

水利灌溉是为土壤肥力下降而定制的,节约水资源的一种新型灌溉方式。能够有效改善土质和节水。本文以新疆哈萨克斯坦自治州为例,从水资源供需平衡、水资源工程调配体系、水资源调配机制和水资源使用方面,分析哈萨克自治州水资源调配存在的问题,并提出有针对性的可实施的解决方案:编制分配方案;优化工程体系;完善科学研究;推进法规建设;推行节约使用。     

农田水利基础设施常见病害的处理

农业是我国的基础产业构成,农业经济发展关系着整个国民经济收入水平的高低。新农村建设方案提出之后,国家对农田水利设施工程给予了足够的资金支撑,以初步完善了农田种植活动中的灌溉需求。随着农业生产规模的逐渐扩大,早期建成的一批水利设施出现了诸多病害问题。水利病害不仅降低了水资源调配运输的效率,也影响了农田作物正常的生长状态。针对这一点,本文根据南疆地区农业发展现状,分析了农田水利基础设施常见病害的处理方法。     

水利工程档案管理信息化建设思考

正在水利事业飞速发展的过程中,水利档案管理有着非常重要的意义。由于水利工程档案能对工程的详细状况进行充分体现,可见水利工程档案管理的重要性。所以,笔者根据信息化社会的发展态势,结合新疆哈密市水利水电管理站的水利工程档案管理,给出了相应的管理方案。1水利工程与水利工程档案水资源、水土保持、围垦、供水、发电、灌溉、除涝、防洪等及其附属工程都属于水利工程,包括修复、改建、加固、扩建、新建工程等,能对地下水与地表水进行有效的调配与管     

水利工程施工管理的质量问题

正水利工程是国家的基础产业设施,具有抵抗洪水,合理调配水资源和改善水质的作用,建设水利工程符合可持续发展的理念,利国利民。近年来,我国水利工程建设取得了举世瞩目的成绩,一批大型水电站等水利设施的建成给国家带来了巨大的经济效益和社会效应,但是我国水利工程施工缺乏有效的质量控制。本研究主要从监督责任制度和工程立项两个方面分析了我国水利工程管理存在的问题并给出了相关建议,对我国水利施工管理工作具有一定指导作用。     

作物调整对宁夏唐徕渠水量调度的影响及对策

为适应宁夏引黄灌区作物种植结构调整的新形势变化，唐徕渠在灌溉调度中摸索经验，总结提出了提前放水，积极促灌；集中水权，上下协调，解决难点，优化调度；井（沟）渠结合，联合调度；积极应对，防汛保灌等做好水量调度的对策措施。     

配水计划在灌溉管理工作中的应用

配水计划是根据灌区灌溉面积、种植结构和渠道状况而制定的灌区供水日程安排表.合理编制配水计划对灌区灌溉调度运行管理具有重要意义.     

Computerize Real-time Irrigation Scheduling Under Limited Water Supply

Anumberofirrigationschedulingtechniquesandprogramshavebeendevelopedwhichutilizereal-timeestimatesofET.OptimizationofirrigationmanagementstrategiesisoftendeterminedwithsimulationmodelusinghistroricalmeteorologicaldatasetsforestimatingdailyET.AdvancesinETincludedanumberofpapersdescribedtheuseofETdataforirri-gationschedu1ing.Mostoftheseproceduresusedawaterbudgetingtechniqueforpredictingirrigationtimeandamountformeetingcropwaterrequirements.Oneofthemajorinputstoawaterbudgetistheestimationofdai…     

农业灌溉用水量的LS-SVM预测模型研究

农业灌溉用水量预报是灌区制定水资源调度计划、合理高效分配水量的科学依据。针对灌溉用水量影响因素复杂非线性的特点,鉴于支持向量机算法的诸多优势,建立了基于最小二乘支持向量机的灌溉用水量预测模型,将该模型用于塔河流域T灌区灌溉用水量预测,并与人工神经网络方法预报结果比较,表明该方法具有泛化能力强、误差小等特点。     

渗灌对保护地土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

通过保护地番茄栽培试验,研究渗灌及不同灌水控制下限101、62、54、0和63 kPa处理对0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40和40~60cm 5个土层脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:渗灌及其灌水控制下限能显著影响土壤中脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。渗灌灌水能促进脲酶活性的提高,灌水控制下限较高时,灌水处理后各土层脲酶活性较高,有利于为作物的生长提供充足的氮素营养。过氧化氢酶活性的变化与灌水和土壤水分状态密切相关,灌水控制下限较低时,灌水处理后各土层过氧化氢酶活性较高,频繁少量的灌水能促进各土层过氧化氢酶活性的不断提高。     

自适应人工蚁群算法在水资源优化配置中的应用

为实现水资源合理调度,建立了水资源优化配置模型,针对该非线性模型求解较困难及其他方法求解精度不高的问题,提出了自适应人工蚁群算法(AACS)。以闻喜涑水灌区和陈村灌区水资源优化配置为实例,对涑水河陈村峪水库、紫家峪水库和杨家园水库给灌区供水调度进行优化,采用AACS法求解灌区水资源优化配置模型。结果表明:该模型可真实地反映灌区供需水平衡变化的总体趋势,所建模型是合理的,为判断时间序列数据的非线性提供了一种新方法。     

喷灌冬小麦耗水与棵间蒸发试验

 【目的】研究喷灌条件下冬小麦的耗水规律,指导田间灌溉实践。【方法】在北京地区2005－2008年3个冬小麦生长季节,开展不同喷灌水量条件下土壤水分分布、冬小麦耗水和棵间蒸发特性的试验研究,并分析影响棵间蒸发的主要因素。【结果】喷灌条件下,0～40 cm土层土壤的含水量受灌溉水量影响较明显,耗水量随着灌水量增加而增加。返青至收获期,冬小麦棵间蒸发为耗水量的25%左右,棵间蒸发随着灌水量的增大而增大,但棵间累积蒸发与作物耗水量之比随之而下降。【结论】适当加大灌水定额,减少灌溉次数,可在一定程度上抑制土壤的无效蒸发,提高灌溉水的利用率。     

Experimental Investigation of Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is one of the typical irrigation technologies used for the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. To evaluate the evapotranspiration （ET） of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation in Beijing area, field experiments were conducted in growing seasons through 2005-2008, in the experimental station located in Tongzhou County, Beijing, China, with different irrigation depths. Results indicated that a relatively large variation of soil water content occurred within 0-40 cm soil layer. The seasonal ET of winter wheat generally increased with increasing irrigation amount, while the seasonal usage of soil water had a negative relationship with irrigation amount. Soil evaporation （Es） was about 25% of winter wheat ET during the period from reviving to maturity. Es increased while Es/ET decreased with increasing irrigation amount. Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with relatively large irrigation quota and low irrigation frequency can reduce Es and promote the irrigation water use efficiency.     

Parameters for Use of BEWAB＋ Programme to Schedule Irrigation of Pea （Pisum sativum L,）

A large portion of irrigation farmers make use of subjective （intuition） irrigation scheduling methods as supposed to objective or scientific irrigation scheduling methods, which need to be changed. The BEsproeiingsWAterbestuursprogram （BEWAB＋） irrigation scheduling programme is based on the water balance equation and needs： （1） a crop production function; （2） a relative consumptive water demand curve and （3） an allowable depletion subroutine. The objective of this paper was to describe research aimed at obtaining information on （1） and （2） for pea and also to describe the effect of water application on yield and water use of pea. BEWAB＋ uses this information to estimate the daily irrigation water requirements for a particular soil-crop-atmosphere system under irrigation. A field experiment, based on published line-source irrigation methodology, was conducted on a 3 m deep loamy fine sand Bainsvlei or Ustic Quartzipsamment soil near Bloemfontein （26°08′S; 29°01′E） in South Africa. Results showed that there is a linear relationship of the form Ys = 8.07ET - 249 （r2 = 0.91）, where Ys is the seed yield of pea （kg/ha） and ET is evapotranspiration for the growing season （mm）. The relative consumptive water demand curve is represented by the following third order polynomial function that describes the relationship between time and relative ET for a pea growing season of 120 days： ETrelx = 0.09419646 - 0.01302413x ＋ 0.00059008x2 - 0.00000371x3. ETrelz denotes relative ET and x denotes time in days. A workable balance between practical problem solving and advanced irrigation science has been established with BEWAB＋. Pre-plant irrigation schedules can be made for semi-arid areas with the BEWAB＋ programme using easily obtainable inputs, like target yield, soil depth and soil particle size distribution information.     

Prediction of plant water status in almond and walnut trees using a continuous leaf monitoring system

Persistent drought conditions in the Central valley of California demands efficient irrigation scheduling tools such as precision or variable rate irrigation (VRI). To assist VRI scheduling, an experiment was conducted in almond and walnut orchards using a sensor system called ‘leaf monitor’, which was developed at UC Davis to detect plant water status. A Modified Crop Water Stress Index (MCWSI) was calculated to quantify plant water status using leaf temperature and environmental data collected by the leaf monitor. This technique also took into account spatio-temporal variability of plant water status. Stem water potential (SWP), which is considered a standard method for determining plant water stress (PWS), was also measured simultaneously. Relationships between measured deficit stem water potential (DSWP), which is the difference between SWP and the saturated baseline, and MCWSI were developed for both crops based on data collected during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. A linear relationship was found in the case of walnut crop with a coefficient of determination (r²) value of 0.67. A quadratic relationship was found in the case of almonds with a coefficient of multiple determination (R²) value of 0.75. Moreover, these results highlighted that at lower PWS of below 0.5 MPa of DSWP, almonds crops did not show any decrease in transpiration rate. However, when the stress level exceeded 0.5 MPa of DSWP, transpiration rate tended to decrease. On the other hand, walnut crop showed decrease in transpiration rate even at low PWS of below 0.5 MPa of DSWP. Temporal variability was noticed in PWS as it was found that coefficients of saturation baseline used for MCWSI method changed significantly throughout the season. MCWSI values estimated before an irrigation event was used to calculate the irrigation amount for low frequency variable rate irrigation (VRI) based on the relationship found between MCWSI and DSWP, and VRI led to an average 39% reduction in water usage as compared to the fixed 100% ET replacement irrigation method for all trees. Based on the results, leaf monitor showed potential for use as an irrigation scheduling tool.