红毛草(Rhynchelytrum repens)入侵特性、地理分布和风险评估

红毛草是一种外来植物,原产于南非,主要分布于非洲、美洲、亚洲、澳大利亚及部分岛屿,在我国,主要分布于福建、广东、广西、海南及台湾等地区。通过对文献、资料的整理,在了解红毛草生物学、生态学特性、地域分布以及生境类型的基础上,采用中欧风险评估体系(WG-WRA)和澳大利亚(或新西兰)杂草风险评估体系(WRA)对红毛草进行入侵风险评估。结果表明,红毛草繁殖能力强(种子产量大、发芽率高)且具有良好的生态适应性和环境抗逆性,在我国5个省(区、市)19个市均有分布,并呈不断扩大的趋势。2个风险评估体系对红毛草入侵我国北方地区的分值分别为13、14分,属于低风险入侵植物;但是,对于南方地区的入侵分值都为29分,属于高风险外来入侵植物,一旦入侵成功则会威胁到当地的生态安全和生物多样性。因此,在对红毛草引种和应用时,必须加强管理和监测,并做好相应的防控工作。     

外来入侵植物斑地锦生物学特性及危害特点研究

斑地锦原生长于北美洲,后归化于欧亚大陆,我国长江流域及江南等地均有发生.近年来又在湖南、陕西等地发现.斑地锦以种子繁殖,繁殖系数非常大.斑地锦入侵城市草坪后常形成单优群落,降低物种多样性,破坏景观的自然性和完整性.进入农田和果园后,将影响产量和品质.斑地锦全株有毒,能诱发人体细胞组织癌变.对斑地锦的防除可采取人工铲除、释放天敌、种植替代植物、喷洒除草剂等方法.     

入侵植物薇甘菊入侵广西壮族自治区的风险评估

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)是世界上最具危害性的恶性杂草之一,目前在广西壮族自治区的东南部已发现薇甘菊的分布,并产生了严重的危害。根据薇甘菊生物学特性、潜在风险性及管理控制的难度等,评估其在广西壮族自治区的传播、定植、扩散的风险性,分析其潜在危害,并初步建立薇甘菊入侵广西壮族自治区的风险评估体系。根据评估体系对薇甘菊的综合评价结果可知,薇甘菊传入广西壮族自治区的总风险值为83.5分(满分100分),属于入侵风险极高的入侵植物。     

半湿润区斑地锦入侵后马铃薯的光合响应

试验以无斑地锦入侵条件为对照,研究半湿润区斑地锦入侵对马铃薯叶片光合色素含量、PSⅡ荧光特性和吸收光能分配的影响.结果表明,斑地锦入侵后,马铃薯叶片5-氨基乙酰丙酸、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产率Fv’/Fm’、光化学量子效率ΦPSⅡ、表观光合电子传递速率ET...     

广西3种新记录归化植物及其生态风险评估

报道广西3种新记录归化植物,即水蕴草[Elodea densa(Planchon) Caspary]、大含羞草(Mimosa pigra L.)和巴拉草[Brachiaria mutica(Forsk.) Stapf],且水蕴草所隶属的水蕴藻属(Elodea)为广西首次记录。介绍了3种详细的分类学特征、分布及传入与扩散,并提供彩色照片以供识别。此外,评估了这3种新记录归化植物的入侵风险,评价了其对广西湿地生态系统的潜在威胁,以期为这些归化植物的预防和控制提供相应的决策依据。     

云南外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系的建立

以国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPMs)为依据,通过对云南外来有害生物入侵现状的分析,总结国内外在有害生物风险分析中的研究成果,建立云南外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系。该体系中的目标层(R值)包含了5个准则层(Pi),其下级为指标层(Pij),由17个多指标因子组成,并根据各层次之间的相互关系建立数学模型。R值的分值范围在0和3之间,并对其进行4个等级分级:0.5(不包含)以下为低度风险,0.5~1.5(不包含)为中度风险,1.5~2.5(不包含)为高度风险,2.5以上为极高风险,以此为据确定云南入侵有害生物风险等级。     

中国新归化大戟科植物--头序巴豆

本文报道了大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)巴豆属的植物头序巴豆(Croton capitatus)在中国的首次入侵纪录,及该种的形态特征、地理分布、生物学特征、入侵危害和防治措施,澄清了关于密毛巴豆(Croton lindheimeri)在中国归化的错误,以期为外来入侵植物的鉴定及防控提供借鉴。     

世界性害虫番茄潜麦蛾入侵我国的风险分析

为评估原产于南美洲的世界性毁灭害虫——番茄潜麦蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)入侵我国的可能性和风险,应用有害生物风险分析方法对其进行风险评估,即对番茄潜麦蛾的不同入侵阶段风险进行定性分析,并应用多指标综合评价方法,从其国内外的发生现状、潜在的经济危害性、受害作物的经济重要性、入侵我国的可能性以及风险管理的难度等方面进行入侵风险的半定量分析。结果表明,番茄潜麦蛾虽然目前在我国还没有分布,但在我国大部分番茄产区都可以存活和定殖,是一种具有高度潜在威胁的有害生物;其入侵我国的风险评估值R为2.64,属于极高风险性农业有害生物。故此建议将其增补列入《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》,在新疆、云南、广西等边境省区开展预防性监测,并加强对该种害虫的检验检疫力度,严防其传入我国。     

棕色矢车菊在我国的适生区预测与入侵风险评估

棕色矢车菊是原产欧洲的恶性杂草,近年来我国从进口粮谷中截获其种子。为了评估棕色矢车菊入侵我国的潜在适生区及入侵风险,我们首先采用MaxEnt生态位模型预测该杂草在我国的适生区;其次,采用层次分析法构建其入侵的综合风险评估指标体系,定量评估入侵我国的综合风险。结果表明棕色矢车菊在我国的适生区广泛,综合风险值为0.85,属高风险等级。建议加强进境检疫管理,尽快开展系统监测并构建早期监测预警网络。     

基于种子发芽率评估长芒苋在我国不同纬度地区的入侵风险

外来入侵植物长芒苋Amaranthus palmeri已经传入我国多个地区,定量评估其入侵风险对制定高效防控措施具有重要意义。外来植物入侵风险应该是由传入后能发芽并完成生活史的繁殖体如种子的量决定的,但已开展的适生区预测等风险评估通常忽略了该因素。基于此,本研究先通过同质园试验, 比较了采自我国不同纬度的11个长芒苋种群与来自原产地美国种群的种子发芽率,分析了种群间发芽率的差异及其与纬度的相关性;然后,通过一年内连续多次在不同纬度地区的交互种植试验,分析了不同纬度种群间种子的发芽率和完成生活史的入侵窗口期差异,并判断是否发生了本地适应;最后,根据发芽率和入侵窗口期评估了长芒苋在我国不同纬度地区的入侵风险。同质园试验表明,种子发芽率与种群所处纬度显著正相关(P<0.05),发芽率随纬度升高而增高。交互种植试验表明,不同种群发芽率的差异是由于本地适应导致的,长芒苋在我国的入侵窗口期随纬度升高而缩短。基于不同种群种子发芽率和入侵窗口期的纬度差异,我们判断长芒苋在我国中低纬度至中高纬度区域内入侵风险较高,应该重点防控。长芒苋在高纬度和低纬度地区的入侵风险相对较低。但长芒苋种子萌发的本地适应可能会增加其在高、低纬度地区的入侵风险。因此,亟须加强对已传入种群的监测预警与早期防控力度,抑制其繁殖增长和进一步的扩散蔓延。     

Invasion status and risk assessment for Salvia tiliifolia,a recently recognised introduction to China

This study corrected the misidentification of an alien species, Salvia tiliifolia, which had been incorrectly identified as S. dugesii (a synonym of S. melissodora) in China. The distribution of S. tiliifolia in China was surveyed and it was inferred that it was probably introduced into Kunming, Yunnan in the 1990s and then spread to adjacent counties of Yunnan and south‐western Sichuan Province. The Australian weed risk assessment (WRA) was used to evaluate its invasive status. To determine the validity of Australian WRA in China, another 25 exotics representing casual alien plants, naturalised plants and invasive plants were tested. The Australian WRA was validated as a legitimate approach in China. Salvia tiliifolia scored 14, falling into the category of invasive plants. While the distribution of S. tiliifolia is currently restricted to Yunnan and a small part of Sichuan and the species has not displayed an adverse impact on local environments yet, the WRA results indicated that the species was a high risk plant. It was recommended that local land managers should monitor this species and take measures to stop its continuing expansion or eradicate it if possible.     

塔里木河流域下游植被生态风险遥感定量评估

近年来,生态风险评估已被人们所重视,但到目前为止,生态风险评估还没有一套完整的方法体系。以我国最大的内陆河——塔里木河下游为研究区,将遥感、地理信息系统等技术手段与模糊数学方法相结合,根据ERA框架和层次分析思想建立塔里木河下游植被的生态风险评估指标,运用模糊综合评判的方法进行塔里木河下游植被生态风险的遥感定量评估,并在评估结果的基础上进行可视化分析。结果表明:在流域生态风险评估缺乏有效的定量评估方法的情况下,Fuzzy集合论与AHP方法结合的模糊综合评判方法是可行的,具有较高的科学性;运用遥感、地理信息系统(GIS)等技术手段,实现了评估结果的定性、定量和可视化。     

Outbreak of a new alien invasive plant Salvia reflexa in north‐east China

The establishment of invasive species is widely recognised as a pivotal issue in the preservation of biodiversity. Salvia reflexa, a species native to the south‐central United States and Mexico, has been widely introduced in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. In China, the first population of this plant was found growing adjacent to a grain depot in Shahai village, Jianping County, Liaoning Province, on 25 July 2007. Since the grain depot imported foodstuffs from regions where the plant is native, we infer that S. reflexa was introduced into China via imported foodstuff in the early to mid‐2000s. Based on field observations, at least seven populations of this plant were observed in north‐east China. The plants displayed vigorous growth in midsummer and produced prolific seeds to overcome the cold environment in winter. Salvia reflexa occurred in both dense monocultures and in mixed stands with native plants. In order to validate a system for recognising and categorising non‐native plants in China, the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system was used to assess the invasiveness status of 19 exotic and 16 native plants in north‐east China. Salvia reflexa exhibited a high score of 10, suggesting it is a potentially pernicious alien invasive plant. Although the current distribution of S. reflexa is restricted to Liaoning province and thus far has limited impact on local environments, local regulatory authorities should pay close attention to this plant and take measures to stop its expansion. This is the first time that an invasive plant from the Lamiaceae (mint family) has been documented from cold environments in China.     

有害生物风险分析定量评估模型及其比较

全球化的进程使有害生物入侵问题日益严重,植物检疫工作备受重视。有害生物风险分析(pest risk analysis,PRA)是植物检疫的支撑技术之一,风险评估是其核心内容,定量评估模型的研究与应用成为近30年来该领域的热点。本文在收集、整理国内外PRA文献和相关信息的基础上,针对有害生物入侵风险半定量评估模型、定量评估模型及软件的发展进行了系统性的回顾和分析。同时,我们比较了主要模型和软件的特点、优势和局限性,归纳总结出了适用于不同起点的有害生物定量风险评估集成技术体系,并展望了我国有害生物风险分析技术的未来发展。本综述能够为我国生物入侵防控管理机构、推广部门、高等院校及科研单位提供重要的工作参考,对植物检疫工作具有理论和实践意义。     

中国人群的2,4-滴膳食暴露风险评估

2,4-滴（2,4-D）是广泛使用的阔叶杂草除草剂,同时还是常用的植物生长调节剂及部分水果的防腐保鲜剂。为全面评估中国人群的2,4-滴膳食暴露风险,文章采用点评估方法,对农业部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室（杭州）采自全国范围内的554批次蔬菜、1 018批次水果和102批次粮食产品进行了急性和慢性膳食暴露风险评估。监测结果表明:2,4-滴的残留量总体很低（0.005~0.037 mg/kg）,检出率由高到低排序依次为樱桃（9.5%）、番茄（9.0%）、辣椒（6.2%）、芒果（4.1%）、柑橘（3.3%）、黄瓜（3.3%）和杨梅（2.3%）,其中草莓、猕猴桃、葡萄、茄子、大豆、小麦和玉米中均为未检出。各类人群对2,4-滴的多来源慢性膳食暴露风险商（RQc）为1.2%~2.1%,其急性膳食暴露风险商（RQa）为0.001 6%~0.29%,表明各类农产品中2,4-滴的急性与慢性膳食暴露风险均非常低,远低于其可接受水平,尚未达到健康关注水平。     

松材线虫对江西林业和生态环境影响的评估及风险管理

以有害生物风险分析(Pest Risk Analysis,简称PRA)原理为依据,对松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)对江西林业生态环境的影响进行风险评估,认为松材线虫在江西符合检疫性有害生物的地理分布管理标准.江西具备松材线虫生存及蔓延扩散的寄主植物、传播媒介和环境条件.松材线虫随松类植物及产品的调运从境外传入江西后具有蔓延扩散并暴发成灾的潜在风险,对江西林业生产和生态环境及风景名胜区构成了严重威胁.为此,提出了降低松材线虫病风险的管理措施,供江西有关林业部门参考.     

Comparing ecological risks of pesticides: the utility of a Risk Quotient ranking approach across refinements of exposure

Environmental risk assessment of pesticides and other chemicals often uses the Risk Quotient (RQ) method to characterize risk quantitatively. An RQ is calculated by dividing an environmental exposure value by a toxicity end-point value. Tier 1 RQs, which are characterized by highly conservative toxicity and exposure assumptions, are used primarily for screening out negligible risks in regulatory decision making. It has been argued that the tier 1 RQ approach is valuable for making direct comparisons of quantitative risk between pesticides. However, an outstanding question is whether relative risks among pesticides would change if refinements of exposure are incorporated into the RQ calculations. This study tested that hypothesis. Aquatic ecological risk assessments were conducted for 12 herbicide and 12 insecticide active ingredients used on agricultural crops in the USA. The pesticides were chosen because surface-water monitoring data for them were available as part of the United States Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). Ecological receptors and effects evaluated were aquatic non-vascular plants (acute risk), aquatic vertebrates (acute risk) and aquatic invertebrates (acute risk) for the herbicides and aquatic vertebrates (acute and chronic risk) and aquatic invertebrates (acute and chronic risk) for the insecticides. The data indicate that there were significant statistical correlations between numerical rankings of tier 1 RQs and RQs using refined environmental exposures. The results support the hypothesis that numerical ranking of RQs for the purpose of comparing potential ecological risks is a valid approach because the rankings are significantly correlated regardless of the degree of exposure refinement.     

输华马铃薯上哥伦比亚根结线虫风险分析

依据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险分析程序(PRAS),利用多指标综合评估方法,通过对哥伦比亚根结线虫(Meloidogyne chitwoodi)的生物学特性、地理分布、寄主、经济意义和危害性等方面进行分析,结合我国进口马铃薯种薯和马铃薯种植情况,确定了其在中国具有传入、定殖和扩散的可能性,对各指标值进行赋值运算,获得总指标值R为2.25,符合高风险的检疫性有害生物标准,因此建议将其列入输华马铃薯检疫性有害生物名单,实施风险管理。本文提出了风险管理措施方案。     

Guidance for the assessment of risks to bees from the use of plant protection products under the framework of Council Directive 91/414 and Regulation 1107/2009

About 15 years have passed since the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC and the regulatory framework with regard to pesticide use and environmental protection aims, as well as the plant protection techniques involving pesticides, have evolved over this period. In the case of honey bees, further developments and updates with regards to larval testing have been undertaken. Experimental protocols for semi‐field and field testing have been reviewed in detail. Finally, a dedicated risk assessment scheme has been developed for seed coating and soil applications that involve systemic compounds. A revision of the original EPPO Standards: the Risk Assessment Scheme PP 3/10(2) Honeybees and the test guidelines PP1/170 (3) Side‐effects on honeybees has thus been undertaken in order to benefit from these improvements. This paper aims to provide the details of the reasoning on which the revised risk assessment scheme relies as well as providing the necessary references to the data which have been reviewed in the context of this revision.