橡胶树白粉病拮抗放线菌的筛选及田间防效评价

为筛选对橡胶树白粉病菌具有拮抗作用的生防放线菌, 本研究从云南省主要植胶区橡胶树根际土壤中分离放线菌, 以橡胶树主要病害病原菌为靶标菌, 采用平板对峙培养法初步筛选出1株抑菌效果良好的放线菌菌株, 命名为DL5C, 其对橡胶树尖孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum acutatum、胶孢炭疽菌C.gloeosporioides、橡胶树白根病病菌Rigidoporus lignosus、橡胶树褐根病病菌Phellinus noxius的抑菌率分别为58.35%、60.97%、60.03%、74.00%;DL5C菌株发酵滤液对橡胶树白粉病菌Oidium heveae孢子萌发的抑制率达72.40%;田间试验结果表明, 处理7 d后, DL5C菌株发酵液对橡胶树白粉病的相对防效为80.93%。通过菌株形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列分析, 放线菌菌株DL5C被鉴定为不吸水链霉菌Streptomyces ahygroscopicus。     

胶孢炭疽菌生防放线菌gz-8的鉴定及生物活性初步评价

从山东省临沂地区土壤中分离到一株放线菌gz-8,发现其对胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides具有较强的抑制作用,皿内抑菌活性达72.5%。通过形态特征和生理生化测定,结合16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为栗褐链霉菌Streptomyces badius。抗菌谱测定结果表明,菌株gz-8对6种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑菌活性,抗菌谱较广。进一步对菌株gz-8的粗提物进行了生物活性评价,发现其发酵液粗提物可以明显抑制胶孢炭疽菌的菌丝生长（EC50=3.18 μg/mL）和分生孢子萌发（IC50=1.92 μg/mL）,且活性明显高于菌体粗提物;同时发酵液粗提物具有良好的热稳定性及pH稳定性;1 000 mg/L的发酵液粗提物对感染胶孢炭疽病芒果果实的防效达到35.94%,与同浓度下百菌清的防效（34.11%）无显著差异。     

拟康宁木霉T-51菌株发酵液对灰葡萄孢的抑菌活性

拟康宁木霉菌株T-51是从土壤中分离得到的一株优秀生防菌株,在前期的研究与应用中表现出对番茄灰霉病的良好防效。本文研究了T-51菌株的PDB发酵液对灰葡萄孢的抑菌活性,结果表明T-51发酵液在0.5%的低浓度下的抑菌率达到52.1%,与高浓度(10%)发酵液的抑菌率(59.7%)没有显著差异。当发酵液浓度下降为0.05%时失去抑菌活性。T-51摇培至第5天时的发酵液的抑菌活性稳定。T-51发酵液中的抑菌物质对高温不敏感,沸水浴处理10 min后抑菌活性没有明显降低。T-51发酵液pH为3.3,呈酸性,当调节pH至7时,发酵液抑菌活性从57.89%下降到46.61%。T-51发酵液能够显著抑制灰葡萄孢侵染番茄叶片后产生的病斑大小,接种后叶片病斑直径比对照减小53.9%。     

建兰炭疽病拮抗放线菌的筛选及防治效果

为筛选获得对建兰炭疽病菌胶孢炭疽菌具有良好抑菌效果的放线菌,以野生山地兰花表层土壤为分离样本,从土壤样品中分离获得25株放线菌,初筛出6株对建兰炭疽病菌胶孢炭疽菌具有明显抑制作用的菌株,其中菌株SVFJ-07的抑菌效果最好,抑菌率达83.64%。经形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,确认菌株SVFJ-07为酒红链霉菌。该菌对多种真菌具有良好的抑菌效果。对建兰炭疽病的室内防效为70.06%,田间防效66.27%～68.54%。可见,酒红链霉菌SVFJ-07对建兰炭疽病菌胶孢炭疽菌具有较好的拮抗作用,生防应用前景良好。     

链霉菌ZZSP-7的鉴定及其对草莓炭疽病的防效

为获得草莓炭疽病菌胶孢炭疽菌的优良拮抗菌,以草莓种植基地的土壤为拮抗菌来源,通过室内测定不同分离物对草莓炭疽病菌的抑菌活性,筛选抑菌率最高的菌株,在此基础上对所筛菌株进行分类鉴定,并评价其抑菌谱和防效。结果表明,从土壤中分离获得42株拮抗菌,筛选出5株对胶孢炭疽菌具有明显抑制作用的菌株。其中,菌株ZZSP-7的抑菌作用最强,5 d后的抑菌带宽达17.6 mm。经形态、生理生化及16S rDNA基因系统发育分析,确认菌株ZZSP-7为链霉菌Streptomyces sp.。菌株ZZSP-7抑菌谱广,对多种植物病原菌均具有良好的抑菌效果。盆栽试验结果表明,在盆栽中菌株ZZSP-7对“红颜”和“甜查理”两个品种草莓炭疽病菌的防效分别为78.64%和82.81%,具有进一步开发和利用的前景。     

棘孢木霉菌鉴定及其对花生白绢病生防机制的研究

为了利用生防菌有效防控花生白绢病Sclerotium rolfsii,本研究采用稀释培养法从花生根际土中分离木霉菌,采用平板对峙法和盆栽试验筛选对花生白绢病具有高效生防效果的菌株并测定其生防机制,通过形态学、分子生物学技术和环境因子对发育的影响确定生防菌株的分类地位及生物学特性。结果表明,从分离的132株木霉菌中筛选出1株对齐整小核菌S.rolfsii具有高效抑菌效果的菌株GH-20,抑菌率达89.93%,将其鉴定为棘孢木霉菌Trichodermaasperellum。对峙培养时,菌株GH-20对齐整小核菌的拮抗指数达Ⅰ级,当其菌落覆盖病原菌菌落后,其菌丝缠绕和侵入病原菌菌丝,并使病原菌菌丝体逐渐消解、减少,导致病原菌不能产生菌核;菌株GH-20产生的挥发性代谢产物（volatile gas,VOG）和非挥发性代谢产物（non-VOG）对病原菌的抑菌率分别为59.95%和79.49%。盆栽试验结果表明,同时接种菌株GH-20和齐整小核菌对花生白绢病生防效果最好,为79.64%。另外,该菌株具有在以果糖为碳源,以酵母膏为氮源和pH7的条件下生长发育较好,光照有利于生长而光暗交替有利于孢子...     

苹果炭疽病病原菌ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化及遗传多样性分析

为了从分子水平探讨苹果炭疽病病原菌的群体遗传多样性,采用L16 (45)正交设计对ISSRPCR反应体系中的Mg2浓度、dNTP浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶用量、引物浓度和DNA含量进行优化,并利用优化的体系进行引物筛选及苹果炭疽病菌遗传多样性分析.确立最优反应体系为2.0mmol/L Mg2+、0.2 mmol/L dNTP、2UTaqDNA聚合酶、1μmol/L引物和DNA 100 ng.筛选获得的10条引物对供试菌株共扩增出42条谱带,均为多态性条带.供试菌株在相似系数0.50处分为2个类群,分别与根据形态学鉴定的胶孢刺盘孢Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和尖孢刺盘孢C.acutatum 2个类群相一致,在相似系数0.74处,分为4个亚群,表明苹果炭疽病菌存在明显的种间及种内遗传分化.     

胶孢炭疽菌及两种疫霉菌对苯酰菌胺的敏感性与

选择对多菌灵、乙霉威和苯酰菌胺具有不同敏感性的胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、辣椒疫霉菌Phytophthora capsici及恶疫霉菌P. cactorum,分析其β-微管蛋白氨基酸突变与敏感性的关系。结果表明,胶孢炭疽菌对苯酰菌胺、多菌灵和乙霉威的敏感性与β-微管蛋白198位或200位氨基酸突变有关：对多菌灵敏感,对苯酰菌胺和乙霉威不敏感的胶孢炭疽菌β-微管蛋白氨基酸198位为谷氨酸（E）,200位为苯丙氨酸（F）;对多菌灵已产生抗性而对苯酰菌胺和乙霉威不敏感的菌株,其氨基酸200位由苯丙氨酸（F）突变为了酪氨酸（Y）;对多菌灵高抗,对苯酰菌胺和乙霉威敏感的菌株其氨基酸198位由谷氨酸（E）突变为了丙氨酸（A）。辣椒疫霉菌和恶疫霉菌对苯酰菌胺敏感,对多菌灵和乙霉威均不敏感。检测疫霉菌菌株β-微管蛋白未发现氨基酸突变,但发现其β-微管蛋白氨基酸在196~200位与胶孢炭疽菌差异较大,这可能是导致苯酰菌胺仅对疫霉菌有抑制效果的原因。     

拮抗性链霉菌对大丽轮枝菌微菌核形成与萌发的影响

为探索拮抗性链霉菌对棉花黄萎病病原大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.的抑菌机制,采用菌丝生长速率法、微菌核萌发法研究了6株拮抗链霉菌无菌发酵滤液对大丽轮枝菌生长、微菌核形成与萌发的影响。链霉菌无菌发酵滤液对大丽轮枝菌菌落生长、菌核形成和微菌核萌发有明显抑制作用。其中菌株B49的抑菌效果最好,5倍稀释发酵液培养14天时对菌落生长的抑菌率达69.7%;菌株B49、D184和Act12的5倍稀释发酵液对微菌核形成的抑制率达100%;将经B49、D184和Act12发酵液处理后丧失形成微菌核能力的大丽轮枝菌菌株转接至不含发酵液的PDA培养基,连续传代至第5代,其仍然不能恢复形成微菌核的能力;微菌核在含有菌株D184 5倍稀释发酵液的培养基上培养168 h时,萌发率仅为38.3%。     

胶孢炭疽菌及两种疫霉菌对苯酰菌胺的敏感性与β-微管蛋白氨基酸突变的相关性分析

选择对多菌灵、乙霉威和苯酰菌胺具有不同敏感性的胶孢炭疽菌 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、辣椒疫霉菌 Phytophthora capsici 及恶疫霉菌 P.cactorum,采用菌丝生长速率抑制法及氨基酸序列比对法分析了其 β-微管蛋白氨基酸突变与敏感性的关系。结果表明,胶孢炭疽菌对苯酰菌胺、多菌灵和乙霉威的敏感性与 β-微管蛋白198位或200位氨基酸突变有关:对多菌灵敏感、对苯酰菌胺和乙霉威不敏感的胶孢炭疽菌 β-微管蛋白氨基酸198位为谷氨酸(E),200位为苯丙氨酸(F);对多菌灵已产生抗性而对苯酰菌胺和乙霉威不敏感的菌株,其 β-微管蛋白氨基酸200位由苯丙氨酸(F)突变为了酪氨酸(Y);对多菌灵高抗、对苯酰菌胺和乙霉威敏感的菌株其 β-微管蛋白氨基酸198位由谷氨酸(E)突变为了丙氨酸(A)。辣椒疫霉菌和恶疫霉菌对苯酰菌胺敏感,对多菌灵和乙霉威均不敏感。检测疫霉菌菌株 β-微管蛋白未发现氨基酸突变,但发现其 β-微管蛋白氨基酸在196~200位与胶孢炭疽菌差异较大,这可能是导致苯酰菌胺仅对疫霉菌有抑制效果的原因。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.