粤北丹霞盆地晚白垩世丹霞组锦石岩段钙质泥岩C-O同位素特征及其环境意义

丹霞山是"中国丹霞"世界自然遗产的典型代表,目前对成景地层-上白垩统丹霞组沉积环境的研究程度不高,尤其对丹霞组锦石岩段沉积环境还存在争议。文中利用沉积学和稳定同位素地球化学方法,对丹霞山丹霞组锦石岩段钙质泥岩进行研究,分析该套泥岩沉积时期的古环境和古气候。粤北丹霞盆地丹霞组锦石岩寺段钙质泥岩的δ~(13)C_(PDB)值在-3.34‰～-2.0‰之间,平均值为-2.49‰,δ~(18)O_(PDB)值在-8.9‰～-5.7‰之间,平均值为-7.28‰。盐度值Z平均为119,在中国典型湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素分布图中,样品主要投点于四川盆地侏罗系大安寨段和青藏高原北部的湖相碳酸盐岩中,预示着其可能形成于咸水-半咸水的陆相湖泊体系中。其古水温为19～34℃,平均为26℃之间。在75Ma,丹霞盆地大气CO_2浓度为1009～1436ppmv,平均为1282ppmv。丹霞盆地晚白垩世锦石岩寺段时期,具有干燥的地表沉积环境,可能与晚白垩世中期Campanian期东亚中纬度地区的干旱古气候条件相关。     

黑河下游灌丛沙丘的地球化学特征及对近代气候变化的指示意义

选择位于黑河下游地区的灌丛沙丘为研究对象,利用HC测年初步建立风沙沉积的年代序列,分析了风沙沉积物地球化学元素和粒度作为环境代用指标的气候意义,通过综合分析和区域对比,初步探讨该区域近300年来的气候环境变化.结果表明:常量元素的含量除SiO2外其他元素含量偏低.灌丛沙丘沉积至少记录了3次相对干旱期和3次相对湿润期.其中,1823年前、1905 ～ 1929年、1958 ～ 1973年期间,处于相对干旱期;而1824 ～ 1904年、1930～1957年、1974年至今,处于相对湿润期.黑河下游灌丛沙丘的气候变化对周边及全球气候变化有较好的响应,是研究近代气候变化的理想场所.     

晚更新世以来萨拉乌苏河流域主元素的地球化学特征及古环境意义

通过萨拉乌苏河流域下游酒坊台剖面较高精度的主元素氧化物及比值分析,结合测年结果,恢复了流域内晚更新世以来气候环境演化历史,指示了冰期一间冰期旋回在该区有很好的沉积响应.尤其是末次间冰期对应的萨拉乌苏组,各主要指标与深海氧同位素5阶段(MIS5)有明显的对应关系.同时,针对剖面中主元素的地球化学特征,指出古地理特征、气候条件、元素的赋存状态对流域内地球化学特征有明显影响.     

汾渭盆地全新世成壤环境演变比较研究

通过对汾渭盆地全新世土壤的野外考察以及磁化率和高分辨率CaCO3 的分析 ,揭示了该区域土壤成壤过程与气候变化关系。研究表明 ,汾渭盆地全新世的S0 地层形成于全球性的全新世气候最适宜期 ,约从 85 0 0aBP土壤开始发育 ,形成较厚的S0 层。约从 310 0aBP起始 ,气候发生变化 ,干旱和沙尘堆积形成了黄土L0 层和现代表土层。土壤剖面磁化率与CaCO3 指标反映 ,由于地带性因素存在 ,全新世汾河盆地古土壤S0 的成壤强度远远低于渭河盆地。在全新世气候最适宜期 ,两地气候和环境的差异扩大 ,而晚更新世马兰黄土堆积期间和全新世其它主要阶段 ,两地气候和环境的差异相对减小。     

太原盆地地下水系统水化学-同位素特征研究

太原盆地孔隙水与周边岩溶水、砂岩裂隙水有密切的水力联系。本文应用示踪元素均衡分析的方法对盆地地下水系统之间的转化关系进行了定量研究。结果表明,太原市区以北地区主要接受岩溶水补给,其补给量占总补给量的30%以上。盆地东侧大部分地区以裂隙水补给为主,其中文水东南至平遥一带裂隙水补给量最高,占总给量的60%以上;应用环境同位素分析方法对盆地孔隙水的起源与更新能力进行了研究分析。指出含水层埋藏深度在50m以内的浅层水,主要接受大气降水和地表水的补给,更新周期在60年以下,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在50—200m之间的为混合水,是深层古水与浅层现代水混合形成,与现代水交换比例在40%以上,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在200m以下的,为深层古水,更新能力较差。     

内蒙古萨拉乌苏河米浪沟湾MIS 5以来生态环境演变特征

通过对毛乌素沙漠南缘萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾地层中有机质含量(TOC)和饱和烃分布特征,以及沉积物中碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成的分析,讨论了该地区末次间冰期以来生态环境的演变特征和过程。MIS5阶段为森林草原环境,气候比较湿润,河流径流量较大;MIS4和MIS2阶段气候干冷,以沙漠堆积为主,但MIS2在16.9-18.4kaBP期间有一次持续大约1.5ka的古环境适宜时期,森林草原发育;MIS3阶段气候温暖湿润,森林草原环境,湖泊发育;全新世早中期总体上向干旱方向发展,湖泊动荡短暂,为较少森林的草原环境。到晚全新世以沙漠沉积为主,成为与目前生态环境相似的干草原环境。该地区的生态环境演变特征反映出主要受冬夏季风变化控制,但如果西风环流加强时期植被也相对发育。     

末次冰消期以来古猪野泽湖相地层沉积学及湖面波动历史

本文选取古猪野泽地区的青土湖剖面、西渠剖面、沙坑井剖面、九坨墚剖面作为研究对象,通过广泛野外地貌考察、剖面地层对比,作者认为古猪野泽最高湖面的海拔高度为1313~1315m,气候变化自末次冰期以来共经历了2个成湖期(13000~9500 yr BP、6700~1100 yr BP)。9500~6700 yr BP期间,本区域基本都沉积了风成砂,湖泊岸堤的14C测年均未发现早全新世高湖面的证据。通过地球物理化学指标分析及可靠14C测年,重建了区域末次冰消期以来的气候干湿变化历史:15800~13000 yr BP,为冷干的气候环境;13000~9500 yrBP,为凉湿的气候环境;9500~6700 yr BP,为暖干的气候环境;6700~4300 yr BP,为暖湿的气候环境,其中6700~5650 yr BP为气候最适宜期;4300~2700 yr BP,为干旱/湿润的过渡时期;2700~0 yr BP,为干旱的气候环境。     

末次间冰期以来临汾盆地气候演化特征——以丁村古人类遗址东沟剖面为例

黄土是第四纪气候变化的重要载体,对临汾盆地丁村古人类遗址东沟黄土-古土壤剖面进行光释光定年、磁化率及粒度指标的测定,以揭示末次间冰期以来临汾盆地的气候演化过程。根据光释光定年数据,并结合磁化率及粒度参数变化特征,可将临汾盆地气候演化过程分为四个阶段:130～75kaBP,成壤作用强,古土壤发育明显,表明该时期亚洲夏季风占主导,降水量较大,气温较高,最为暖湿;75～57kaBP,沉积作用增强,黄土发育明显,表明亚洲冬季风占主导,干燥少雨,且气温极低,最为干冷;57～25kaBP较为特殊,弱古土壤发育,表明气候回暖,但仍处较冷时期,降水相对较大,气候温和;25～20kaBP,该时期沉积作用再次加强,黄土沉积,表明亚洲冬季风增强,降水减少,气候变冷。通过将临汾盆地丁村剖面数据与其他地质数据对比分析可见,在末次间冰期-末次冰期的气候旋回中,临汾盆地气候变化与同时期全球气候变化趋势较为一致,且存在一定区域特征。     

1961-2020年中国华北地区干湿演变特征及与ENSO、PDO的关系

为准确识别气候变化条件下气象干湿特征及与大气环流的关系,基于华北地区64个气象站点的实测数据,以标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)为干湿指标,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall趋势分析等方法,研究了1961～2020年中国华北地区干湿的时空变化特征,分析了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)对华北干湿变化的影响。结果表明：1)近60年华北地区降水量有10～20a的周期变化,SPEI指数在波动中未表现出明显的线性增长,近20年华北干旱化的趋势有所缓解。2)轻度干旱(湿润)、中等干旱(湿润)发生的频率较高,严重干旱(湿润)、极端干旱(湿润)发生的频率较低。华北地区多数站点湿润发生频率大于干旱发生频率。3)在空间分布上,华北干湿频次具有明显的空间分异,湿润高频区在山西东部、河北中南部、河南北部、山东丘陵西部,京津地区、河北中北部和山西西部干旱频次相对较高。4)华北干湿交替发生并受到多重周期性规律控制。华北SPEI序列在4a、23a和34a左右尺度波动十分明显。5)华北20a左右的干湿交替变化是大气环流异常的结果。EI Ni1o期间干旱多发;La Ni1a期间湿润多发...     

衡阳盆地红土剖面微量元素地球化学特征及其意义

以4cm为间距,采集衡阳盆地高兴剖面86件土样进行了微量元素测试分析,研究结果表明:1)剖面V、Ga、Th、Rb、Sr、Nb、Y、Ba、Cu、Pb、Cs、Zr、Mo、As等14种微量元素含量由底部往上呈现较高-低-最高的变化趋势,以124cm为界,剖面上部微量元素含量为高值区,下部为相对低值区。该特点对红土沉积时期的气候具有一定指示意义。2)在红土化学风化沉积过程中,V、Rb、Ga、Ba、Nb、Zr、Sr、Cu、Y、Th等元素间具有较好的相似性,表现为显著正相关关系,指示了它们的地球化学行为具有相对一致性;而Ni、Co、Zn元素与其他微量元素表现为负相关关系,表明了它们产生较为明显的分异。3)Sr/Ba、Sr/Cu和Rb/Sr值结合可以作为古气候环境变化的替代性指标,其比值变化表明了衡阳盆地古气候经历了由温暖湿润向温凉干燥变化的趋势。     

Groundwater hydrochemistry and isotope geochemistry in the Turpan Basin,northwestern China

The Turpan Basin is located in the arid zone of northwestern China and is a typical closed inland basin surrounded by high mountains. It is one of the most arid regions in the world and, as a result, the groundwater in this area is very important for both domestic and agricultural uses. In the present study, the relationships of major elements（K＋, Na＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋, HCO3-, SO42- and Cl-） and environmental isotopes（δ18O, δ2H and T） in groundwater were analyzed to investigate the evolution of the regional hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin. The hydrochemistry results demonstrate that groundwater with high total dissolved solids（TDS） concentration is dominated by sodium chloride（Na-Cl） and sodium sulfate（Na-SO4） type water, whereas that with low TDS concentration（typically from near mountain areas） is dominated by calcium bicarbonate（Ca-HCO3） type water. The evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin is a result of calcium carbonate precipitation, evaporation concentration, cation exchange and dissolution of evaporites（i.e. halite, mirabilite and gypsum）. Furthermore, evaporite dissolution associated with irrigation practice plays a key role in the groundwater salinization, especially in the central part of the basin. Environmental isotopes reveal that the groundwater is recharged by precipitation in the mountain areas and fast vertical infiltration of irrigation return flow. In the southern sub-basin the shallow groundwater and the deep groundwater is separated at a depth of about 40 m, with substantial differences in terms of hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics. The results are useful for decision making related to sustainable water resource utilization in the Turpan Basin and other regions in northwestern China.     

鄂尔多斯盆地洛河组地下水地球化学模拟——以陕西省长武-彬县地区为例

文中以揭示鄂尔多斯盆地长武-彬县地区白垩系洛河组地下水水化学场的形成机理为主要研究目的。在了解鄂尔多斯盆地的地形、地势、地貌、新构造运动、岩石类型、岩性构造和其他特征的基础上,运用化学热力学原理、质量作用定律和质量守恒定律,应用水文地球综合分析方法和地下水地球化学模拟技术,对白垩系洛河组地下水进行了水-岩作用的地球化学模拟。应用Phreeqc软件定量分析研究了该区地下水的演化过程、形成机理,总结了矿物或次生矿物的溶解沉淀规律以及水溶液中化学成分的变化,主要结论为:1)在水流模拟路径上主要发生了方解石与伊利石的沉淀和白云石、石膏、岩盐、斜长石、钾长石和钾云母的溶解,以及Ca-Na2间的阳离子交换作用;2)在水D20点南附近可能是洛河含水岩组地下水的排泄基点。结果表明水-岩作用模拟结果有助于揭示研究区地下水化学环境的演化机制。     

黄河流域典型城市水资源社会可再生性评价研究

黄河流域主要位于我国干旱、半干旱区 ,流域内许多城市都面临着水资源短缺问题。水资源社会可再生性是水资源在利用过程中所表现出的特性 ,其值的增强对于实现水资源的高效利用具有重要意义。本文针对黄河流域提出了基于若干指标来综合表征缺水城市水资源社会可再生性的方法 ,并在此基础上对该流域 8个典型城市的水资源社会可再生性进行了评价 ,得出了这些城市水资源社会可再生性的差异 ,最后提出了增强这些城市水资源社会可再生性的途径。     

柴达木盆地土被的旱生演替过程

柴达木盆地是一个以干旱盐质荒漠为主要特征的封闭型内陆高原盆地。在以荒漠化为背景的环境演化过程中,土被演替过程依次经历了水成阶段、半水成阶段、荒漠化和盐渍化阶段。随着气候变干,土壤类型不断向旱化和盐渍化的更高阶段发展。在土被演替中,干旱化和盐渍化两种机制的同时存在导致了自我型和盐成型两种顶极土壤的出现,土被演替表现为二元顶极特征。柴达木盆地以荒漠化为特征的自然地理过程和人为因素的不合理干预,对土壤发育和土被演替具有深刻的影响。     

新疆奎屯河流域平原区生态需水研究

新疆奎屯河流域地处我国西北干旱区,随着人口增加和经济发展,国民经济需水与生态需水已成为流域水资源开发利用和生态环境保护的主要矛盾。因此,为了实现奎屯河流域水资源的可持续利用及国民经济的可持续发展,急需对生态需水进行研究。本文以流域社会经济与生态环境协调发展为目标,分析了奎屯河流域存在的主要生态环境问题,在干旱区生态需水概念与分类的基础上,给出了奎屯河流域生态需水的界定范围。在此前提下,从流域生态环境现状及未来需求出发,采用不同的计算方法,对流域生态需水进行了计算,可为流域水资源优化配置及生态环境建设提供科学的依据。结果表明:奎屯河流域生态需水达5.65×108m3,占流域水资源总量16.98×108m3的33.3%,占径流总量15.41×108m3的36.7%。其中天然绿洲生态需水为2.41×108m3,占生态需水的43%;人工绿洲生态需水达3.24×108m3,占生态需水的57%。     

Yield of early white cabbage grown under mulch and non-mulch conditions with low populations of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman)

The damage caused by Thrips tabaci to a susceptible hybrid of early white cabbage was studied in field experiments undertaken during 2004 and 2005. The three treatments tested were beds of cabbage mulched with: (1) barley straw, (2) hay, and (3) black polyethylene (PE) sheeting. Bare-soil (un-mulched) beds were used as the control treatment. One early and one late experiment were performed in both years. In the early experiments, the mulches were applied at the start of the experiment, whereas in the late experiments the soil was first covered with black polyethylene for approximately 1 month. In both years, the springs were cold and wet, and so the thrips appeared late and their numbers were low. The highest mean actual weight and trimmed weight were recorded for cabbage grown in 2005 under PE mulch (actual early: 995 g, actual late: 1184 g, trimmed early: 870 g, trimmed late: 1056 g). Year 2004 gave lower values (110g for both variables) under barley straw and hay mulch (165 g and 160 g, respectively). There was no evidence of an allelopathic effect of water extracts of either barley straw or hay.     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas (in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning from 2000 to 2020 with digital elevation model (DEM) data to study the change in snow cover and the hydrological response of runoff to snow cover change in the Jingou River Basin under the background of climate change through trend analysis, sensitivity analysis and other methods. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the study area increased and snow cover fraction (SCF) showed obvious signs of periodicity. Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the spatial distribution of snow cover days (SCDs), which were numerous in the south of the basin and sparse in the central of the basin. Factors affecting the change in snow cover mainly included temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope and aspect. Compared to precipitation, temperature had a greater impact on SCF. The annual variation in SCF was limited above the elevation of 4200 m, but it fluctuated greatly below the elevation of 4200 m. These results can be used to establish prediction models of snowmelt and runoff for alpine mountainous areas with limited hydrological data, which can provide a scientific basis for the management and protection of water resources in alpine mountainous areas.     

Using statistical models and GIS to delimit the groundwater recharge potential areas and to estimate the infiltration rate: A case study of Nadhour-Sisseb-El Alem Basin,Tunisia

The water resources of the Nadhour-Sisseb-El Alem Basin in Tunisia exhibit semi-arid and arid climatic conditions. This induces an excessive pumping of groundwater, which creates drops in water level ranging about 1-2 m/a. Indeed, these unfavorable conditions require interventions to rationalize integrated management in decision making. The aim of this study is to determine a water recharge index (WRI), delineate the potential groundwater recharge area and estimate the potential groundwater recharge rate based on the integration of statistical models resulted from remote sensing imagery, GIS digital data (e.g., lithology, soil, runoff), measured artificial recharge data, fuzzy set theory and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Eight factors affecting potential groundwater recharge were determined, namely lithology, soil, slope, topography, land cover/use, runoff, drainage and lineaments. The WRI is between 1.2 and 3.1, which is classified into five classes as poor, weak, moderate, good and very good sites of potential groundwater recharge area. The very good and good classes occupied respectively 27% and 44% of the study area. The potential groundwater recharge rate was 43% of total precipitation. According to the results of the study, river beds are favorable sites for groundwater recharge.     

西北干旱区大气水分循环要素变化研究进展

西北干旱区是对全球气候变化响应最敏感的地区之一。全球变暖加剧水循环,引起大气水分循环要素发生明显变化。借助最新资料对过去50 a西北干旱区大气水分循环要素变化特征和相关科学问题进行了梳理总结,其主要结论:(1)西北干旱区水汽和降水量有一致性变化趋势,在20世纪80年代中后期突变型增多,21世纪初有微弱的减小态势。受季风强度减弱的影响,西北东部地区水汽和降水量减小明显。(2)降水量增加站点占到95.9%,形成了天山、祁连山等增湿中心,具有明显的增湿海拔依赖性特征。(3)实际蒸散发量呈微弱的减小趋势,天山山区明显减少,而祁连山地区明显增加。(4)干旱区西部夏季降水以西风带水汽输送为主,但大尺度大降水过程发生时,低纬水汽输送尤为重要。全球气候变暖在影响着大气水分循环要素明显变化的同时,也加剧了干旱区水循环过程和水资源的不确定性。     

A system dynamics approach for water resources policy analysis in arid land:a model for Manas River Basin

The Manas River Basin in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,similar to other arid regions,is facing water constraints which challenge decision-makers as to how to rationally allocate the available water resources to meet the demands from industries and natural ecosystems.Policies which integrate the supply and demand are needed to address the water stress issues.An object-oriented system dynamics model was developed to capture the interrelationships between water availability and increasing water demands from the growth of industries,agricultural production and the population through modeling the decision-making process of the water exploration explicitly,in which water stress is used as a major indicator.The model is composed of four sectors:1) natural surface and groundwater resources;2) water demand;3) the water exploitation process,including the decision to build reservoirs,canals and pumps;4) water stress to which political and social systems respond through increasing the supply,limiting the growth or improving the water use efficiency.The model was calibrated using data from 1949 to 2009 for population growth,irrigated land area,industry output,perceived water stress,groundwater resources availability and the drying-out process of Manas River;and simulations were carried out from 2010 to 2050 on an annual time step.The comparison of results from calibration and observation showed that the model corresponds to observed behavior,and the simulated values fit the observed data and trends accurately.Sensitivity analysis showed that the model is robust to changes in model parameters related to population growth,land reclamation,pumping capacity and capital contribution to industry development capacity.Six scenarios were designed to investigate the effectiveness of policy options in the area of reservoir relocation,urban water recycling,water demand control and groundwater pumping control.The simulation runs demonstrated that the technical solutions for improving water availability and water use efficiency are not sustainable.Acknowledging the carrying capacity of water resources and eliminating a growth-orientated value system are crucial for the sustainability of the Manas River Basin.