准噶尔盆地东南部降水中δ18O的温度与降水量效应

地区大气降水线(LMWL)和降水中δ18O的温度和降水量级效应是应用稳定同位素技术研究地区水文学过程与问题的基础.通过跟踪2012-2013年准噶尔盆地东南部44次降水事件,测定了降水中的δ18O和δD,同时收集降水过程的气温变化和降水量数据,在降水事件尺度上研究了降水中δ18O、温度和降水量三者之间的关系.降水中的稳定同位素δ18O和δD存在时间尺度效应,在不同的时间尺度上温度、降水量级效应与LMWL可能不同.在降水事件尺度上,准噶尔盆地东南部LMWL是δD=(7.53±0.22)·δ18O+(0.25 ±3.29).一年中受到水热同期变化的影响,降水量效应被强烈的气温季节动态所掩盖,因此,表面看来,处于欧亚大陆腹地的准噶尔盆地东南部只存在显著的温度效应,而不存在降水量效应,但是扣除气温的影响后,显著的降水量级效应仍然存在,降水量效应主要与云下二次蒸发有关.二元线性模型拟合结果表明:在降水事件尺度上,温度和降水量级效应分别为(0.70 ±0.03)‰·℃-1和(-0.14±0.07)‰·mm-1.     

石羊河下游青土湖大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

青土湖属于季风边缘区内陆河尾闾封闭湖泊,以其生态脆弱性和气候敏感性是古气候、古环境等全球变化环境研究的理想区域。降水是干旱区生态系统水循环的重要输入因子,研究降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源对全球气候变化背景下青土湖水资源管理具有重要的理论和实践意义。基于氢氧稳定同位素技术,通过分析青土湖5月～10月6个月21个大气降水氢氧同位素组成及与环境因子的关系,结合HYSPLIT模型模拟大气降水气团传输途径和过程,判定该地区水汽来源。结果表明:5月-10月大气降水氢氧稳定同位素关系的线性方程LMWL为δD=6. 67δ~(18)O-1. 01(n=21,R2=0. 95);大气降水的δ~(18)O变化范围为-16. 97‰～3.23‰,平均值为-5. 36‰。δD的变化范围为-118. 36‰～15. 63‰,平均值为-36. 82‰。过量氘(d-excess)介于-23. 64～21. 93‰,均值为6. 03‰,低于全球平均值(10‰)。降水δ~(18)O与降雨量显著相关,但温度效应不显著。受西风水汽、局地人工季节性湖面蒸发和亚洲季风的影响,青土湖大气降水水汽来源的季节性明显,夏季主要来源于西风环流、东南季风及局地蒸发,秋季来源于西伯利亚和蒙古的极地大陆气团。连续多年生态补水形成的人工季节性湖面蒸发成为夏季降水水汽来源之一,对改善湖区生态环境具有重要的意义。     

基于D、~(18)O同位素和HYSPLIT4气团轨迹模型的黑河上游降水水汽来源研究

基于黑河上游祁连山区2012年10月至2013年9月间次降水事件的δD、δ~(18)O数据,建立了当地大气降水线方程δD=8.29δ~(18)O+17.13,并分析了各降水事件的氘盈余值特征,推断其水汽源区的气候条件相对干燥。结合HYSPLIT4气团轨迹模型计算结果,推断研究区降水全年主要受西风带水汽影响,春秋两季降水的水汽除了来自西风输送外,还混有局地和当地蒸散发水汽;夏季降水的水汽来源较为复杂,受到西风环流、内循环水汽以及少量东南亚季风水汽的综合作用;冬季的西风带水汽占有绝对优势。     

近45年山西省降水变化特征

利用山西省108个地面气象站1961-2005年降水量资料,研究了近45年来山西省降水变化.结果表明:东亚季风对处于季风边缘带山西省年降水量空间分布的影响十分明显,进一步分析夏季降水,发现了更为精细的山西省季风边缘带;1964年和1965年仍然是山西省降水量最多和最少的年份;年降水量的下降趋势十分显著,下降最显著的地区出现在阳泉以西的喇叭型中部区域内;20世纪70年代末发生了降水突变,北太平洋海温导致东亚季风的年代际变化是山西降水突变的可能原因;降水存在准3年、准6～7年的年际和准11年、准16年的年代际周期振荡.     

喀什河流域降水同位素特征及水汽来源分析

利用喀什河流域山区2017-07—2018-06大气降水同位素数据,以及流域山区温度、降水气象资料,分析了降水中δ18O、δD和氘盈余(d-excess)变化特征,讨论了δ18O与气温、降水量的关系,通过利用HYSPLI模型追踪分析流域山区大气降水的水汽来源。结果表明:(1)流域内降水中δ18O季节变化明显,夏季δ18O同位素富集,冬季δ18O同位素贫化。(2)不同降水类型中δ18O、δD的关系差异明显,夏季δD蒸发分馏大于δ18O、降雨大气降水线斜率及截距较小;冬季δD蒸发分馏明显减弱,降雪大气降水线斜率及截距较大。(3)流域内大气降水同位素存在明显的温度效应,但是降水量效应不显著。(4)流域内大气降水水汽主要来源于大西洋,受水汽远距离输送,途中加入较多二次蒸发水汽的影响,氘盈余值(d-excess)整体上偏大,但是2月氘盈余偏低,与受北极气团源地温度低、空气湿度大、水汽输送路径短影响有关。(5)该流域夏季降水主要来源于西风环流和局地再循环水汽,冬季则受西风环流和北极气团共同影响,大西洋水汽形成的降水占研究区总降水量的68.6%,局地再循环水汽占17.1%,北冰洋水汽形成的降水占研究区总降水量的14.3%。     

基于GCM和冰芯的天山地区降水同位素的水汽来源影响机制

利用GISS-E(MERRA)、GISS-E(NCEP)、iso GSM(NCEP)、LMDZ(free)、LMDZ(ECMWF)和MIROC(free)6种GCM模型数据以及庙尔沟冰芯δ~(18)O数据,对比分析了各模型和冰芯中δ~(18)O的年际变化特征。并用6种模型数据分别与庙尔沟冰芯δ~(18)O数据进行相关性分析,通过观察冰芯δ~(18)O数据与距离冰芯最近模型数据的变化趋势,选出最适用于分析天山地区降水中δ~(18)O的GCM模型,分析该模型中水汽的来源情况。结果表明:在年际尺度上GCM模拟的结果中存在"温度效应",只是年际尺度上比年内尺度上的相关性略弱。MIRCO(free)模型模拟的倾向率变化与庙尔沟冰芯的倾向率变化一致(α=-0.01)。MIROC(free)模型的输出结果在天山地区最接近实测结果。水汽来源的方向与比例决定着降水中δ~(18)O值偏正/偏负的程度。依据连续小波变换方法得出,在1990—2001年能量最强,1990—2001年降水中δ~(18)O值虽然多次的波动偏正,但整体偏负。研究水汽来源轨迹发现,当降水中δ~(18)O偏负时,主要是由来自北冰洋的水汽增多引起的,出现多次偏正波动时,主要是由于中纬度大西洋的水汽增加增多造成的。     

石羊河下游青土湖白刺灌丛水分来源及其对生态输水的响应

通过测定人工湖面不同距离白刺灌丛生长季降水、土壤水、地下水、植物水的稳定氢氧同位素变化特征,结合IsoSource模型,定量分析了白刺灌丛生长季的水分利用策略。结果表明:随样地与人工湖面距离的增加,0-200m水平范围白刺灌丛各土层平均土壤水分逐渐减小,其中0m样地最高为10.02%,200m样地最小为5.24%,对250m-600m样地各土层平均土壤水分的影响不大。受蒸发及降水季节变化的影响,白刺灌丛0-70cm土壤水及其δ~(18)O变化剧烈。土壤水的δ~(18)O介于-8.78‰～16.39‰,平均值为0.14‰。地下水的δ~(18)O介于-4.19‰～-3.55‰,平均值为-3.89‰。降水的δ~(18)O介于-17.31‰～3.37‰,平均值为-6.36‰。湖水的δ~(18)O介于-1.84‰～11.66‰,平均值为3.02‰。木质部水的δ~(18)O介于-5.98‰～2.74‰,平均值为-3.59‰,各样地不同土层土壤水分δ~(18)O差异显著(P<0.05)。随样地与人工湖面距离的增加,白刺灌丛逐渐利用更深层次的土壤水及地下水。     

氢氧稳定同位素指示的呼和浩特地区土壤水的补给特征

土壤水中的氢氧稳定同位素特征包含了水在包气带中的迁移信息,因此,分析土壤水中的氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征可以追踪土壤水的迁移过程.文中主要对呼和浩特地区西南部两个孔的包气带土壤剖面中氢氧稳定同位素随深度的变化特征进行了分析,并对呼和浩特地区降水、土壤水和地下水之间的同位素组成进行了比较.结果表明:该区土壤表层的水中的δ2H和δ18O受到降水中的δ2H和δ18O的直接影响,同时受到蒸发作用的影响,同位素值产生富集,之后变化幅度逐渐减小,逐渐接近地下水中的同位素值,显示出土壤底部的水分与地下水的交换比较活跃;通过对比该区降水、土壤水和地下水的同位素值,发现该区土壤水的补给来源主要为降水,且降水的补给为季节性补给,补给季节主要是秋季.     

包头地区大气降水δD和δ~(18)O变化特征浅析

大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素包含着水循环演化过程中的历史信息,对揭示水资源的形成及演化机制具有重要的意义。文中根据包头站大气降水中稳定同位素和气象资料,分析了包头地区(1986-1992年)大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征及其与气温和降水之间的关系,发现该区氘盈余值(d)具有冬季高夏季低的特点,且d值接近全球大部分地区降水的d值(10‰)。该区大气降水中δ18O值具有夏季高冬季低,δ18O的温度效应显著,而降水量效应只在夏半年(4-9月)间显著。同时提出了包头地区当地大气降水线方程为δD=6.4δ18O-4.07,与全国及全球降水线方程相比,反映出干旱的气候特征。     

亚洲中部高山降水稳定同位素空间分布特征

为了揭示中亚高山地区大气降水稳定同位素的时空分布特征,开展不同尺度下干旱区水文循环的研究,分析了亚洲中部天山、昆仑山、祁连山地区18个站点的降水氢氧稳定同位素资料。结果表明:天山、昆仑山和祁连山地区降水稳定同位素季节变化较为明显,表现出夏半年高、冬半年低的变化趋势。3个地区降水稳定同位素的空间分布也呈现出显著的季节差异。除昆仑山外,天山和祁连山大气降水线方程的斜率均低于全球大气降水线,说明这些地区的降水受到较强的蒸发影响。研究区各站点降水稳定同位素均呈显著的温度效应,区域内降水量效应不明显。春、夏季昆仑山地区3站点的降水δ^18O高程效应较明显,降水δ^18O随海拔上升而降低,其余地区没有明显的高程效应。除昆仑山地区西合休外,亚洲高山地区氘盈余(d值)总体表现出冬半年高,夏半年低的变化趋势。     

Drought fluctuations based on dendrochronology since 1786 for the Lenglongling Mountains at the northwestern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon region

The Lenglongling Mountains(LLM)located in northeastern part of the Tibet Plateau,belong to a marginal area of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)and are sensitive to monsoon dynamics.Two tree-ring width chronologies developed from six sites of Picea crassifolia in the LLM were employed to study the regional drought variability.Correlation and temporal correlation analyses showed that relationships between the two chronologies and self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index(sc_PDSI)were significant and stable across time,demonstrating the strength of sc_PDSI in modeling drought conditions in this region.Based on the relationships,the mean sc_PDSI was reconstructed for the period from 1786 to 2013.Dry conditions prevailed during 1817–1819,1829–1831,1928–1931 and 1999–2001.Relatively wet periods were identified for 1792–1795 and 1954–1956.Spatial correlations with other fourteen precipitation/drought reconstructed series in previous studies revealed that in arid regions of Northwest China,long-term variability of moisture conditions was synchronous before the 1950 s at a decadal scale(1791–1954).In northwestern margin of the EASM,most of all selected reconstructions had better consistency in low-frequency variation,especially during dry periods,indicating similar regional moisture variations and analogous modes of climate forcing on tree growth in the region.     

Distribution of isotopes and chemicals in precipitation in Shule River Basin,northwestern China:an implication for water cycle and groundwater recharge

The distribution of stable isotopes and ions in precipitation in the Shule River Basin,northwestern China,were investigated to understand the regional water cycle and precipitation input to groundwater recharge.The study found that the mean annual concentrations of Ca2+,Na+,SO42–,Cl–,Mg2+,NO3–,and K+ in the basin were lower than those in other arid areas of northwestern China.The average concentrations of ions in the lower reaches of the Shule River were higher than those in the upper reaches.The results showed that the main ionic concentrations decreased with the increase of precipitation amount,indicating that heavy precipitation cannot only wash crustal aerosols out of the atmosphere,but also create a dilution effect.Cl– and Na+ in precipitation had a strong and positive correlation,suggesting a common origin for the two ions.However,the excess of Na+,combined with non-marine SO42– and NO3–,indicated that some ions were contributed by terrestrial origins.In the extremely arid regions of northwestern China,the evaporation process obviously changes the original relationship between δ2H and δ18O in precipitation,and leads to dexcess values 8‰.δ18O and temperature were significantly correlated,suggested that temperature strongly affected the characteristics of isotopes in the study area.The δ18O value indicates a dominant effect of westerly air masses and southwest monsoon in warm months,and the integrated influence of westerly and Siberian-Mongolian polar air masses in cold months.The d-excess values were generally lower in warm months than those in cold months,indicating that post-condensation processes played a significant role in the water cycle.The results provide reliable precipitation input information that can be used in future groundwater recharge calculations in the study area.     

Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is an important parameter for the interaction between soil and atmosphere.It is the second important factor that influences climate change,next to sea surface temperature(SST).Most previous studies focused on the monsoon regions in East China,and only a few laid emphases on arid environments.In Xinjiang, which is located in Northwest China,the climate is typically arid and semi-arid.During the past 20 years,the precipitation in Xinjiang has shown a significant increasing trend,and it is closely related to oasis irrigation.This paper aims at discussing whether abnormal soil moisture in spring can be the signal to forecast summer precipitation.The effects of abnormal soil moisture due to farm irrigation in spring in arid environments on regional climate are investigated by using a regional climate model(RegCM3).The results indicate that positive soil moisture anomaly in irrigated cropland surface in May led to an increase in precipitation in spring as well as across the whole summer. The impact could last for about four months.The effects of soil moisture on the surface air temperature showed a time-lagging trend.The summer air temperature declined by a maximum amplitude of 0.8oC.The increased soil moisture could enhance evaporation and ascending motion in the low troposphere,which brought in more precipitation.The soil moisture affected regional weather and climate mainly by altering the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.     

亚洲中部干旱区降水异常的大气环流特征

亚洲中部干旱区(中亚五国和新疆)是地中海气候与东亚季风气候的过渡带,区域天气气候与欧洲和东亚季风区迥异,具有世界独特的干旱区生态气候模式,即山地森林草原—盆地平原绿洲寓于荒漠,并与荒漠共存的生态气候地理格局。天气气候受高、中、低纬环流的共同影响,区域内部差异很大,形成多背景、多因子、多尺度影响下的极具代表性的气象灾害孕育和成灾环境。亚洲中部干旱区光热资源丰富、蒸发量大、气温变化剧烈,而降水稀少,且分布极不均匀,天山山脉的中西段是降水高值区,近百年来整体表现为增暖、增湿趋势。高、中、低纬系统和中亚低值系统的活跃,共同造就了中亚东部(新疆)降水年代际和年际异常增多。西亚西风急流是联系高、中、低纬环流系统相互作用的纽带。目前,该区域气象综合观测网建设不能满足应对气候变化的需求,同时对区域特有的环流系统、灾害性天气气候发生规律和形成机理、高分辨率区域数值模式、地—气相互作用对区域天气气候的影响、气候变化预估等方面的研究也较薄弱,开展上述研究对"丝绸之路经济带"可持续发展具有重要科学意义和战略价值。     

鄂尔多斯高原潜水同位素特征及其成因分析

西北干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式仍没有统一的认识。通过对比鄂尔多斯高原不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征,发现鄂尔多斯高原潜水的δD、δ~(18)O平均值(-71.75‰,-9.64‰)相对于当地降水均值(-65.00‰,-8.79‰)偏负。通过综合分析区内气候特点、地下水补给方式、潜水位动态等方面因素,认为潜水δD、δ~(18)O偏负现象与干旱地区降水的雨量效应和季节性冻土冻融作用下降水入渗补给地下水过程有关。δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的大降水补给地下水的能力较强,可能使潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负;冻土冻融条件下δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的冬季降水有效入渗补给能力较强,是潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的另一可能原因。研究表明,利用氢氧稳定同位素研究干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式,需要考虑不同降水条件及冻土冻融作用下地下水补给能力的差异及其对地下水同位素组成的影响。     

1997-2002年华北持续性干旱气候诊断分析

利用1957-2002年华北地区104个气象站实测的月降水量、月平均气温等气候资料,以及美国NCEP/NCAR的850 hPa矢量风和500 hPa位势高度等再分析资料,分析了1997-2002年逐月降水距平变化特征、干旱持续性特征、干旱强度分布特征;基于干旱区域性特征,提出了一个描述区域性干旱的指数(spatial drought index,SDI);此外,从东亚大气环流系统中的冬季东亚大槽、贝加尔湖反气旋环流场、西太平洋副热带高压以及东亚夏季风等系统的变化等方面,探讨了对这一持续性干旱的影响.研究表明:华北地区1997-2002年的干旱具有全区强度大的特征,区域平均干旱指数达到了65%以上.而东亚地区冬季东亚大槽持续偏弱,夏季贝加尔湖地区高压又持续偏高,东亚夏季风持续偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压持续偏东等的综合作用,是引起华北地区这一阶段持续性干旱的主要原因.     

泛中亚干旱区气候变化特征分析

利用Climatic Research Unit(CRU)1949—2018年最新0.5°×0.5°网格点月均数据集,主要从EOF分解、小波分析的角度,讨论了泛中亚干旱区近70 a的气候变化特征.结果表明:(1)泛中亚干旱区近70 a降水以1.393 mm·(10a)-1的速率呈增加趋势,夏季降水呈减少趋势,其余三季为...     

High-frequency climatic fluctuations over the past 30 ka in northwestern margin of the East Asian monsoon region,China

Whether millennial- to centennial-scale climate variations throughout the Holocene convey universal climate change is still widely debated. In this study, we aimed to obtain a set of high-resolution multi-proxy data (1343 particle size samples, 893 total organic carbon samples, and 711 pollen samples) from an alluvial-lacustrine-aeolian sequence based on an improved age-depth model in the northwestern margin of the East Asian monsoon region to explore the dynamics of climate changes over the past 30 ka. Results revealed that the sequence not only documented the major climate events that corresponded well with those reported from the North Atlantic regions but also revealed many marked and high-frequency oscillations at the millennial- and centennial-scale. Specifically, the late stage of the last glacial lasting from 30.1 to 18.1 cal. ka BP was a dry and cold period. The deglacial (18.1-11.5 cal. ka BP) was a wetting (probably also warming) period, and three cold and dry excursions were found in the wetting trend, i.e., the Oldest Dryas (18.1-15.8 cal. ka BP), the Older Dryas (14.6-13.7 cal. ka BP), and the Younger Dryas (12.5-11.5 cal. ka BP). The Holocene can be divided into three portions: the warmest and wettest early portion from 11.5 to 6.7 cal. ka BP, the dramatically cold and dry middle portion from 6.7 to 3.0 cal. ka BP, and the coldest and driest late portion since 3.0 cal. ka BP. Wavelet analysis results on the total pollen concentration revealed five substantially periodicities: c. 5500, 2200, 900, 380, and 210 a. With the exception of the c. 5500 a quasi-cycle that was causally associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, the other four quasi-cycles (i.e., c. 2200, 900, 380, and 210 a) were found to be indirectly causally associated with solar activities. This study provides considerable insight into the dynamic mechanism of the Asian climate on a long-time scale and future climatic change.     

Drought and flood characteristics in the farming- pastoral ecotone of northern China based on the Standardized Precipitation Index

The farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China (FPENC) provides an important ecological barrier which restrains the invasion of desert into Northwest China. Studying drought and flood characteristics in the FPENC can provide scientific support and practical basis for the protection of the FPENC. Based on monthly precipitation data from 115 meteorological stations, we determined the changes in climate and the temporal and spatial variations of drought and flood occurrence in the FPENC during 1960-2020 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Morlet wavelet transform, and inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Annual precipitation in the FPENC showed a slightly increasing trend from 1960 to 2020, with an increasing rate of about 1.15 mm/a. The interannual SPI exhibited obvious fluctuations, showing an overall non-significant upward trend (increasing rate of 0.02/a). Therefore, the study area showed a wetting trend in recent years. Drought and flood disasters mainly occurred on an interannual change cycle of 2-6 and 9-17 a, respectively. In the future, a tendency towards drought can be expected in the FPENC. The temporal and spatial distribution of drought and flood differed in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern segments of the FPENC, and most of the drought and flood disasters occurred in local areas. Severe and extreme drought disasters were concentrated in the northwestern and northeastern segments, and severe and extreme flood disasters were mainly in the northeastern segment. Drought was most frequent in the northwestern segment, the central part of the northeastern segment, and the northern part of the northern segment. Flood was most frequent in the western part of the northwestern segment, the eastern part of the northeastern segment, and the eastern and western parts of the northern segment. The accurate evaluation of the degrees of drought and flood disasters in the FPENC will provide scientific basis for the regional climate study and critical information on which to base decisions regarding environmental protection and socio-economic development in this region.     

近55年新疆昭苏县气候变化特征及成因分析

利用昭苏县气象站1956-2010年期间的逐年、月、季平均气温和降水资料,采用线性回归、趋势分析、滑动平均等方法分析了昭苏县最近55年的气候变化特征,并运用非参数检验法(M-K法)对气温降水年变化趋势进行突变检验。结果表明:昭苏县近55年来气温一直呈上升趋势,增温率为0.319℃/10a,明显高于全国和全球;突变检验表明,1989年为增温突变点,突变后的年平均气温为3.4℃,较突变前上升了1.3℃。降水量总体呈增加趋势,21世纪以来增加现象显著;突变检验表明,降水在1969-1975年和2005年以来有增加的趋势,1969和1998为降水突变点,说明21世纪以来昭苏县气候向暖湿化趋势发展。