钴对冬小麦生理生化性状和产量影响的初步研究

在潮土上采用大田小区进行了钴元素肥效试验。试验结果如下：施用适量的钴可以显著提高旗叶的叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性以及小麦的根系活力；各施钴处理较对照增产7．4％～20．3％，施钴量在0．75kg／hm^2以内，随着施钴量的增加，增产效应提高，当施钴量超过0．75kg／hm^2时，随着施钴量的增加，冬小麦的产量增加，但增产效应下降。经回归分析，小麦产量与施钴量呈抛物线型，回归方程为y=-1263．9x^2 2083．4x 4371．7，相关系数r=0．8910，达到5％显著水平。     

茄二十八星瓢虫对雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物的敏感性

为研究寄主植物对茄二十八星瓢虫药剂敏感性及体内酶活力的影响,采用浸渍法分别测定了取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的茄二十八星瓢虫幼虫(以下简称幼虫)对雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物的敏感性,用生化方法测定了雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对幼虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,雷公藤提取物对取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫LC50值分别为1.407 9 mg.L-1、1.595 8 mg.L-1、1.464 7 mg.L-1和1.109 7 mg.L-1,相对毒力指数为78.82、69.54、75.76和100;曼陀罗提取物对取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫LC50值分别为0.641 7 mg.L-1、0.610 3 mg.L-1、0.758 0 mg.L-1和0.488 3 mg.L-1,相对毒力指数为76.09、80.01、64.42和100;取食龙葵的幼虫对2种植物提取物的敏感性显著高于取食茄子、马铃薯和番茄的幼虫。取食4种寄主植物的幼虫体内靶标酶AChE和主要解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)活力顺序均为茄子>马铃薯>番茄>龙葵。其中,取食番茄和龙葵的幼虫体内AChE和GST活力显著低于取食茄子和马铃薯的幼虫,取食马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫CarE活力显著低于取食茄子的幼虫,取食4种寄主植物的幼虫MFO活力差异达极显著水平。雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对幼虫体内AChE和GST、CarE和MFO活性均有抑制作用。其中,对取食马铃薯幼虫的AChE活力抑制作用最强,其次为取食茄子和番茄的幼虫,对取食龙葵的幼虫抑制作用最低。雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对取食龙葵幼虫CarE活力的抑制作用最强,而对取食马铃薯的幼虫MFO活力的抑制作用最强。寄主植物中的次生物质对解毒酶的诱导或抑制可能是引起药剂敏感性差异的主要原因。     

我国转Bt抗虫基因棉杀虫活性的时间与空间动态分析

利用我国研制的转Ｂｔ抗虫基因棉ＧＫ－１２品系,系统测定了对棉铃虫杀虫活性的时间与空间动态。结果表明,转Ｂｔ抗虫基因棉相同部位叶片的杀虫活性随着棉花的生育期呈下降的趋势,并在盛花期之后显著降低;各花器的杀虫活性在田间棉铃虫第三代期明显高于第四代期;在模拟棉铃虫田间自然取食的条件下,第四代期的幼虫世代存活率明显高于二代期,有０．４％的幼虫可以发育至蛹期。转Ｂｔ抗虫基因棉不同器官杀虫活性的顺序为：叶〉蕾     

稻作施肥制度进步的产量响应

模拟稻作10种施肥制度9年定位观测与试验研究结果表明，施肥进步对产量贡献为生物量增加1倍，稻谷产量增加83％；系统养分内循环（循环率0．8－0．5）产量贡献率为57．9％，化肥施用最大贡献率N为20．4％，NP为30．8％，NK为32．8％，NPK为61．3％，有机肥与无机肥配施的最大贡献率82．7％，稻田自然生产力占系统生产力约1／4。石油化学农业能维持一定时期的生产力稳定，但必须保持系统的养分平衡。系统养分内循环有良好的产量增益和系统生产力的稳定性，有机肥与无机肥配施其生物生产力和土地生产潜力均呈正向发展；但与施肥增产效率成反比例。稻作施肥质量达到一定水平，施肥增产效益反而有所下降，伴随施肥进步，须致力于管理水平的提高。     

Bt汰选棉铃虫对转基因棉花的适应性研究

用Bt粉剂、转Bt基因棉叶汰选获得的低抗棉铃虫种群，在室内测定其对转Bt基因棉叶的适应性，结果表明两次选种群对转基因棉叶的反应有相同趋势。虽然两汰选种群在转基因棉叶上幼虫存活率比同源敏感种群提高，但存活幼虫体重、蛹重比取食常规棉叶的明显减轻，幼虫历期明显延长。比较抗、感种群在转基因棉花不同生长季节的生长，抗性种群化蛹率的提高，主要在转基因棉花生长后期，而在转基因棉花生长前期（6月下旬）开始取食的抗性初孵幼虫与敏感种群一样，仍不能化蛹，结果表明，室内用转Bt基因棉叶、Bt粉剂汰选的两低抗水平种群，在转基因棉花上适应性明显提高，但存活幼虫生长发育不正常。     

新疆农田土壤有机质含量及组成特征

目前新疆农田土壤有机质含量在5．3～24．21g／kg之间，平均14．65g／kg，与第2次土壤普查结果相比，新疆农田土壤有机质含量呈上升趋势；胡敏素碳（C)含量占到有机质C量的53％～70％，平均6l％，腐殖酸C量只占39％。     

油松人工林枝叶容水量与蒸发速率的研究

通过研究油松树枝叶容水量与蒸发速率的结果表明,油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）树枝叶容水量与树枝叶重量呈直线正比关系（C=16.434+0.226W）;前3min的平均蒸发速率为0.0237g/g·min;水湿树枝叶在停止降水后即开始蒸发变干,其变干历时与该时段的平均相对湿度呈递增指数函数关系（t₁=11.53 e^0.02866rh）,与平均气温呈递减指数函数关系（t₂=3 256.07·e^-0.144c）。油松针叶的蒸发速率为0.013 7g/g·min,为蒸腾强度的3.43倍。其日变化规律和季节变化规律均与蒸腾强度相似。     

《广西农业大学学报》文献信息量及引文分析

文章通过对《广西农业大学学报》１９９０～１９９５年期间所发表的３７２篇论文及其被引用的２９４７篇参考文献的数据分析，着重从文献信息量、论文平均引文量、引文语种、文献类型及年代分布等方面进行了统计分析。结果表明，《广西农业大学学报》６年共刊载论文３７２篇，平均每期１５．５篇；３７２篇论文共有作者９９０人（次），平均每篇约２．５人；论文发表的平均时差约为７个月左右；论文平均引文量为８．４７篇，中文占６３．２％，外文占３６．８％；引文类型，期刊占６６．７％，图书和特种文献占３３．３％；中文最大引用年限为４年，外文为７年，中外文农业文献的半衰期分别为５．４和１０．２年；引用次数最多的中文期刊为本学报     

氨基酸复合（混）固体肥料的作物效应

９种氨基酸复合（混）固体肥料配方在５种作物上的盆栽及大田对比试验表明，氨基酸复合（混）固体肥是一种可以与目前推广使用的优质复合肥相媲美的新型优质肥料。应用于木本作物如柑桔、桑树等效果显，可使锦橙与果树复合肥比产量增加９．９％，单株重量增加１６．１％、总糖增加１５．６％、Ｖｃ增加１５．０％；桑树作追肥与等有效养分总量相比，叶产量增加高达１７－５０％、粗蛋白增加３－９％；应用于禾本科作物如水稻、小麦     

风沙土中荒漠植物出苗和生长的比较研究

选择了5种荒漠植物红砂（Reaumuria soongorica）、泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpo）、花棒（Hedysarum scoparium）、白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum），设计了沙埋和幼苗生长两个控制实验，来研究它们的萌发出苗和生长定植能力。结果表明：5种植物的高出苗率、快出苗现象集中在0～3cm的沙埋深度；红砂、泡泡刺、花棒、白刺、沙拐枣的最佳沙埋深度分别为1cm、2cm、2．5cm、2cm和5cm。出苗率与沙埋深度方程的斜率显著相关于种子重量。种子重量与幼苗的绝对生长率、相对生长率正相关。相对生长率与单位叶速率和叶面积干重比显著正相关，但和叶面积比率和叶干重比率显著负相关。种子重量与根绝对伸长速率无关，但与根长比率和根长叶面积比率显著负相关。种子重量和单位叶速率是出苗和生长的较好的指示者，但仅仅种子重量和幼苗相对生长率并不能预示植物成活能力。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.