施肥对高寒草甸植物及土壤N,P,K的影响

施肥对退化草地的重建和恢复有重要作用,以青藏高原典型嵩草(Kobresia)草甸为研究对象,采用正交试验设计,测定了植物全氮、全磷、全钾和土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷及速效钾,分析了植物N/P,N/K,P/K,土壤N/P,N/K,P/K等化学计量特征。结果表明:在H9施肥条件下,土壤全氮、全钾、土壤N/P为最大值,分别为13.80 g.kg~(-1),11.99 g·kg~(-1)和16.16;在H5处理下,土壤速效磷、植物全磷达到最大值,分别为0.022 g·kg~(-1)和9.18 g·kg~(-1);在H4处理下的植物全氮为最大值(108.38 g·kg~(-1));在H1处理下,植物全钾为最大值(17.84g·kg~(-1));在H4处理下,植物N/P,N/K为最大值,分别为17.78和7.06,施肥对植物养分的作用要大于土壤。因此,施肥能显著提高高寒草甸植物全氮、全磷及全钾质量分数,影响植物及土壤养分化学计量关系。     

添加氮肥对高寒嵩草(Kobresia)草甸群落植物N、P生态化学计量特征的影响

为了探讨尿素对高寒嵩草(Kobresia)草甸植物和土壤N、P养分生态化学计量特征及生物量的影响,试验测定了高寒草甸生物量和植物全氮、全磷、全钾及土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮含量。结果表明:在施肥量为450 kg/hm2时,牧草鲜重和干重分别为877.87,341.07 g/m2,显著高于其他处理(P0.05);在施肥量为400 kg/hm2时植物全氮含量最高,为56.53 g/kg,与施肥量为450 kg/hm2时相比差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于其他处理(P0.05);对照处理的植物全磷含量最高;在施肥量为400 kg/hm2时土壤硝态氮含量最高,与施肥量为450,350 kg/hm2相比差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于其他处理(P0.05),对照处理的土壤硝态氮含量最低(0.036 g/kg);与对照相比,各施肥处理下植物氮磷比呈不同程度增加的趋势。说明高寒嵩草草甸植被主要受氮限制,施氮肥能促进植被对氮的吸收,抑制对磷的吸收,提高植物氮磷比。     

添加氮肥对高寒草甸群落生物量的影响

以高寒嵩草(Kobresia)草甸为研究对象,分析了施用硝酸铵对高寒草甸群落生物量、植物养分及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,在施肥量为300 kg/hm~2时,群落植被鲜重和干重为710.40 g/m~2和329.07 g/m~2,均显著高于其他处理。在施肥量为150 kg/hm~2时,高寒草甸植物全氮达到最大值,为0.068 g/kg,此时土壤全氮、土壤全磷和土壤全钾都为最大值。     

玉树典型嵩草草甸植物及土壤特性初探

以青海玉树小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、藏嵩草(K.tibetica)健康草甸和退化草甸为研究对象,测定并分析比较了草甸的株高、盖度等植被特性和土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤全磷等土壤养分的变化规律,同时分析了环境因子对生物量的贡献率。结果表明,退化嵩草草甸植被盖度、植被高度和生草层厚度显著降低（P≤0.05）,鼠洞密度、裸地面积显著增加（P≤0.05）;退化嵩草草甸土壤含水量、土壤有机质和土壤全氮显著降低（P≤0.05）;土壤因子对生物量的贡献率最大,土壤因子与其它环境因子存在较高的多重共线性。以上结果说明,土壤因子质的改变是嵩草草甸退化最显著的特征。     

不同海拔下高寒草甸土壤养分分异趋势及其与地上植物量间的相关性研究

以青海省称多地区高寒草甸6个海拔梯度(4056,4221,4263,4293,4332,4427 m)样地为对象,通过测定土壤养分质量分数,研究了土壤养分随海拔梯度的变化规律及其与地上植物量的相关关系.结果表明:土壤有机质、全氮(N)、速效N、速效磷(P)、速效钾(K)的质量分数随海拔均呈“U”型分异趋势;土壤全P质量分数随海拔梯度的变化相对稳定;土壤全K、全N、速效N、速效K、速效P、土壤有机质的质量分数与地上植物量呈相似的变化趋势,其中,土壤全N、速效K与地上植物量成显著正相关(P＜0.05).土壤全N、土壤有机质、速效N、速效P和速效K是影响地上植物量的第1主成分,土壤全P和全K是第2主成分,累计贡献率为78.77％.     

高寒草甸地上净初级生产力、物种多样性及土壤因子的关系

为揭示高寒草甸地上净初级生产力与物种多样性指数及土壤因子的关系,通过样方法分析了高寒嵩草草甸物种多样性、地上植物量及土壤养分。结果表明,群落多样性指数(H)与地上植物量呈极显著负相关(P≤0.01),土壤速效氮、速效钾与地上植物量呈显著负相关(P≤0.05),土壤全氮、土壤速效氮、土壤有机质、土壤速效钾与H呈显著正相关(P≤0.05)。主成分分析表明,不同样地差异来源主要是土壤全氮、土壤全钾、土壤有机质、土壤速效氮、土壤速效磷及土壤速效钾,贡献度为49.76%,高于多样性指数的贡献度。这些结果表明,物种多样性指数和土壤养分相互作用,共同影响高寒草甸群落的变化。     

青藏高原高寒草甸植被与土壤特征

利用样方法,分析了青藏高原不同植被类型生物量、土壤理化性状及土壤微生物数量。结果表明,高山柳(Salix paraqplesia)灌丛草甸的地上生物量显著高于圆穗蓼(Polygonum macrophyllum)草甸、藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)草甸和小嵩草(K.pygmaea)草甸(P≤0.05),而藏嵩草草甸的地下生物量显著高于小嵩草草甸、高山柳灌丛草甸和圆穗蓼草甸(P≤0.05)。藏嵩草草甸的土壤有机质、土壤全氮依次高于圆穗蓼草甸、高山柳灌丛草甸和小嵩草草甸。相反,土壤养分居于中间水平,土壤含水量较低的圆穗蓼草甸土壤微生物数量则最多。     

阳坡——阴坡高寒嵩草草甸地上生物量、多样性及土壤因子变化

以高寒嵩草草甸为研究对象,通过样方法分析了不同坡向上植物群落多样性、地上生物量及土壤养分变化。结果表明:阳坡样地的地上生物量、物种丰富度指数均显著低于阴坡(P0.05),土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾均是阴坡偏阴坡阳坡偏阳坡。群落多样性指数(H)与地上生物量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与土壤全氮、土壤速效氮、土壤有机质、土壤速效钾呈显著正相关(P0.05)。     

青藏高原高山嵩草草甸植物多样性和土壤养分对放牧的响应机制

以青藏高原高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸为对象,研究不同放牧强度对草甸群落植物多样性、土壤化学性状及土壤有效态微量元素的影响,旨在为高山嵩草草甸生态系统保护和恢复提供科学依据。结果表明:随着放牧牦牛强度的增加,高山嵩草草甸群落的盖度、群落物种数、物种多样性、地上生物量均显著降低,重度放牧与对照间差异显著(P<0.05),而适度放牧与对照间差异不显著;放牧对土壤化学性状的影响主要表现为,随着放牧强度增加,0~30 cm土层中有机质、速效氮、全磷和速效磷含量减少,而适度放牧全氮含量与对照间差异不显著。适度放牧下10~20 cm土层中全磷和速效磷含量显著增加,与对照和重度放牧相比差异显著(P<0.05)。不同放牧强度下土壤有效态微量元素Fe,Mn,Cu和Zn的含量差异显著(P<0.05)。不同放牧强度对高山嵩草草甸的土壤有效态微量元素含量影响不同,从高到低依次为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu。因此,适度放牧是保护高山嵩草草甸植物多样性、维护土壤养分以及提高草地生产力的有效途径。     

高寒地区暖季草场放牧牦牛的生产性能及其土壤养分变化

旨在通过不同放牧强度下高寒小嵩草(Alpine Kobresia parva(Nees)Wang et Tang ex Y.C.Yang)草甸和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)/星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora(Griseb.)Scribn.et Merr.)高寒混播草地暖季草场植物初级生产力、土壤养分含量以及牦牛生产性能的研究,为草地合理利用提供有益的依据。结果表明:牦牛个体增重与放牧强度均呈线性关系;高寒小嵩草草甸暖季草场最适放牧强度为1.26头/hm²,垂穗披碱草/星星草混播高寒混播草地暖季草场的最适放牧强度是7.23头/hm²;放牧强度对高寒混播草地速效氮和速效磷的影响不显著,对速效钾的影响显著(P<0.05);随着放牧强度的提高,高寒小嵩草草甸土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量呈减小趋势;当放牧强度分别达到1.07头/hm²,1.08头/hm²和1.22头/hm²时,0~5 cm,5~10 cm,10~20cm土壤速效氮含量依此达到最小;随着放牧强度的提高,高寒小嵩草草甸禾草和莎草的比例下降,可食杂草和毒杂草比例增加,而高寒混播草地垂穗披碱草的比例降低,星星草和杂类草的比例增加。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …