Prognostic indicators in cattle with right-sided displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus]

The records of 106 cases of right-sided displacement of the abomasum (RDA) and abomasal volvulus (AV) were reviewed. Pre- and postoperative heart rate (> or = 90 BPM), serum BUN (> or = 10 mmol/L), potassium (< or = 3.3 mmol/L) and chloride (< or = 85 mmol/L) were the best indicators for a non-productive outcome. High gamma-GT activity can be used as a preoperative indicator to differentiate AV from RDA. The overall rate of return to a productive life was 74% (81.2% of RDA cases and 67.3% of AV cases).     

Risk factors for abomasal volvulus and left abomasal displacement in cattle.

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate and compare risk factors for abomasal volvulus (AV) and left displaced abomasum (LDA) in cattle. Medical record abstracts were derived from 17 North American veterinary schools by the Veterinary Medical Data Program for all cattle admitted between Jan 1, 1977 and Dec 31, 1986, and for those with a diagnosis of AV or LDA. From a total of 108,956 individual cattle records, 1,036 cases of AV and 7,695 cases of LDA were identified, with a ratio of LDA to AV cases of 7.4 to 1. In-hospital mortality was 23.5% for AV and 5.6% for LDA. Age, breed, gender, and season each had significant (P less than 0.05) effects on risk for AV and LDA. Risk for AV and LDA increased with increasing age, with greater risk in cattle aged 4 to 7 years. Dairy cattle were at higher risk of developing AV (adjusted odds ratio, 36.4) and LDA (adjusted odds ratio, 95.2) than were beef cattle. The odds of AV in Brown Swiss cattle were significantly (P less than 0.0001) lower, and the odds of LDA in Guernsey cattle were significantly (P less than 0.0001) higher than those in Holstein cattle. Female cattle were also at higher risk of developing AV (adjusted odds ratio, 3.3) and LDA (adjusted odds ratio, 29.1) than were male cattle. The odds of AV and LDA varied considerably throughout the year, with the lowest number of cases observed in autumn. Seasonal development of AV differed significantly (P less than 0.0001) from that of LDA, with the odds of AV and LDA being highest in January and March, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prognostic value of anion gap calculation in cattle with abomasal volvulus: 58 cases (1980-1985)

Values for anion gap, serum chloride, and base excess were tabulated for 58 dairy cows with abomasal volvulus. Test values for survivors (n = 40) and nonsurvivors (n = 18) were compared. Surviving cattle were released for production or salvage. Nonsurviving cows died or were euthanatized. Accuracy of preoperative anion gap, serum chloride, and base excess values in predicting outcome was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and negative predictive value of these at assigned cutoff values. Anion gaps greater than or equal to 30 mEq/L were indicative of a poor prognosis. At this value, the sensitivity (0.889), specificity (0.925), predictive value (0.842), negative predictive value (0.949), and efficiency (0.914) were higher than when serum chloride concentration less than or equal to 84 mEq/L or base excess value less than or equal to 0 were used to denote poor prognosis. We concluded that preoperative anion gap calculation could reliably predict the outcome of cows with abomasal volvulus and was more accurate than either serum chloride concentration or base excess value.     

Preoperative prognostic indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus

A prospective study evaluating preoperative prognostic indicators in 80 cattle with abomasal volvulus was done. Surgical correction of the abomasal volvulus was performed in all animals. After surgery, cattle were categorized into 3 groups: productive (acceptable milk production or appetite, n = 59), salvaged (poor milk production or appetite, n = 10), and nonsurvivors (n = 11). Mean values for study variables did not differ significantly between salvaged and nonsurvivor groups. Cattle in these 2 groups were combined to form a nonproductive group, which was compared with the productive group. Productive cattle had a significantly lower preoperative heart rate than nonproductive cattle, were less dehydrated, had lower serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and serum creatinine concentration, more frequent rumen contractions, higher serum Na+ and Cl- concentrations, and had been inappetent for a shorter period. Significant differences were not detected in blood pH, base excess, anion gap, PCV, and serum K+ concentrations between the 2 groups. Feces from nonproductive cattle tended to be reduced in volume and were significantly darker. A number of preoperative prognostic indices were evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (+PV) of each variable and by using logistic regression. Positive predictive values were generally higher in identifying productive cattle than nonproductive cattle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Abomasal luminal pressure in cattle with abomasal volvulus or left displaced abomasum.

The abomasal luminal pressure was determined during surgery in 54 dairy cows with abomasal volvulus (AV) and another 50 dairy cows with left displaced abomasum. The luminal pressure was high in all cattle with AV and 49 (98%) cattle with left displaced abomasum. Luminal pressure was significantly higher in cattle with AV (median, 11.7 mm of Hg; range, 4.1 to 32.4 mm of Hg) than cattle with left displaced abomasum (median, 8.7 mm of Hg; range, 3.5 to 20.7 mm of Hg). Among cattle with AV, abomasal luminal pressure was significantly higher in cattle that died or were sold for slaughter following surgery (median, 20.6 mm of Hg; n = 8) than in cattle that were retained in the herd (median, 11.0 mm of Hg; n = 46). The luminal pressure was weakly correlated with the preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase activity but not correlated with duration of inappetence before surgery. Calculation of likelihood ratios and construction of a response operating characteristic curve for cattle with AV indicated that a cut-off value of 16 mm of Hg for luminal pressure optimized the distribution of cattle into productive and nonproductive groups. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of a luminal pressure < 16 mm of Hg in predicting a productive outcome were 0.83, 0.75, 0.95, and 0.43, respectively.     

Ultrasonographic findings in cows with right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus

Seventeen cows with right displacement of the abomasum (rda) without abomasal volvulus, nine cows with abomasal volvulus and 10 clinically healthy cows were examined ultrasonographically. A 5.0 MHz transducer was used to scan the eighth to 12th intercostal spaces and the cranial and caudal aspects of the flank on the right side. The position, size and dorsal and ventral margins of the abomasum were determined at each imaging position. In both groups of diseased cows, the ventral abomasum contained fluid ingesta, which appeared hypoechogenic with diffuse echogenic stippling. The abomasal folds could be seen clearly as echogenic sickle-shaped structures within the ingesta. The dorsal abomasal gas cap varied in size and was characterised by reverberation artefacts, which appeared as echogenic lines running parallel to the body surface. Compared with the healthy cows, the abomasum was larger and located significantly closer to the midline of the dorsum in both groups of cows. Compared with the cows with rda, the abomasum in the cows with abomasal volvulus was significantly smaller in the eighth intercostal space and significantly larger in the 11th intercostal space. It was not possible to differentiate between rda and abomasal volvulus on the basis of the ultrasonographic findings.     

Phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows with abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus

Abnormal phosphorus homeostasis occurs in dairy cows with an abomasal displacement or volvulus. The goal of this study was to identify potential mechanisms for hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia in cows with a left displaced abomasum (LDA), right displaced abomasum (RDA), or abomasal volvulus (AV). Accordingly, the results of preoperative clinicopathologic analyses for 1,368 dairy cows with an LDA (n = 1,189), RDA, or AV (n = 179) (data set 1) and for 44 cows with an AV (data set 2) were retrieved. Laboratory values were compared by Student's t-tests, and correlation and regression analyses were performed. Thirty-four percent of the animals from data set 1 (463/1,368) were hypophosphatemic (serum phosphorus concentration ([Pi]) < 1.4 mmol/L), and 9% (122/1,368) were hyperphosphatemic ([Pi] >2.3 mmol/L). Serum [Pi] was significantly lower (P < .05) in cows with an LDA (1.60 +/- 0.53 mmol/L; mean +/- SD) than in cows with an RDA or AV (1.85 +/- 0.68 mmol/L). For cows with an LDA, [Pi] was correlated with serum urea nitrogen concentration ([SUN]) (r = 0.34) and serum concentration of magnesium ([Mg]) (r = 0.20). For cows with an RDA or AV, linear correlations existed between [Pi] and [SUN] (r = 0.45), [Mg] (r = 0.43), and serum chloride concentration ([Cl]) (r = -0.27). Stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that low [SUN] and the diagnosis of an LDA had the strongest associations with hypophosphatemia. In cows with hyperphosphatemia, [Pi] was most strongly associated with azotemia. In cows with an AV, the strongest correlations with [Pi] were found for [SUN] and serum creatinine. We conclude that hypophosphatemia in cows with an LDA is primarily due to decreased feed intake. In contrast, hyperphosphatemia in cattle with an RDA or AV appears to result from dehydration and decreased renal blood flow.     

Prognostic value of plasma L-lactate concentration measured cow-side with a portable clinical analyzer in Holstein dairy cattle with abomasal disorders

BACKGROUND: L-Lactate has been used as a prognostic indicator for ill humans and animals. A portable analyzer that measures L-lactate could help veterinarians decide to proceed with correction of a displaced abomasum. HYPOTHESES: The likelihood of a dairy cow with a displaced abomasum remaining in the herd can be predicted by lactate concentration and other variables. ANIMALS: Thirty-four healthy early-lactation dairy cows, and 131 cows with abomasal displacements (DA) presented to Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. METHODS: Plasma L-lactate was measured using a commercial analyzer (i-STAT). A cow had a positive outcome (PO) if she remained in the herd 30 days after surgical correction of the displaced abomasum and a negative outcome (NO) if she was culled or died in that time. A multivariable model with physical examination and clinicopathologic variables for predicting NO for cows with right-sided abomasal displacements was constructed. RESULTS: The median plasma L-lactate was 0.54 mM/L (interquartile range, 0.42-0.74) in healthy lactating Holstein cows. In cows with right-sided displaced abomasa, median plasma L-lactate concentrations were higher in cows with NO (5.88 mM/L) versus PO (3.23 mM/L) (P = .002). In a multivariable model, which identified chloride, heart rate, and L-lactate as the best fitting variables for cows with right-sided displacements, the probability of NO increased as L-lactate increased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Plasma L-lactate concentration might be a useful predictor of productive outcomes in cows with right-sided abomasal disorders.     

81例奶牛真胃右方变位和真胃扭转临床诊断治疗及体会

报道了南京地区 81例奶牛真胃右方变位 (RAD)和真胃扭转 (AV)的发病情况、临床症状、剖检变化、诊断和治疗过程 ,并就RAD和AV在奶牛胎次、产后天数、病程天数等方面进行了比较 ;详述了RAD和AV各自临床症状、诊断特点、治疗方法上的差异以及作者对手术固定方法的改进 ,同时对病因、预后等进行了讨论。     

Peritoneal fluid analysis in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum and abomasal volvulus

Peritoneal fluid (PF) was evaluated in 40 cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA) and 15 cows with abomasal volvulus (AV). PF was obtained by abdominocentesis at the right ventral abdomen at admission. Simultaneously, a blood sample was taken from the jugular vein. Biochemical and cytological variables in blood and PF specific for ischaemia, inflammation and cell damage were compared. Total protein, albumin, glucose and cholesterol were normal in PF of cows with LDA and AV. Although L-lactate increased in both groups, cows with AV had significantly higher values (LDA: 1.47/0.69/2.68 mmol/l; AV: 6.45/4.55/12.89 mmol/l (median/1. quartile/3. quartile)). D-dimer (LDA: 0.50/0.22/0.88 mg/l; AV: 1.11/0.40/1.85 mg/l) and LDH (LDA: 663/437/943 U/l; AV: 1099/750/1439 U/l) were only increased in PF of cows with AV. The number of leucocytes was normal; however, significantly more peritoneal neutrophils appeared necrotic or apoptotic after AV. PF of cows with abomasal displacement showed distinctive features of ischaemia and inflammation. Characteristics of haemostatic dysfunction and cell damage were mainly evident in PF of cows with AV. The results suggest that anti-inflammatory therapy is indicated in each cow with abomasal displacement. Additionally, medical treatment should be directed to prevent complications of ischaemia and reperfusion in cows with AV.     

Interpretation of abomasal worm burdens in cattle

The significance of the worm burden in the diagnosis of parasitic gastroenteritis is examined. It is emphasised that the worm population is in a dynamic state with the calf constantly losing part of its worm burden while picking up new infective larvae. The numbers and proportion of late fourth stage Ostertagia ostertagi larvae gives an indication of the success of the animal in controlling its worm burden. During an examination of the worm population it is also necessary to look at the condition and degree of development of adult female worms to assess the efficiency of the calf's acquired resistance to infection.     

Routine surgical procedures in dairy cattle under field conditions: abomasal surgery, dehorning, and tail docking.

This article discusses the different methods used for the correction of left displaced abomasum. The advantages, disadvantages, and success rates of each technique are reviewed. The most common complications are described, and the economics of repeat surgery after a failed left displaced abomasum repair are examined. This article also addresses the need for anesthesia when dehorning and tail docking dairy cattle. The justifications for routine use of these two procedures are discussed, mainly from an animal welfare standpoint.     

Comparison of abomasal luminal gas pressure and volume and perfusion of the abomasum in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus

OBJECTIVE: To compare abomasal luminal gas pressure and volume and perfusion of the abomasum in dairy cows with a left displaced abomasum (LDA) or abomasal volvulus (AV). ANIMALS: 40 lactating dairy cows (25 with an LDA and 15 with an AV). PROCEDURE: Abomasal luminal gas pressure and volume and pulse oximetry values for the caudal portion of the dorsal ruminal sac and abomasal wall were measured during laparotomy. Abomasal perfusion was assessed on the basis of abomasal O2 saturation (pulse oximetry) before correction of the LDA or AV. Abomasal perfusion was also assessed after correction of the LDA or AV by measuring venous O2 saturation in the right gastroepiploic vein and calculating the abomasal oxygen-extraction ratio. RESULTS: Abomasal luminal gas pressure and volume were higher in cattle with an AV than in cattle with an LDA. Abomasal O2 saturation was lower and abomasal oxygen-extraction ratio higher in cattle with an AV, compared with values in cattle with an LDA. In cows with an AV, lactate concentration in the gastroepiploic vein was greater than that in a jugular vein, whereas no difference in lactate concentrations was detected in cows with an LDA. Abomasal luminal gas pressure was positively correlated (r, 0.51) with plasma lactate concentration in the gastroepiploic vein and negatively correlated (r, -0.32) with abomasal O2 saturation determined by use of pulse oximetry. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Abomasal perfusion decreases as luminal pressure increases in cattle with an AV or LDA.     

Bleeding abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cattle

Case records of abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cattle admitted to the University of Pennsylvania during a 12-year period were reviewed. The only records retrieved were those for cases in which the clinical signs were directly associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. Of 6,385 adult cows admitted during the study period, 69 had clinical ulceration. Twenty-four were bleeding ulcers: 12 nontumor-associated bleeding ulcers and 12 lymphosarcoma-associated bleeding ulcers. Nontumor-associated bleeding ulcers were commonly found in young cows (7 cows less than or equal to 4 years old) that often had concurrent postparturient disease conditions. Lymphosarcoma-associated bleeding ulcers were found more commonly in older cows (10 cows greater than or equal to 6 years old) during all stages of lactation, often without concurrent diseases (8 cows).     

奶牛真胃积食的诊疗

1　发病情况病奶牛 4岁 ,体重约 60 0 kg。平时饲喂铡碎的地瓜秧及少量精料。第 1次出诊时 ,该奶牛已发病 7天。初步诊断为不完全肠套叠 ,需手术治疗。在拉往动物保健医院的途中 ,患牛排出一些粪便 ,畜主认为好转不想手术 ,带药回家采取保守治疗。发病第 1 1天 ,仍然无食欲 ,不     

Feed composition and left abomasal displacement in dairy cattle. A case-control study

The present case-control study elucidates the significance of the crude fiber content in the ration for the development of left abomasal displacement. On the basis of approximate relative risk estimations a crude fiber content in the complete ration higher than 16 to 17% is recommended for the prevention of abomasal displacement.