速生杨小径材的优化开发利用

本文概括列举了速生杨在人造板方面的综合利用简况。简单介绍了速生杨的材性以及利用速生杨制造重组木、胶合板、定向结构拆、中密度纤维板、刨花板、单极层积材、人造薄木等木质人遗产品的工艺和部分产品的性能。利用速生杨制造此类木质产品具有良好经济效益和社会效益。     

防潮型中密度纤维板的研制

研究了以脲醛胶为主，三聚氰胺胶为辅制造防潮型中密度纤维板的工艺条件，讨论了热压时间、热压压力、热压温度、施胶量、配胶比例对中密度纤维板物理力学性能的影响。结果表明：配胶比例是重要的影响因子。采用试验所得的优选工艺制得的产品各项指标均达到或优于防潮型中密度纤维板国家标准。     

中国林业产业(人造板业)创新获奖项目案例(Ⅳ)

1 项目简介该项目是在多年喷蒸-真空热压技术研究的基础上和实施国家林业局科技成果推广项目"厚型中密度纤维板制造技术"中形成的,由南京林业大学和福建龙岩紫金集团永定紫金木业有限公司共同完成.项目针对目前国内缺少厚型中密度纤维板产品及制造技术,重点研究喷蒸-真空热压工艺、蒸汽喷射及真空抽吸系统以及厚型中密度纤维板后期加工技术三个核心问题,研究制造厚型中密度纤维板的最佳工艺参数,通过实验室试验和工业化生产试验,获得自主知识产权,形成了有自己特色的厚型中密度纤维板成套技术(包括工艺和设备),并在工业化生产中推广应用.该项技术可大幅度缩短生产时间,节省能耗,降低成本;产品及制造技术填补国内空白.     

热压工艺参数对中密度纤维板弹性模量的影响

通过正交实验分析表明,对7 mm中密度纤维板弹性模量最为显著的影响因素为热压温度、热压时间、热压压力、纤维初含水率、闭合速度。再通过单因素实验,最后得出热压工艺的最佳参数为:热压温度170℃,热压时间238 s,热压压力8 MPa,纤维初含水率8%,压板闭合速度9.67 mm/s。研究表明,按照正交实验得出的最佳工艺参数生产中密度纤维板,可适度提高其弹性模量,从而制造出质量更加优异的中密度纤维板。     

沙柳材中密度纤维板制备工艺及性能研究

本研究使用改性脲醛树脂胶黏剂制备沙柳材中密度纤维板.在预备试验基础上,采用正交试验及单因素试验方法对沙柳材中密度纤维板制备工艺进行了研究.结果表明:在热压温度180℃,热压时间0.6min/mm,施胶量12％,固化剂氯化铵加入量1％或硫酸铵加入量2％的条件下,沙柳材中密度纤维板各项性能较好,但与潮湿状态下使用的纤维板防水性能要求还有一定差距.     

棉秆中密度纤维板工艺技术的研究

探讨以棉秆为原料生产中密度纤维板的主要生产工艺参数.试验结果表明,在板材密度0.7 g/cm3、施胶量12%、防水剂1.5%、热压温度180℃、热压时间15 s/mm的最佳工艺条件下,棉秆中密度纤维板的各项力学性能均超过国家标准要求,但24 h吸水厚度膨胀率未达标,可能与棉秆原料自身特点有关.     

双组份豆粕基中密度纤维板的制备及性能研究

为解决传统中密度纤维板甲醛释放的问题,实验以豆粕粉为原料,研制出双组份生物质基环保型胶黏剂,并用其制备了中密度纤维板。通过单因素法研究了胶液、豆粕粉用量,木纤维含水率及热压时间对豆粕基中密度纤维板物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:1)在热压温度180℃条件下,胶液用量100 kg/m~3,豆粕粉用量60 kg/m~3,热压时间27 s/mm,木质纤维含水率(12±1)%为较优的制备工艺;2)较优条件下制备的中密度纤维板密度(ρ)为760 kg/m~3,内结合强度(IB为0.71 MPa,24 h吸水厚度膨胀率(24 h-TS)为9.3%,静曲强度(MOR)为33.2 NPa,弹性模量(MOE)为3 319 MPa,各项指标均符合国家标准;3)穿孔萃取法测试甲醛释放量为0.2 mg/100 g,优于国家E_0级纤维板标准;4)总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的释放率合格,挥发率达到A~+级。     

狼尾草中密度纤维板的研制

狼尾草是多年生禾本科草本植物,易种植、产量高,通常用作动物饲料.综合利用狼尾草原料,不仅可以提高其经济价值,而且可作为一种木材替代原料生产人造板,缓解木材资源紧张的矛盾.本文探讨了用狼尾草制造中密度纤维板的几个工艺因素与板材性能之间的关系,从而确定了较佳的工艺参数.     

制板因素对FRW阻燃中密度纤维板性能的影响

制板因素对阻燃中密度纤维板(MDF)各项性能的影响至关重要.根据前期试验,选取阻燃剂施加量和热压温度两个主要的制板影响因素,分别探讨了该因素对FRW阻燃中密度纤维板物理力学性能和阻燃性能的影响.研究结果表明:阻燃剂施加量对FRW阻燃中密度纤维板的物理力学性能影响较小,并且所有物理力学性能指标均达到并超过了中密度纤维板国家标准GB/T11718-1999的要求;而阻燃剂施加量对FRW阻燃中密度纤维板的阻燃性能影响较大,氧指数与阻燃剂施加量之间具有显著的相关性.热压温度除对FRW阻燃中密度纤维板的几个指标略有影响外,对其他的物理力学性能指标和氧指数几乎无影响.     

纤维板热压中心层温度与力学性能的关系

在不同板材目标厚度、不同板坯含水率、不同热压时间及热压温度条件下压制干法中密度纤维板,并测定板坯中心层在热压过程中的温度变化数据及产品力学性能,比较、分析各条件下中心层的温度与产品力学性能数据,得出了纤维板热压过程中中心层温度与产品力学性能的关系.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.