长期施肥对土壤氮矿化的影响

Two field experiments were conducted in Jiashan and Yuhang towns of Zhejiang Province, China, to study the feasibility of predicting N status of rice using canopy spectral reflectance. The canopy spectral reflectance of rice grown with different levels of N inputs was determined at several important growth stages. Statistical analyses showed that as a result of the different levels of N supply, there were significant differences in the N concentrations of canopy leaves at different growth stages. Since spectral reflectance measurements showed that the N status of rice was related to reflectance in the visible and NIR （near-infrared） ranges, observations for rice in 1 nm bandwidths were then converted to bandwidths in the visible and NIR spectral regions with IKONOS （space imaging） bandwidths and vegetation indices being used to predict the N status of rice. The results indicated that canopy reflectance measurements converted to ratio vegetation index （RVI） and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） for simulated IKONOS bands provided a better prediction of rice N status than the reflectance measurements in the simulated IKONOS bands themselves. The precision of the developed regression models using RVI and NDVI proved to be very high with R2 ranging from 0.82 to 0.94, and when validated with experimental data from a different site, the results were satisfactory with R2 ranging from 0.55 to 0.70. Thus, the results showed that theoretically it should be possible to monitor N status using remotely sensed data.     

Importance of rhizodeposition in the coupling of plant and microbial productivity

Plant roots influence the biological, chemical and physical properties of rhizosphere soil. These effects are a consequence of their growth, their activity and the exudation of organic compounds from them. In natural ecosystems, the linkages between inputs of carbon from plants and microbial activity driven by these inputs are central to our understanding of nutrient cycling in soil and the productivity of these systems. This coupling of plant and microbial productivity is also of increasing importance in agriculture, where the shift towards low‐input systems increases the dependence of plant production on nutrient cycling, as opposed to fertilizers. This review considers the processes by which plants can influence the cycling of nutrients in soil, and in particular the importance of organic inputs from roots in driving microbially mediated transformations of N. This coupling of plant inputs to the functioning of the microbial community is beneficial for acquisition of N by plants, particularly in low‐input systems. This occurs through stimulation of microbes that produce exoenzymes that degrade organic matter, and by promoting cycling of N immobilized in the microbial biomass via predation by protozoa. Also, plants increase the cycling of N by changes in exudation in response to nitrogen supply around roots, and in response to browsing by herbivores. Plants can release compounds in exudates that directly affect the expression of genes in microbes, and this may be an important way of controlling their function to the benefit of the plant.     

不同时期施用氮肥对巨峰葡萄氮素吸收、分配及利用的影响

为了探讨巨峰葡萄对氮素的吸收、分配和利用规律,为合理施肥提供依据,本试验采用田间15N示踪方法,对巨峰葡萄进行了3个时期土施15N尿素处理。结果表明:各时期植株不同器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（15N丰度Ndff）有明显差异。萌芽期施肥处理的新梢及果实的Ndff极显著高于多年生器官和根;膨大期处理各器官Ndff均有所增长;成熟期处理的果实Ndff仅为上一时期的37.6%,而多年生器官和根的Ndff却均比上一时期高两倍多。萌芽期处理植株吸收的15N 54.8%分配到叶片中,果实中仅占3.6%;膨大期处理,果实中的15N分配率达到26%,而分配到叶片中的15N量降为38%。不同时期植株各器官的15N利用率与分配率呈现相同的趋势。自萌芽期到叶片衰老期,植株对15N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,果实成熟期处理的最高。巨峰葡萄每形成1000 kg果实需要吸收氮素3.76 kg;氮素在树体各器官中的分布为果实 叶片 根 当年生枝主干多年生枝;果实膨大期至果实成熟期为氮素的最大需求期和最大效率期,因此在生产上氮肥施用时期建议适当后移。     

Effect of tillage and N fertilization on microbial physiological profile of soils cultivated with wheat

Microbial diversity might be a good indicator of ecosystem disturbance and functioning. We determined the effect of soil disturbances, such as N fertilization and tillage management, on soil microbial communities in a Typic Argiudoll of the El Salado river basin (Argentina). Microbial activity and substrate utilization provided a metabolic fingerprint of the soil microbial community. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to differentiate responses to N fertilization and tillage at each of three growth stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Tillage had an adverse effect on microbial diversity, in which reduced and conventional tillage treated soils had different populations. However, N fertilization also altered microbial diversity depending on the crop developmental stage considered. Metabolism of carboxylic acids and carbohydrates were the main indicators of functional microbial activity and diversity. Although the substrate consumption profile of 32 C substrates did not provide insights into the fundamental ecological interactions that may induce changes in microbial population, it allowed us to demonstrate the alterations of microbial diversity as a result of tillage. We conclude that tillage and N fertilization altered microbial diversity.     

有机肥氮投入比例对土壤微生物碳源利用特征的影响

【目的】 探讨冬小麦–夏玉米轮作系统中,冬小麦基肥中有机肥替代氮素在总氮投入中的不同比例对土壤微生物碳源利用特征的影响,可进一步揭示土壤中微生物多样性和活性特征,为找出最佳的有机肥替代无机肥氮素比例提供数据支持。 【方法】 在河北徐水试验站利用连续5年进行的冬小麦–夏玉米田间试验,其中,对照处理 (CK) 不施任何肥料,其他处理冬小麦和夏玉米氮素施入量均为N 200 kg/hm2,冬小麦氮素以干牛粪作为有机肥氮素代替不同比例的无机肥氮素,按照有机肥氮素占总氮投入的百分比,设置4个处理,分别为M0 (0%)、M20 (20%)、M50 (50%)和M100 (100%)。采集表层 (0—20 cm) 土壤样品,采用Biolog ECO板方法测定微生物对31种碳源的利用能力,来表征土壤微生物多样性以及活性。 【结果】 1) 有机肥替代无机肥氮素可以显著提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用效率。M0处理总碳源利用能力最低,M50最高,M100处理微生物对碳源的利用速率最快。2) 所有施肥处理对D-纤维二糖、D-乳糖、D-甘露醇、吐温40和苯乙胺这几种碳源的利用程度最高,D, L-磷酸甘油和γ-羟丁酸这两种碳源的利用率最低。整体上看,土壤微生物对碳源种类的平均利用率从高到低依次为糖类、胺类、氨基酸类、多聚类、羧酸类和酚酸类。3) 有机氮替代处理的微生物碳源利用多样性的香农指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数均显著高于不施肥对照处理和单施化肥处理,但是均匀度指数有了明显的降低,且随着有机肥氮素替代比例的增大,差异越明显。4) 土壤微生物碳代谢活性主要与土壤有机质含量密切相关,有机质含量越大,相应的香农指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数及AWCD值越大,而土壤有机质含量越大均匀度指数却越低。 【结论】 大量有机肥氮素替代无机肥氮素可以显著提高微生物对碳源的利用,说明有机肥替代无机肥氮素能够提高土壤微生物的多样性和活性,其中秋施基肥时以有机肥替代100%基施无机肥氮素 (M100处理) 为最佳的施肥方式。      

Functional resilience of soil microbial communities depends on both soil structure and microbial community composition

The effects of soil structure and microbial community composition on microbial resistance and resilience to stress were found to be interrelated in a series of experiments. The initial ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to decompose added plant residues immediately after a copper or heat stress (resistance) depended significantly on which of 26 sterile soils it was inoculated into. Subsequent studies showed that both the resistance and subsequent recovery in the ability of P. fluorescens to decompose added plant residues over 28 days after stress (resilience) varied significantly between a sandy and a clay-loam soil. Sterile, sandy and clay-loam soil was then inoculated with a complex microbial community extracted from either of the soils. The resulting microbial community structure depended on soil type rather than the source of inoculum, whilst the resistance and resilience of decomposition was similarly governed by the soil and not the inoculum source. Resilience of the clay-loam soil to heat stress did not depend on the water content of the soil at the time of stress, although the physical condition of the soil when decomposition was measured did affect the outcome. We propose that soil functional resilience is governed by the physico-chemical structure of the soil through its effect on microbial community composition and microbial physiology.     

施氮水平对水稻氮肥利用率和径流负荷的影响

氮肥的过量施用导致显著的氮素损失,降低了环境质量。减少氮肥投入使其与作物需求相匹配对于保持农业生产的可持续发展具有至关重要的作用。为了评估不同施氮水平对水稻生产过程中的氮肥利用率和径流负荷的影响,利用长期实验基地开展了相关研究,实验共设置了4个施氮水平,即0、100、200和300 kg/hm~2。结果显示,随着施氮量的增加,粮食产量显著提高,而农学效率和偏肥生产力却呈相反趋势。作物地上部氮肥回收率则呈先增加后减少的趋势,并在200 kg/hm~2时达到峰值;氮素径流损失随施氮量的增加而增加。     

Effects of 17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomass C and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth

As labile organic pools, soluble organic matter and soil microbial biomass are sensitive to changes in soil management and therefore good indicators of soil quality. Effects of a 17-year long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN), soluble organic C, and soluble organic N during the maize growing season were evaluated in a loess soil (Eum-Orthic Anthrosol) in northwest China. The fertilization treatments included no fertilizer (CK), inorganic N, P, and K fertilizer (NPK), cattle manure plus NPK fertilizer (MNPK), and straw plus NPK fertilizer (SNPK). Our results showed that C storage in the 0–20 cm soil layer was 28% to 81% higher in the fertilized treatments compared to the unfertilized treatment. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, SMBC and SMBN in the three fertilized treatments were higher than in the unfertilized treatment on all sampling dates, while microbial biomass C and N in the 0−10 cm soil layers were the highest at grain filling. In the same soil layer, soil-soluble organic C generally decreased in the order MNPK > SNPK > NPK > CK, while soluble organic N was the highest in the MNPK followed by the SNPK treatment. There was no significant difference in soluble organic N in the NPK and CK treatments throughout most of the maize growing season. Changes in soluble organic N occurred along the growing season and were more significant than those for soluble organic C. Soluble organic N was the highest at grain filling and the lowest at harvest. Overall, our results indicated that microbial biomass and soluble organic N in the surface soil were generally the highest at grain filling when maize growth was most vigorous. Significant positive relationships were found between soluble organic C and SMBC and between soluble organic N and SMBN.     

Ecophysiology of the soil microbial biomass and its relation to the soil microbial N pool

Abstract. Microbial osmoregulation as a factor regulating the nitrogen and carbon contents of soil microbial biomass was studied in two experiments. In the first the percentages of the carbon and nitrogen occurring in the cytoplasm of Aspergillus flavus and Pseudomonas sp. were shown to be strongly influenced by osmotic stress. In the second, biomass carbon and nitrogen initially increased with increasing water stress (osmotic and matric) up to −1.0 and −1.5 MPa, respectively, but declined under greater osmotic stress. As the soil microbial carbon and nitrogen pools are affected by these stresses, allowance must be made for them when interpreting biomass measurements in water-stressed soils.     

Turnover of grain legume N rhizodeposits and effect of rhizodeposition on the turnover of crop residues

The turnover of N derived from rhizodeposition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and the effects of the rhizodeposition on the subsequent C and N turnover of its crop residues were investigated in an incubation experiment (168 days, 15 °C). A sandy loam soil for the experiment was either stored at 6 °C or planted with the respective grain legume in pots. Legumes were in situ ¹⁵N stem labelled during growth and visible roots were removed at maturity. The remaining plant-derived N in soil was defined as N rhizodeposition. In the experiment the turnover of C and N was compared in soils with and without previous growth of three legumes and with and without incorporation of crop residues. After 168 days, 21% (lupin), 26% (faba bean) and 27% (pea) of rhizodeposition N was mineralised in the treatments without crop residues. A smaller amount of 15–17% was present as microbial biomass and between 30 and 55% of mineralised rhizodeposition N was present as microbial residue pool, which consists of microbial exoenzymes, mucous substances and dead microbial biomass. The effect of rhizodeposition on the C and N turnover of crop residues was inconsistent. Rhizodeposition increased the crop residue C mineralisation only in the lupin treatment; a similar pattern was found for microbial C, whereas the microbial N was increased by rhizodeposition in all treatments. The recovery of residual ¹⁵N in the microbial and mineral N pool was similar between the treatments containing only labelled crop residues and labelled crop residues + labelled rhizodeposits. This indicates a similar decomposability of both rhizodeposition N and crop residue N and may be attributable to an immobilisation of both N sources (rhizodeposits and crop residues) as microbial residues and a subsequent remineralisation mainly from this pool.Abbreviations C or N_dec C or N decomposed from residues - C or N_mic microbial C or N - C or N_micres microbial residue C or N - C or N_min mineralised C or N - C or N_input added C or N as crop residues and/or rhizodeposits - dfr derived from residues - dfR derived from rhizodeposition - Ndfr N derived from residues - NdfR N derived from rhizodeposition - N_loss losses of N derived from residues - SOM soil organic matter - WHC water holding capacity     

Impact of plant species and atmospheric CO2 concentration on rhizodeposition and soil microbial activity and community composition

Both plant species and CO₂ concentration can potentially affect rhizodeposition and consequently soil microbial activity and community composition. However, the effect differs based on plant developmental stage. We focused on the effect of three plant species (forbs, grasses, and N₂‐fixers) at an early stage of development on root C deposition and fate, soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization and soil microbial community composition at ambient (aCO₂) and elevated (eCO₂) CO₂ levels. Plants were grown from seed, under continuous ¹³C‐labelling atmospheres (400 and 800 µmol mol^?1 CO₂), in grassland soil for three weeks. At the end of the growth period, soil respiration, dissolved organic C (DOC) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were quantified and isotopically partitioned into root‐ and soil‐derived components. Root‐derived DOC (0.53 ± 0.34 and 0.26 ± 0.29 µg mL soil solution^?1) and soil‐derived CO₂ (6.14 ± 0.55 and 5.04 ± 0.44 µg CO₂‐C h^?1) were on average two times and 22% higher at eCO₂ than at aCO₂, respectively. Plant species differed in exudate production at aCO₂ (0.11 ± 0.11, 0.10 ± 0.18, and 0.58 ± 0.58 µg mL soil solution^?1 for Plantago, Festuca, and Lotus, respectively) but not at eCO₂ (0.20 ± 0.28, 0.66 ± 0.32, and 0.75 ± 0.15 µg mL soil solution^?1 for Plantago, Festuca, and Lotus, respectively). However, no differences among plant species or CO₂ levels were apparent when DOC was expressed per gram of roots. Relative abundance of PLFAs did not differ between the two CO₂ levels. A higher abundance of actinobacteria and G‐positive bacteria occurred in unplanted (8.07 ± 0.48 and 24.36 ± 1.18 mol%) and Festuca‐affected (7.63 ± 0.31 and 23.62 ± 0.69 mol%) soil than in Plantago‐ (7.04 ± 0.36 and 23.41 ± 1.13 mol%) and Lotus‐affected (7.24 ± 0.17 and 23.13 ± 0.52 mol%) soil. In conclusion, the differences in root exudate production and soil respiration are mainly caused by differences in root biomass at an early stage of development. However, plant species evidently produce root exudates of varying quality affecting associated microbial community composition.     

The strategy of microbial utilization of the deposited N in a temperate forest soil

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted using 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3 (0.1 mg N g−1 soil (0.1 N) and 0.5 mg N g−1 soil (0.5 N)) labeled...     

长期定位不同施肥方式对土壤肥力和微生物的影响

以北京市农林科学院(房山)新型肥料长期定位试验站为平台,采用田间冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的方法,探讨了长期不同施肥方式对土壤有机质、养分和微生物特性的影响。结果表明:经过12年的长期定位施肥后,NPK配施有机废弃物肥和NPK配施秸秆可以降低土壤pH值,NPKWN处理降低pH效果最为明显,pH值相较基础土样降低了0.18,而单施化肥的处理土壤pH值均有所增加,处理之间差异不显著;试验地的EC值在11.7～14.5 mS/m之间,各施肥处理与CK处理相比,施肥增加了土壤EC值,差异显著,并且配施有机废弃物肥和秸秆处理的土壤EC值又较NPK处理偏高;长期施用有机废弃物肥和秸秆的土壤肥力明显提高,施肥对土壤有机质、全氮的变化规律:NPK配施有机废弃物肥NPK配施秸秆化肥CK;土壤中的三大微生物数量,细菌放线菌真菌,单施化肥与CK相比,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量都有所提高,化肥与有机废物肥或者与秸秆配合施用的土壤细菌、放线菌数量比单施化肥的增幅效果明显;NPKJG处理土壤中真菌数量最高,达到4.53×10~4个/g,与CK处理相比,增加了67.7%;长期不同施肥处理的土壤微生物量氮变化介于24.7～44.6 mg/kg之间,各处理土壤微生物量氮变化规律为NPKWNNPKLJNPKJGNPKJFNPKMGNPKNPKHSFCK,与对照相比分别增加了80.7%、80.4%、77.2%、72.1%、61.2%、35.7%、23.7%;土壤微生物量氮、细菌数量与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷呈显著或极显著正相关,土壤放线菌数量与土壤速效钾、有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著正相关,可以作为在长期施肥条件下土壤肥力变化的生物学指标。     

Short and long-term effects of elevated CO2 on Lolium perenne rhizodeposition and its consequences on soil organic matter turnover and plant N yield

It is still unclear whether elevated CO₂ increases plant root exudation and consequently affects the soil microbial biomass. The effects of elevated CO₂ on the fate of the C and nitrogen (N) contained in old soil organic matter pools is also unclear. In this study the short and long-term effects of elevated CO₂ on C and N pools and fluxes were assessed by growing isolated plants of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in glasshouses at elevated and ambient atmospheric CO₂ and using soil from the New Zealand FACE site that had >4 years exposure to CO₂ enrichment. Using ¹⁴CO₂ pulse labelling, the effects of elevated CO₂ on C allocation within the plant-soil system were studied. Under elevated CO₂ more root derived C was found in the soil and in the microbial biomass 48 h after labelling. The increased availability of substrate significantly stimulated soil microbial growth and acted as priming effect, enhancing native soil organic matter decomposition regardless of the mineral N supply. Despite indications of faster N cycling in soil under elevated CO₂, N availability to plants stayed unchanged. Soil previously exposed to elevated CO₂ exhibited a higher N cycling rate but again there was no effect on plant N uptake. With respect to the difficulties of extrapolating glasshouse experiment results to the field, we concluded that the accumulation of coarse organic matter observed in the field under elevated CO₂ was probably not created by an imbalance between C and N but was likely to be due to more complex phenomena involving soil mesofauna and/or other nutrients limitations.     

Rice rhizodeposition and carbon stabilisation in paddy soil are regulated via drying-rewetting cycles and nitrogen fertilisation

This study aimed to better understand the stabilisation of rice rhizodeposition in paddy soil under the interactive effects of different N fertilisation and water regimes. We continuously labelled rice (‘Zhongzao 39’) with ¹³CO₂ under a combination of different water regimes (alternating flooding-drying vs. continuous flooding) and N addition (250 mg N kg^?1 urea vs. no addition) and then followed ¹³C incorporation into plant parts as well as soil fractions. N addition increased rice shoot biomass, rhizodeposition, and formation of ¹³C (new plant-derived C) in the rhizosphere soils under both water regimes. By day 22, the interaction of alternating flooding-drying and N fertilisation significantly increased shoot and root ¹³C allocations by 17 and 22%, respectively, over the continuous flooding condition. The interaction effect also led to a 46% higher ¹³C allocation to the rhizosphere soil. Alone, alternating water management increased ¹³C deposition by 43%. In contrast, N addition increased ¹³C deposition in rhizosphere soil macroaggregates under both water regimes, but did not foster macroaggregation itself. N treatment also increased ¹³C deposition and percentage in microaggregates and in the silt and clay-size fractions of the rhizosphere soil, a pattern that was higher under the alternating condition. Overall, our data indicated that combined N application and a flooding-drying treatment stabilised rhizodeposited C in soil more effectively than other tested conditions. Thus, they are desirable practices for improving rice cropping, capable of reducing cost, increasing water use efficiency, and raising C sequestration.     

长期施肥对稻田土壤微生物群落结构及氮循环功能微生物数量的影响

  【目的】   稻田是陆生生态系统中重要的氮库之一,在氮素生物地球化学循环中具有重要地位。研究不同施肥处理对稻田土壤微生物群落结构及其功能的影响具有重要意义。   【方法】   田间试验位于江苏省金坛市,在取样时试验已进行了6年。施肥处理包括:不施肥对照 (CK)、施化肥 (CF)、化肥+猪粪混施 (CMF)、化肥+秸秆混施 (CSF)。采用高通量测序和定量PCR方法测定稻田土壤微生物群落结构及氮循环相关功能微生物数量。   【结果】   在施用肥料6年后,土壤全碳、可溶性有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量均不同程度地提高。与CF相比,CSF和CMF处理土壤pH升高,全碳、可溶性有机碳与养分含量升高。CK与施肥处理的土壤细菌群落结构差异明显,不同施肥处理的细菌群落结构之间有明显差别。聚类结果显示,CK与CMF处理细菌群落聚类更接近,CF处理和CSF处理细菌群落结构更为接近;与CK相比,CF、CMF、CSF处理土壤中氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 和铁氨氧化微生物Feammox A6的丰度显著提高,其中Feammox A6分别增长87.6%、158%和157%。冗余分析结果表明,施肥过程及其对土壤化学性质的改变显著影响土壤细菌群落的组成和分布。   【结论】   施肥导致的反应底物 (NH₄+、NO₃–含量) 及土壤理化性质的差异,是土壤微生物群落结构和功能微生物数量响应的主要决定因素。不施肥与化肥配施猪粪的土壤细菌群落聚类更接近,施化肥与化肥配施秸秆的细菌群落结构更为接近。施肥对氨氧化细菌AOA数量影响不明显,但显著提高氨氧化古菌AOB和厌氧铁氨氧化功能微生物Feammox A6的数量,特别是有机肥 (猪粪、秸秆) 提高Feammox A6数量的效果大于化肥。长期单施化肥土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度显著降低,反硝化功能基因nirK、nosZ丰度显著增高;化肥配施猪粪土壤中的厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度变化不明显,反硝化功能基因narG、nirK、nosZ丰度显著增高;化肥配施秸秆处理厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度变化不明显,反硝化功能基因nirK、nosZ丰度显著增高。     

氮磷配合对土壤氮素径流流失的影响

大田试验研究结果表明 :增施N、P均能增加作物的产量和减少水土流失 ;当N、P用量分别达到 5 5 .2kgN/hm2 和 90kgP2 O5/hm2 时 ,泥沙有机质和全氮流失最少 ,流失量分别为 2 0 89和 1 75kg/km2 ;当N、P用量分别为 5 5 .2kgN/hm2 和 4 5kgP2 O5/hm2 时 ,土壤矿质氮流失最小 ,其流失量仅为 2 7.9kg/km2 ;作物对土壤氮素的吸收 ,可减少土壤氮素的流失 .     

施氮对春玉米氮素利用及农田氮素平衡的影响

田间试验研究了玉米对不同土壤氮素供应水平下作物氮素吸收利用、土壤氮素供应以及农田氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,玉米产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,当施氮量高于N 240 kg/hm2时,产量有减少趋势;氮素当季利用率随施氮量的增加逐渐降低。土壤中硝态氮含量在玉米整个生育时期呈现先迅速下降后缓慢升高的趋势;玉米成熟期,施氮处理的各层土壤中硝态氮含量显著高于不施氮处理,各层硝态氮含量基本随施氮量的增加而升高。适量施氮促进玉米对氮素的吸收和利用,进而提高玉米生物量和产量;过量施氮导致硝态氮在土壤中大量累积,提高了硝态氮淋溶风险。施氮处理显著提高了收获后土壤中残留无机氮(Nmin),土壤残留Nmin随施氮量的增加而增加;当施氮量高于N 240 kg/hm2时,残留Nmin有下降趋势。氮素表观损失随施氮量的增加而增加。在本试验条件下,综合产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮累积情况考虑,合理施氮量应控制在N 1802~40 kg/hm2左右。     

施氮和增雨对内蒙古半干旱地区草原土壤微生物群落碳源利用潜力的影响

已有许多研究证明,中国北方草地生态系统的植物群落结构和组成对气候变化和氮沉降较为敏感,但是关于草原土壤微生物群落响应多重环境因子变化方面的研究较薄弱。水和氮是陆地生态系统生产力的两大限制性因子。本研究在内蒙古多伦半干旱草原地区进行增雨和施氮的野外控制试验,以模拟未来该地区的降水变化和氮沉降,使用微生物群落水平生理图谱法,监测样地土壤理化指标和土壤微生物群落碳源利用潜力的变化。3年的跟踪监测结果显示:增雨显著提高了半干旱草原地区土壤含水量和有机质含量;施氮和增雨同时施氮则显著提高了土壤可溶性氮含量,降低了土壤pH;施氮和增雨都没有单独引起土壤微生物群落碳源利用潜力的显著变化,而在同时增雨和施氮试验处理下,微生物群落碳源利用潜力得到提高,说明在水和氮都充足的条件下,土壤微生物碳源利用潜力才会显著提高。以上研究结果预示着在未来降雨增加和氮沉降的全球变化背景下,中国北方半干旱草地生态系统的碳循环速率可能会加快。     

长期施肥对黑土酶活性和微生物呼吸的影响

以农业部哈尔滨黑土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站28年长期定位试验为平台,研究了长期施用不同肥料对黑土酶活性及微生物呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理后黑土过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶的活性均产生较大的差异,有机无机肥料配合施用处理的土壤中脲酶和转化酶活性显著地高于单施化肥、有机肥和不施肥处理,施肥对土壤过氧化氢酶具有一定的抑制作用。相同施肥条件下0~20 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶的活性均高于20~40 cm土层酶活性。此外,施肥对土壤真菌、细菌的呼吸都有一定的抑制作用。