环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖和人工育幼

以石家庄市动物园人工饲养的环尾狐猴为研究对象,通过对环尾狐猴的生物学特性以及人工圈养条件下的环境、行为、营养、繁殖、人工育幼等多方面进行分析和研究,为环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖工作提供了一定的实践依据。     

环尾狐猴在华南地区的饲养与繁殖

以广州动物园人工饲养的10只环尾狐猴（雄性5只，雌性5只）为研究对象，根据广州地区多雨潮湿的气候条件，以400m。草地作为饲养场地，配置栖枝、凉亭和恒温保暖箱，采取逐只投喂的办法进行饲养。在广州地区的气候条件下，环尾狐猴2岁即可进行繁殖交配，发情期为8～9月，妊娠期为5个月，育幼主要由母猴来完成，雄猴可参与育幼，母猴有明显的护食行为。当气温低于15℃时，狐猴进入恒温保暖箱活动。在华南地区的气候条件下，环尾狐猴的饲养管理需做好防雨、防晒工作，冬季气温低于15℃时需开启恒温保暖设施。在繁殖育幼期，需添加面包虫等食物，并合理搭配成年雌雄性狐猴比例，防止动物打斗而出现伤亡。本文主要阐述环尾狐猴在广州地区的饲养繁殖、防寒保暖、环境丰容等方面的技术要点，为在华南地区环尾狐猴的保育及进一步研究奠定基础。     

环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖与人工育幼技术

2010年,对吉林省东北虎园所饲养的环尾狐猴进行了饲养繁殖方面的研究。从环尾狐猴的日粮配制、繁殖行为、人工育幼等方面入手,就笼养条件下环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖进行了较系统地阐述,以期为饲养繁殖环尾狐猴提供参考和借鉴。     

节尾狐猴肿瘤切除手术

<正>节尾狐猴原产于非洲马达加斯加东南和南部,是狐猴中自然分布中最多的一种,也是各动物园饲养较普遍的种类,2010年南昌市动物园引进该猴种群30只,经过3年的饲养管理,发现该猴容易打架致外伤,乳房部易患肿瘤疾病,通过手术切除治疗,生存率可以大大提高。1发病情况2012年5月2日南昌市动物园一只雄性狐猴乳房肿大、增生,并自行裂开,经诊断肿瘤生长在左侧胸部乳头处,有鸭蛋大小,发现时肿瘤组织中间     

环尾狐猴的行为训练探讨

2011年1～10月,采用正强化方法对成都动物园饲养的5只环尾狐猴开展了行为训练工作.训练通过口令、响板和食物的关联建立条件反射,从而达到训练目标.训练的结果为:经过15 d左右的训练,环尾狐猴与训练员之间基本建立了信任关系,但不同个体有一些差异.通过进一步训练,达到了以下的一些目标:伸手、坐、听诊、测体温、进笼等.在动物完成训练目标的基础上,获得了2只环尾狐猴在非麻醉状态下的上、下午腋温和心率,分别为37.7±0.4℃、37.9±0.3℃和112.8±15.0次/min.     

环尾狐猴在高原地区的饲养繁殖

<正>环尾狐猴(Lemurcatta)又称节尾狐猴,属于灵长目狐猴科,分布于非洲南部的马达加斯加岛南部和西南部,由于环尾狐猴受原产地人类活动的影响日趋严重,原始森林大面积减少,栖息地受到严重破坏,现在野生种群数量急剧减少,被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)红色名录列入"易危"级别,在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》亦被列入《附录Ⅰ》。因其性情温顺,具有一对大大的双眼,生着一条美丽带有黑白相     

定时饲喂器丰容对笼养环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响

2017年3—6月,在上海动物园笼养环尾狐猴展区布设定时饲喂器,探讨其对环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响。采用瞬时扫描法记录环尾狐猴行为,分析环尾狐猴的行为变化及其对定时饲喂器的认知。开展定时饲喂器丰容后,环尾狐猴的休息行为显著减少,移动和取食行为显著增加(Mann-Whitney U,P<0.05),对展区空间利用发生了显著变化(chi-square test,P<0.05)。环尾狐猴通过学习,适应了定时投喂器的工作模式,并形成了相应的行为模式。本次丰容在短时间内效果较好,但在后期,动物的反应速度减慢。     

1例松鼠猴龙葵中毒

<正>1发病情况某动物园灵长馆为了增加动物笼舍丰富度,对笼舍进行了生态化改造,拚弃传统动物园的水泥运动场地,保持原生态的植被地面。改造完成后将19只松鼠猴、4只黑白疣猴、5只环尾狐猴移至该场馆饲养。11月4日下午,饲养员发现有6只松鼠猴精神差,不食,活动减少,待兽医赶赴现场时,发现有4只松鼠猴已经死亡,另外有2只不能站立,瘫痪于地面。     

节尾狐猴暴发结核病的诊断

1发病情况 北京某野生自然动物园饲养的20只节尾狐猴，有6只发病，主要表现为持续性消瘦，食欲不振，体质虚弱，病程1个多月，曾经采用链霉素、青霉素、头孢菌素等药物治疗，未有明显的效果，其中有2只死亡。     

香港成功繁殖了黑白领狐猴等濒危动物

香港动植物公园最近成功繁殖了黑白领狐猴、环尾狐猴及白面僧面猴等濒危灵长类动物。黑白领狐猴双胞胎、环尾狐猴三胞胎、白面僧面猴独生女等6名濒危物种“新秀”8月28日在媒体面前正式亮相。     

环尾狐猴和松鼠猴触达不同特征目标物的手偏好

以笼养环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)和松鼠猴(Saimiri sciureus)为研究对象,在国际上首次关注原猴亚目(Strepsirrhini)和新大陆猴(Platyrrhini)物种触达不同特征目标物(有生命目标物和无生命目标物)的手偏好表达特点。研究发现:(1)面对有生命和无生命目标物,环尾狐猴和松鼠猴均表现出个体水平上的手偏好,但无群组水平上的手偏好;(2)目标物特征和手偏好之间无显著交互作用。面对有生命目标物,环尾狐猴左手的使用频率高于右手,而松鼠猴则相反;面对无生命目标物,2物种左手的使用频率均高于右手;(3)面对各个类型目标物的手偏好方向和强度,物种间均无显著差异。关于环尾狐猴的研究结果在一定程度上支持任务复杂度假说、姿势起源理论和右脑半球假说,不支持工具使用理论;关于松鼠猴的研究结果在一定程度上支持任务复杂度假说和姿势起源理论,不支持右脑半球假说和工具使用理论。     

Hepatic capillariasis in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

A female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) and her two cubs held in a zoo in Chile exhibited signs of severe hepatic insufficiency. In spite of supportive treatment, the three animals died a few days after the onset of signs. Postmortem examination revealed ascites and fibrotic lesions in the liver of all the individuals. Histologically, the liver of two of them showed a severe parasitic ova infection and lipidosis, the morphologic characteristics of the parasitic ovas were consistent with Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepatica) eggs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first clinical case report of hepatic capillariasis in prosimians, and its implications are discussed.     

Cuterebrid myiasis (Diptera: Oestridae) in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at a South Carolina zoo

In September 2008, two ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), comprising a mother-daughter pair, at the Greenville Zoo, Greenville, South Carolina, USA, were diagnosed with cuterebrid myiasis (Diptera: Oestridae) subsequent to sudden death of the adult lemur. On necropsy, a single bot warble was discovered in the subcutis of the axillary region. Histopathology revealed a severe eosinophilic bronchopneumonia. The juvenile lemur was inspected and found to have warbles on three separate dates in late September. One representative bot fly larva was identified as a Cuterebra sp. that normally infests lagomorphs in the southeastern United States. Cuterebrid myiasis is rarely reported in lemurs and has not been previously associated with pneumonia or death in these animals.     

T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma in a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta).

A 13-yr-old ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) was evaluated for depression, anorexia, polyuria, and polydipsia. The lemur was in poor body condition and was anemic, hypoalbuminemic, and hyponatremic. Cytologic examination of aspirates of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow and histopathologic examination of liver and bone marrow biopsies revealed a disseminated round cell tumor. After euthanasia, necropsy revealed hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and mesenteric lymphadenomegaly. Neoplastic cells were present within the spleen, liver, kidneys, multiple lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, small intestine, pancreas, and testicle and were composed of large anaplastic round cells in a background of small well-differentiated lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the small well-differentiated lymphocytes labeled for the anti-human T-cell marker, CD3, and the large anaplastic round cells labeled with the anti-human B-cell marker, CD79a. On the basis of the immunohistochemical staining results and morphologic appearance, a diagnosis of a T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma was made.     

Biomedical evaluation of free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in Tsimanampetsotsa Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar.

Complete health assessments were performed on 20 adult ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), 10 males and 10 females, free ranging within the Tsimanampetsotsa Strict Nature Reserve in southwest Madagascar. Each animal was anesthetized using tiletamine and zolazepam, weighed, and given a thorough physical examination. Blood was collected for hematology, determination of plasma total protein concentration, serum chemistry, determination of fat-soluble vitamin and trace mineral concentrations, assessment of iron metabolism, toxoplasmosis and viral serologies, and examination for parasites. Feces were collected for bacterial culture and parasite examination, and representative numbers of ectoparasites were collected. Blood values differed significantly in a number of ways from values in captive lemurs, possibly associated with recent food consumption, hydration, and diet. There was no evidence of serious infectious disease and no hemoparasites. The enteric flora appeared unremarkable, although results may have been skewed toward cold-tolerant bacteria. The fecal parasite burden was low, but there were large numbers of ectoparasites (mites) present. Our study demonstrated that a substantial amount of data can be collected from free-ranging populations, information that is invaluable in the management of captive populations, particularly with regard to disease, and in assessing risks associated with reintroduction programs.     

Osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) - short communication

The Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a nocturnal lemur species that lives only in Madagascar. It is one of the most abundant lemur species and its native populations are not endangered, but animals belonging to this species are rarely exhibited in zoos. While tumours are quite frequently described in other primates, there are very few publications about neoplasia in lemurs. In this case report we describe a mandibular osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first scientific article describing osteosarcoma in a prosimian and also reporting a tumour in the mandible in this taxon.     

Preventing dental calculus formation in lemurs (Lemur catta, Eulemur fulvus collaris) and baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

The prevention of calculus accumulation in exotic animals is a relatively unexplored topic. A 6-mo study in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and collared lemurs (Eulemur fulvus collaris) and two studies in baboons (Papio cynocephalus) (7.5 wks and 6.5 mo) tested the benefits of a primate diet coated with 0.6% sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) in controlling calculus in these species using a sequential crossover design. The control regimen was an identical, but non-HMP-coated, dry primate chow. At study initiation, the primates were given a thorough dental prophylaxis and provided with the control diet or experimental diet. At the conclusion of the test period, the animals were anesthetized and examined for clinical calculus independently by two examiners. The animals were then given another dental prophylaxis, provided the alternate ration, and the foregoing procedures were repeated. When the animals were provided the HMP-coated diet, significant reductions in calculus formation of 48-62% were observed in the lemurs and the baboons. No clinically significant changes were observed in body weights or in blood chemistry values as a result of ingestion of the HMP-coated regimen.     

Evaluation of modified techniques for immobilization of wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) can be anesthetized with Telazol via blow dart, but improved techniques are needed so that each lemur is reliably induced with a single dart. Medetomidine-butorphanol (MB) is a good supplemental protocol to be administered once the lemurs are captured, but other protocols may provide longer periods of sedation and immobility. One possible way of increasing the efficacy of each dart is to increase the time it is retained in the leg. In this investigation, a "double-sleeve" technique was used to try to increase the time of dart retention. This technique used a standard silicone sleeve on the needle, along with a second sleeve at the needle hub. Induction values were compared between lemurs darted with double-sleeve needles and those induced with needles that each had a single silicone sleeve. Once the lemurs were induced, supplementation with MB (0.04 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg) was compared with supplementation with ketamine-medetomidine (KM) (10 mg/ kg and 0.04 mg/kg). Twenty-three lemurs were darted with Telazol by using single-sleeve needles, and 24 were darted with double-sleeve needles. The number of darts per lemur and number of escapes were not different between animals darted with a single sleeve compared with a double-sleeve; thus, there were no significant improvements in induction success with the double-sleeve technique. Adequate sedation and muscle relaxation were achieved with both MB and KM; however, lemurs that received MB were more relaxed and needed fewer additional supplements that those that received KM. Single-sleeve dart needles are recommended for Telazol induction of ring-tailed lemurs via blow dart and MB is preferable to KM for supplemental sedation and muscle relaxation.