啮齿动物种群数量与年降水量的灰色关联度分析

2002-2008年,在内蒙古阿拉善左旗嘉尔格勒赛汗镇天然荒漠草地中,采用铗日法对划区轮牧样地的啮齿动物种群数量进行调查.每年的4、7、10月的上旬进行野外调查取样,每次取样时随机选择4个铗捕样方,每个样方10 hm2,布设500铗日,每铗线100铗,铗距5 m,铗线距50 m.利用灰色关联度法对群落中主要鼠种的捕获率...     

应用红外相机陷阱法估计荒漠啮齿动物种群密度

啮齿动物是草地生态系统中的重要成分。监测啮齿动物种群动态对于草地生态系统小型哺乳动物的生态学研究及草地鼠害控制均具有重要的意义。目前国内外对啮齿动物的种群监测主要以铗捕法、笼捕法为主,既费时又费力。红外相机技术的应用可弥补这一缺点,然而关于红外相机技术测度荒漠小型啮齿动物种群数量的研究并不多见。本研究采用红外相机陷阱法和标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区主要啮齿动物的种群数量进行连续监测,并分析不同方法监测结果的优缺点,以期选择一种基于红外相机技术适合荒漠啮齿动物种群数量监测的方法。研究结果表明,基于红外相机技术的随机相遇模型和捕获率模型在评估荒漠区五趾跳鼠(Allactaga sibirica)和三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)的种群密度中均具有较好效果,但是捕获率模型在评估子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)种群密度时效果优于随机相遇模型,且捕获率模型涉及参数较少。在监测荒漠啮齿动物种群数量时,对于跳鼠的研究两种方法均可使用,对于啮齿动物多物种种群数量研究,建议采用捕获率模型。     

环县啮齿动物区系调查

利用实地考察(夹日法),访问群众、调查市场和查阅资料,掌握环县啮齿动物种类、数量、动因和区系分布。结果表明,该地区啮齿动物共有10个种,隶属2目10科。分为4个群落类型。优势种为达乌尔黄鼠、小家鼠、中华鼢鼠;花鼠、鼩鼱、麝鼹为稀有种,其余为常见种。     

四川省啮齿动物种类组成、分布及地理区划

四川省独特的自然地理环境孕育了数目众多的啮齿动物,通过对近60年有关啮齿动物的著作及研究文献的检索整理和归纳分析,得出四川省境内分布的啮齿动物共2目12科41属101种又105亚种,其中兔形目18种,啮齿目83种。区系上属东洋界61种,古北界34种,广布种6种;分布型上属古北型13种,东北-华北型1种,高地型20种,喜马拉雅-横断山区型27种,云贵高原型2种,南中国型8种,东洋型24种,不易归类型6种。共划分为五个动物地理省,啮齿动物种类数量上盆地西缘山地省川西南高山峡谷省川西北高山高原省盆中平原丘陵低山省盆地东北缘山地省。中高山森林草甸啮齿动物种类最为丰富,海拔分布以2 000-2 600m种数最多。     

黑线毛足鼠种群数量动态及预测研究

黑线毛足鼠在我国分布于北方典型草原和半荒漠草原，是内蒙古锡郭勒草原的常见鼠种之一。笔者于１９８７－１９９６年每年５－９月在内蒙古锡郭勒盟正镶白旗天然草原，利用直线铗日法对该鼠的种群数量进行调查。十年其布放了４２７５０个铗日，捕获鼠４１２只，其中黑线毛足鼠１７９只，居第四位。     

安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区鼠类群落结构的研究

为全面了解安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区鼠类群落结构和多样性,于2018-2019年采用铗日法对该区10种不同生境类型下的25个调查点进行鼠类调查,并对鼠类群落多样性进行分析。结果表明：捕获鼠类124只,分属3科6属9种;其中三趾跳鼠、子午沙鼠和柽柳沙鼠为保护区优势鼠种。聚类和PCA分析可知安南坝保护区鼠类主要分布于2个群落。荒漠耐旱群落广泛分布于保护区各生境,耐旱-喜湿混合群落主要分布在芦苇群系和水柏枝群系生境。在调查的10种生境中,芦苇群系生境丰富度指数和多样性指数均高于其他生境。除环境因素外,鼠类群落的多样性受群落内鼠种数目和物种分配的均匀程度2个因素影响。鼠类垂直分布表现出在1400~1800 m和2600~3000 m海拔分布的鼠种多,呈现出中间低两头高的趋势。由此可见,生境类型和海拔高度影响着安南坝保护区的鼠类群落结构。     

碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成

2008-2011年,在实施“碌曲县草原鼠害综合防治——县级示范点建设”项目的过程中,对该县啮齿动物种类组成与分布情况进行了调查研究。已查明在碌曲县共有38种啮齿类动物,隶属于6科7亚科19属。碌曲县土地面积仅占甘南州土地面积的13.18%,但啮齿动物种数却占全州啮齿动物种数的74.51%,表明碌曲县的生境条件和鼠种类组成在甘南州具有一定的代表性。以草原啮齿动物（60.53%）和森林啮齿动物（26.32%）为主体是碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成的基本特征。     

牡丹江市周边农田啮齿动物种群数量及分布规律

为了解牡丹江市周边农田中啮齿动物种群数量和分布变化规律,以及对农业造成危害的主要害鼠种类及其生活习性,于2010年3-11月通过实地考察,利用夹日法、挖洞法、水灌烟熏法采集标本,结果表明,农田啮齿动物7种,隶属3目5科7属,黑线姬鼠（Apodemus agrarius）为主要优势种;啮齿动物的密度有2个高峰期,分别在6－7月和10月;黑线姬鼠和大仓鼠（Cricetulus triton）对农田危害最为严重,且有贮食行为。根据调查情况对害鼠提出防治措施,为预防鼠害提供科学依据。     

山西五台县草地啮齿类动物空间生态位宽度及重叠度研究

研究了山西五台县草地啮齿动物生态位宽度及重叠度。结果表明:啮齿动物区系含2目、5科、11属、14种,平均捕获率为6.05%,除山地草原类草地与山地草甸类草地之间啮齿动物数量差异不显著外,其余各类之间均达差异显著水平(︱t︱t0.05);研究区域14种啮齿动物的空间生态位宽度指数在0.000 2~0.826 4,其中,生态位宽度指数0.5的种数占总种数的35.71%,0.1~0.5的占42.86%,0.1的占21.43%;生态位重叠度指数在0.837 7~0.000 2,没有生态位完全重叠的种,却有一定数量生态位完全不重叠的种;重叠度较高的占28.89%,重叠度较低的占51.11%,重叠度最低的占20.00%。生态位宽度及重叠度指数较低表明研究区域内啮齿类动物种的生态位分化程度较大。     

呼盟草原啮齿动物种类分布及危害的研究

呼盟草原啮齿动物种类分布及危害的研究。由呼盟草原站经过近十几年的定位监测普查，于1995年完成任务，该研究项目共采集制作动物种类标本25种，设定位观测点2个，1990年标本由内蒙古农牧学院有关专家进行了系统的鉴定。并给予了高度的评价。     

High rodent abundance increases seed removal but decreases scatter-hoarding and seedling recruitment along an elevational gradient

The distributions of small rodents in mountainous environments across different elevations can provide important information regarding the effects of climate change on the dispersal of plant species. However, few studies of oak forest ecosystems have compared the elevational patterns of sympatric rodent diversity, seed dispersal, seed bank, and seedling abundance. Thus, we tested the differences in the seed disperser composition and abundance, seed dispersal, seed bank abundance, and seedling recruitment for Quercus wutaishanica along 10 elevation levels in the Taihang Mountains, China. Our results provide strong evidence that complex asymmetric seed dispersal and seedling regeneration exist along an elevational gradient. The abundance of rodents had a significant negative correlation with the elevation and the seed removal rates peaked and then declined with increasing elevation. The seed removal rates were higher at middle and lower elevations than higher elevations but acorns were predated by 5 species of seed predators at middle and lower elevations, and thus, there was a lower likelihood of recruitment compared with those dropped beneath mother oaks at higher elevations. More importantly, the number of individual seeds in the seed bank and seedlings increased with the elevation, although dispersal services were reduced at sites lacking rodents. As conditional mutualists, the rodents could possibly act as antagonistic seed predators rather than mutualistic seed dispersers at low and middle elevations, thereby resulting in the asymmetric pattern of rodent and seedling abundance with increasing elevation to affect the community assembly and ecosystem functions on a large spatial scale.     

贺兰山低山区土壤种子库与地上植被关系分析

土壤种子库是地上植被更新的潜在种源,它影响地上植被的自然恢复、植被群落的演替进程和区域生物多样性维持。通过对贺兰山低山区不同海拔高度植物群落进行室内种子萌发试验和野外植被调查,发现5个海拔高度的土壤种子库植物种均以一年生草本居多,而相对应的地上植被群落在5个海拔高度的物种重要值均呈现为一年生草本<灌木或半灌木<多年生草本;土壤种子库和相对应的地上植被的物种多样性指数均在海拔1 200 m处最高;土壤种子库种子密度与相对应的地上植被密度的关系可用对数曲线表示,随着地上植被密度的增加土壤种子库种子密度呈减少趋势。贺兰山低山区5个海拔高度土壤种子库种子密度和物种多样性均较低,无法满足植被自然恢复需求,可通过采取飞播等生态恢复措施来弥补表层土壤种子的不足,从而满足地上植被恢复所需种子数量。     

贺兰山地区冬季鸟类物种多样性调查

2006年和2007年的11～12月,采用固定样线统计法连续2 a对贺兰山地区冬季鸟类组成进行了调查。共记录鸟类7目17科72种,约占全国鸟类种数(1 319种)的5.46%,占宁夏鸟类种数(320种)的22.50%。在地理区划上,古北界鸟类61种,占该地区鸟类种数的84.72%;广布种类11种,占15.28%;未观测到东洋界鸟类。其中,留鸟51种,占70.83%;冬候鸟11种,占15.28:旅鸟10种,占13.89%。具有明显集群生活方式的有41种,占56.94%。山地草原带出现的鸟类种类最多,有40种,其次是山地疏林草原带和山地针叶林带,分别有34种和35种,亚高山灌丛和草甸带最少,仅有5种。贺兰山冬季有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类3种,有国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类14种。     

Prenatal development in greater mouse‐eared bat,Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)

Order Chiroptera is the second largest mammal group after rodents. An understanding of the development of the bats, which is a very special mammal group in terms of their lifestyles, morphology and their ability to fly, is very important because most of the adult anatomical differences characterizing species occur during organogenesis. In this study, developmental stages were determined for Myotis myotis species based on external morphological characteristics from embryos obtained from wild‐caught pregnant females. The developmental stages of M. myotis were comparable with those of other bat species.     

Resting metabolic rates increase with elevation in a mountain‐dwelling lizard

Individuals that inhabit broad elevational ranges may experience unique environmental challenges. Because temperature decreases with increased elevation, the ectotherms living at high elevations have to manage limited activity time and high thermoregulatory effort. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) of a postabsorptive animal is related to its total energy requirements as well as many other fitness traits. Mesquite lizards (Sceloporus grammicus) living on La Malinche Volcano, Mexico, inhabit a wide elevational range with some populations apparently thriving above the tree line. We measured the RMR of lizards from different elevations (i.e., 2,600, 3,200, and 4,100 m) at four ecologically relevant temperatures (i.e., 15, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and found that RMR of mesquite lizards increased with temperature and body mass. More importantly, lizards from the high‐elevation population had mass specific RMR that was higher at all temperatures. While the higher RMRs of high‐elevation populations imply higher metabolic costs at a given temperature these lizards were also smaller. Both of these traits may allow these high elevation populations to thrive in the face of the thermal challenges imposed by their environment.     

高寒草甸湿润与干旱化生境中植物多样性的海拔分布格局

受全球变化和外界干扰的影响,青藏高原高寒草甸生境趋向干旱化。生境变化对物种多样性的海拔分布格局有何影响?本研究以藏东南东达山作为研究地点,沿海拔梯度设置9个样地,在每个样地设置10个1m×1m样方,5个位于湿润生境,5个位于干旱生境,调查样方内的物种组成。将样方中频度≤7的物种确定为偶见种,反之为常见种,分析所有种、偶见种和常见种α、β和γ多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。以Cody指数(βC)、倍性分配法(βW)和物种组成相似性随海拔距离的衰减速率(βslope)3种方法测度β多样性。样地中共记录种子植物160种,其中湿润生境132种,干旱生境107种。湿润生境中,所有种和偶见种的α和γ多样性随海拔的增加而下降,而干旱生境中呈现为增加趋势;常见种α和γ多样性在两种生境中均随海拔的增加而略增加。3种β多样性指数的分布格局不一致,湿润生境中βC和βW多样性高于干旱生境,偶见种βC和βW多样性高于常见种。高寒草甸湿润与干旱生境物种多样性的海拔分布格局不同,偶见种多样性高,直接影响物种多样性的海拔分布格局。     

Culicoides trapping with Rothamsted suction traps before and during the bluetongue epidemic of 2006 in Belgium

The collection of biting midges was taking place some months before the first bluetongue outbreak in Belgium in August 2006. The Walloon Agricultural Research Centre had been monitoring aphid populations at two sites annually in Belgium (Gembloux and Libramont), using two stationary '12-m' Rothamsted suction traps. For the Gembloux trap, collections of insects captured daily from 11 May 2006 onwards were already available at the time of the outbreak. An examination of these samples revealed the presence of Culicoides, some species of which are considered as potential vectors of the bluetongue virus (BTV). The trapping was therefore extended beyond the normal aphid activity period and the Culicoides captured were identified to species level. From 11 May to 31 December 2006, the Gembloux trap caught 664 Culicoides specimens belonging to 19 species comprising known BTV-vectors. The second trap, at Libramont, was reactivated from 12 September to 13 October and caught 97 specimens belonging to nine species, all of which had been found at the Gembloux site. Among the 19 species identified, four were new to Belgian fauna: Culicoides achrayi, C. deltus, C. lupicaris and C. newsteadi. This paper examines the overall phenology and the physiological status of Culicoides in 2006 before and during the bluetongue epidemic. It discusses the potential of the Rothamsted suction trap to monitor Culicoides.     

Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in brain tissue of feral rodents and insectivores caught on farms in the Netherlands

We investigated the presence of both Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in 250 brain tissue samples from 9 species of feral rodents and insectivores caught on 10 organic farms in the Netherlands in 2004. Collected samples were conserved in 4% paraformaldehyde solution and analysed by real-time PCR. For N. caninum, 31 samples originating from 6 species tested positive (12.4%): common shrews (33.3%), wood mice (17.6%), harvest mice (16.7%), house mice (15.4%), white-toothed shrews (10.8%) and common voles (4.2%). For T. gondii, the overall contamination level was 4%, and only three species were found to be positive: house mice (9.0%), common voles (4.2%) and white-toothed shrews (2.0%). Most N. caninum infected samples (27/31; 87%) were found on farms where dogs were present. Due to the observation that rodents and insectivores can contract both parasites, they might function as indicator species for the parasitic load on farms.     

贺兰山马麝春季生境选择

2014—2016年春季,在贺兰山马麝活动比较频繁的12条沟段对马麝的生境选择进行研究。共记录马麝春季利用样方164个,对照样方77个。利用拟合优度卡方检验及Bonferroni不等式对非数值型生境因子进行分析,结果表明春季马麝偏爱选择位于阴坡的、以青海云杉为优势树种的针叶林带活动。Mann-whitey U检验表明麝春季对于13种数值型生境因子的选择存在显著差异,偏好选择海拔高度高、乔木密度大、乔木高度低、乔木距离近、灌木高度高、灌木距离远、水源距离远、裸岩距离远、隐蔽级高的生境类型。此外,利用逐步判别分析得出影响马麝春季生境选择的生境因子按贡献值大小排序为海拔高度、灌木距离、坡度、裸岩距离、灌木高度、隐蔽级、水源距离、乔木距离、乔木密度以及乔木高度,利用这10种生境因子对利用样方与对照样方区分的正确率为91.9%。马麝生性胆小、机警,在贺兰山的种群数量小,对生境的要求较高,应当加大保护力度,减少人为干扰,保护好马麝的适宜性生境。