卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503固态培养条件优化

为了提高卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503在固态培养中的产孢量,采用单因素筛选试验和响应面法对卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503固态发酵条件进行优化。在单因素试验确定最适含水量、接种量、培养温度和培养时间的基础上,应用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析方法优化出最佳固态培养条件为:固态培养基含水量为55%,接种量为15mL/100g,培养温度为27℃,培养时间为7.5d,在此条件下卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503烘干前单位产孢量达到36.72×10~8孢子/g。此方法适用于小型企业和生产单位对白僵菌的快速生产。     

木耳菌糠培养球孢白僵菌的条件筛选及优化

白僵菌是一种虫生真菌,目前在农林害虫防治中取得了明显的效果。为了进一步促进白僵菌农药的发展,开发低成本的白僵菌发酵方法或优化其发酵条件是不可缺少的一环。本文尝试以木耳菌糠作为主要培养基液体发酵球孢白僵菌,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定菌糠培养基配方并优化发酵条件。结果表明,废弃菌糠适宜作为球孢白僵菌的主要培养基,当料液比为1:4,补充0.3%硫酸锰、0.5%硝酸铵,接菌量10%,培养温度为25℃,培养时间为4 d时,球孢白僵菌的产孢量达到了2.0×109个孢子/mL。研究证实了木耳菌糠培养球孢白僵菌的可行性,希望为低成本发酵其他生防菌提供新思路。     

不同浓度增效剂对金龟子绿僵菌、黄绿绿僵菌和球孢白僵菌产孢的影响

生防菌作为一种重要的生物杀虫剂,被开发成多种制剂应用于农林害虫的防治;微生物制剂的生产成本高、耗时长,极大影响其生产效率。本试验通过液固两相发酵法筛选出提高金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae、黄绿绿僵菌Metarhizium flavoviride和球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana产孢量的最优增效剂浓度。结果表明0.1%浓度增效剂对金龟子绿僵菌的促产孢作用达最大化,浓度达4.48×10⁹孢子/g;黄绿绿僵菌的最适增效剂浓度为0.05%,浓度达2.75×10⁹孢子/g;当增效剂浓度小于0.1%时利于黄绿绿僵菌的产孢,增效剂高于0.1%时抑制产孢;而球孢白僵菌的产孢量与增效剂浓度正相关,最大浓度达7.41×10⁹孢子/g。在真菌液体发酵过程中添加产孢增效剂,有效提高了真菌产孢量,缩短了真菌培养周期,为提高真菌制剂生产效率、节约成本提供理论支持。     

新农药介绍

中文通用名称:球孢白僵菌英文通用名称:beauveria bassiana农药登记名称:300亿孢子/克球孢白僵菌油悬浮剂理化性质:球孢白僵菌属半知菌亚门、丝孢纲、丝孢目、白僵菌属,是一种昆虫病原真菌。产品的有效成分为分生孢子,属微生物杀虫剂。在SDAY培养基上,球孢白僵菌菌落绒毛状、丛     

生长调节剂对球孢白僵菌产孢和分生孢子性能的影响

球孢白僵菌在农林害虫生物防治中发挥着重要的作用,发酵周期和产孢量是其发酵工艺中的主要评价指标。本试验研究了生长调节剂对球孢白僵菌JG-17菌株产孢的促进作用。结果表明,通过外源法在菌落表层施用微量乙烯利,可以明显提高菌株JG-17的产孢量,以对8日菌龄表层施用100 ng/cm²乙烯利处理最佳,产孢量为未处理对照的6.28倍。经乙烯利处理后形成的分生孢子,其耐热性、抗紫外线能力和对靶标害虫的杀虫活性与未处理对照没有显著性差异。在白僵菌培养过程中科学施用乙烯利,可有效提高白僵菌的产孢效率,研究为真菌生物农药工业化生产的效率提升提供了新的思路。     

球孢白僵菌400亿孢子／克防治美国白蛾药效试验

为解决当前美国白蛾在杨树上发生严重的问题,本研究以常用药剂灭幼脲25％悬浮剂为对照．在田间杨树上测试了2年球孢白僵菌400亿孢子／克可湿性粉剂在不同使用浓度下对美国白蛾的防治效果。结果表明,球孢白僵菌400亿孢子／克可湿性粉剂相对于灭幼脲25％悬浮剂表现出很好的防治效果,2年的防效均在90％以上。该试验结果为该药剂的产品登记以及为生产上选择适于防治美国白蛾的药剂种类提供了依据。     

美国白蛾防治药剂筛选试验

美国白蛾防治药剂筛选试验结果表明,几种杀虫剂对美国白蛾均有良好的防治效果。除球孢白僵菌WG杀虫速度慢,杀虫不彻底外,其余处理防效均为100%。其中,18%高氯·虫酰肼EC、22%阿维·毒死蜱ME杀虫速度快,特别是22%阿维·毒死蜱ME物美价廉,可作应急防治的首选药剂;0.5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐WP、甲维·茚虫威25%WG、10%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC成本较高,可作为高效、低毒、低残留农药的候选对象;球孢白僵菌WG 400亿个/克虽然杀虫速度慢和不彻底,但仍有94.3%的高防效,且对环境安全友好,可以作为对人畜安全的农药推荐使用;5%甲维·茚虫威WG+白僵菌WG 400亿孢子/克混配处理,避免了白僵菌的缺点,可推荐使用。     

150亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌可湿性粉剂的研发及对西花蓟马的防治应用

为了研发靶标害虫为西花蓟马的球孢白僵菌杀虫剂,我们首先通过筛选、纯化和复壮获得对西花蓟马高效的真菌菌株;其次,对液-固双相发酵条件和发酵工艺进行优化;然后,改良了产品剂型和配方;最后对产品进行环境和毒性评价。结果显示该产品各项指标均符合国家标准。150亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌可湿性粉剂于2018年在国内获审批登记。喷施1800～3000 g/hm²对辣椒上西花蓟马的防效均为74%以上。推荐用量为2400 g/hm²。该产品的研发和获批登记为西花蓟马的生物防治奠定了坚实的基础。     

茶小绿叶蝉绿色防控试验结果初报

通过开展防治茶小绿叶蝉的田间试验,比较了5种不同处理方式对茶小绿叶蝉的总体防效。防效从高到低的处理方式依次为信息素诱虫板20片/667m~2+100亿孢子/mL球孢白僵菌油悬浮剂100 mL/667m~2信息素诱虫板20片/667m~2+0.6%苦参碱水剂1 000倍液0.6%苦参碱水剂1 000倍液100亿孢子/mL球孢白僵菌油悬浮剂100 mL667m~2信息素诱虫板20/667m~2。处理后21 d,信息素诱虫板+球孢白僵菌的集成配套技术防效仍达84.33%,略高于信息素诱虫板+苦参碱组合,极显著高于单项技术处理的防效。     

防治西花蓟马的球孢白僵菌菌株筛选及耐热性测定

采用浸虫法分别测定了191株不同地理来源的球孢白僵菌对西花蓟马初羽成虫的毒力,筛选出61株高毒力的菌株,其LT₅₀均小于4.1 d;对该61株球孢白僵菌用48 ℃热胁迫的方法进行耐热性的测定,将分生孢子丧失50%活力所需的时间,定义为LT₅₀,作为耐热性的指标。结果表明,所测61株球孢白僵菌经受热胁迫后LT₅₀平均值为34.28 min(6.94～53.67 min),其中有10株菌LT₅₀大于45 min,作为耐热性较强的菌株,将该10株菌继代培养5代,继续进行耐热性测定,发现其中6株菌在继代培养过程中耐热性出现了退化,有4株菌耐热性保持稳定,分别为菌株XJWLMQ-49、XJWLMQ-32、JLGZL-14和SCWJ-9,因此,该4株菌具有开发和应用潜力。     

北方牧草种子生产的气候条件分析

本文探讨了我国北方内蒙古地区气候条件对牧草种子生产的适合性问题。重点分析了辐射、温度和降水对牧草种子生产的影响。作者认为 ,北方的高辐射能气候条件对种子生产是一个有利的因素。温度和降水虽能满足大多数北方牧草物种的种子生产需求 ,但多变的气候和水、热不同步是限制种子生产的主要问题。根据对北方气候特点和主要牧草植物生物学特性的分析 ,作者提出了北方牧草种子生产的区划并就生产中应注意的问题提出了一些建议。     

旱灾对甘肃省粮食生产的影响分析

为稳定和提高粮食总产量,分析旱灾对甘肃省粮食生产的影响。根据1970-2008年甘肃省旱灾受灾面积及粮食产量资料,运用减产系数法估算出因旱灾所损失的粮食产量;运用C-D生产函数法计算出受灾面积对粮食产量增长贡献率。结果表明：旱灾受灾面积与粮食产量间存在着显著的负相关关系;1970-2008年间旱灾受灾、成灾面积、成灾率...     

1980～2009年新疆粮食生产主要影响因素分析

运用灰色斜率关联度和生产函数2种方法,分析了新疆1980～2009年粮食生产的影响因素及其贡献率.2种方法分析结果一致地表明,新疆1980～2009年粮食产量的增长主要取决于农业机械总动力、化肥施用量和有效灌溉面积三个方面;分时段来看,有效灌溉面积和粮食播种面积对新疆粮食产量的影响程度不断增强,而农业机械总动力和化肥施...     

陕西果业发展对农户粮食生产和粮食安全影响的调查

通过对陕西渭北旱塬3个代表性的苹果生产基地县(长武县、白水县和洛川县)Ⅰ 340户农户的调查发现,渭北旱塬果粮交错区果业产业的发展不仅促进了农村经济的发展,而且提高了农民的生活水平,但对粮食生产带来了限制,对区域粮食安全构成潜在的威胁;3县粮食均不能自给,粮食自给率低;粮食种植结构发生较大变化,玉米比重增大;粮食构成中...     

陕西省粮食生产基地县粮食供需状况及其生产态势的调查研究

为了解陕西省粮食生产基地县粮食供需状况及其区域粮食安全,在2009年9月份对陕西省三个粮食生产基地县（富平县、武功县和凤翔县）1218户农户的粮食生产、流通、消费和储备等现状进行了现场问卷调查。结果表明：三县粮食自给率、人均粮食占有量、粮食储备量、耕地利用效率和农业技术等方面在陕西省均居于前列,并超过全国平均水平;调查...     

一步法敌百虫清洁生产工艺改进

本文通过使用亚磷酸二甲酯和三氯乙醛为原料经一步法生产工艺合成敌百虫原药,再经水洗精制得到97%以上含量的精制敌百虫,并通过盐析方法回收结晶母液中的敌百虫,最终通过微电解结合生化的方法处理敌百虫生产废水,实现了敌百虫清洁生产工艺。     

氯噻啉清洁生产工艺优化研究

本文介绍了以2-氯-5-氯甲基噻唑和2-硝基亚氨基咪唑烷反应制备氯噻啉的清洁生产工艺,通过对物料配比、缚酸剂、结晶溶剂等工艺参数的优化,抑制了副产物的产生,提高了反应收率和产品含量。     

The widespread occurrence of overwintered conidial inoculum of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia inaequalis</Emphasis> on shoots and buds in organic and integrated apple orchards across the Netherlands

A 2-year study was conducted to determine the widespread occurrence of overwintered conidial inoculum of Venturia inaequalis and its impact on the apple scab control in 18 apple orchards (organic and integrated) with various levels of scab in the Netherlands. Autumn assessments of scab lesions showed that the integrated orchards had a significantly lower scab incidence (<20%) compared to that of the organic orchards (>60%). At the bud-break phenological stage, the mean numbers of nonviable and viable conidia on 1 cm pieces of shoots ranged from 1 to about 90 and from 6 to more than 1000 in the integrated and the organic orchards, respectively, for both years. However, viable conidia on shoots were found only in 2 integrated and 6 organic orchards out of the 18 and the viability of conidia was below 2%. The mean numbers of viable and nonviable conidia per 100 buds ranged from 24 to more than 1000 and from 230 to almost 5000 in the integrated and the organic orchards, respectively, for both years. In both years, some 60–85% of the conidia was found on the outer bud scales. The percentage viability associated with the outer bud tissues was below 2% for all the orchards. However, the percentage of viable conidia within the inner bud tissues ranged from 0% to 6% in the integrated and from 2% to 11% in the organic orchards for both years. Differences between the organic and the integrated orchards were clearly demonstrated for overwintered conidia associated with both shoot and bud samples. The relationship between autumn scab incidence and numbers of overwintered conidia associated with shoots or buds was exponential. If the autumn scab incidence was above 40%, then the number of overwintered conidia markedly increased. We conclude that specific treatments for overwintering conidia of Venturia inaequalis may not be necessary in integrated orchards with a low scab incidence in the previous autumn. However, the risk of early scab epidemics initiated by overwintered conidia potentially is high in organic orchards. Preventative measures in early spring and also in the previous year must be established in these orchards.     

Changing rainfall patterns and farmers’ adaptation through soil water management practices in semi-arid eastern Kenya

There is limited documentation of soil and water management technologies that enhance adaptation to climate change in drylands of Kenya. Rainfall patterns were analyzed in the semi-arid Machakos and Makueni counties of eastern Kenya using historical data. A total of forty-three smallholder farmers implementing soil water management practices were sampled, and an estimate of the seasonal water budget for current crop and livestock production systems computed. Analysis of rainfall amounts and distribution shows increasing variability, with the average annual total amounts decreasing over the past 50 years. Furthermore, the number of rainy days within the March-April-May season that can support crop growth is gradually decreasing. These decreases are however not significant at P < 0.05. There were more seasons with low rainfall amounts compared to those with high rainfall amounts. All these subject the smallholder crop and livestock production system to limited soil moisture. Farmers address the risk by harnessing and utilizing green (rainfall stored in soil) and blue (rainfall collected into storage tanks) water technologies. The study found that farmers in these semi-arid counties practice fifteen diverse soil and water management interventions on their farms. The most popular practices are cut-off drains, retention ditches, terracing, run-off harvesting, and agroforestry. The estimated seasonal water budget indicates the need for integrated soil and water management interventions to address the crop and livestock production constraints.