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1.
Malawi is a tropical country with a strongly seasonal rainfall distribution pattern. The major livestock nutrition problem is the dry season (May to November) protein deficit which results in liveweight losses of up to 40 kg per beast. An attempt is being made to improve the protein nutrition using tropical pastures legumes. The national pasture research programme is based on a policy of finding productive pasture legumes lo fit into the present edaphic and managerial environments with a minimum amount of modification to either. A ‘range of proven pasture legumes has been introduced and screened over a range of climatic and edaphic environments. The following legumes exhibit high biological potential for well drained soils: Slylosanthes guyanensis cv. Schofield, S. humilis cv. Queensland Grown, S. humilis cv. Coastal Early, S. humilis (BPI 404), Glycine wightii, Phaseolus atropurpureus cv. Siratro, Desmodium uncinatum and Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru. The following legumes exhibit high potential for poorly drained dambo soils: S. guyanensis cv. Schofield, S. humilis cv. Queensland Grown, S. humilis cv. Coastal Early, S. humilis (BPI 404) and Lotononis bainesii cv. Miles. Eleven principles of legume introduction into grazing systems are discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Short‐term effect of severe drought on veld condition and water use efficiency of grassveld in the central Orange Free State. The impact of an intensive drought (1982/1983 and 1983/84‐growing seasons) on botanical composition, basal cover, mortality of grazing plants and water use efficiency (WUE) of veld in good, moderate and poor condition was identified. Increaser II species were apparently more capable of surviving drought than the Decreaser species. Under optimal soil moisture conditions the Decreaser species increased and the Increaser II species decreased. During the drought extensive grass mortality took place. Veld condition plays an important role in determining mortality during drought. Decreaser species have a high water requirement for optimal WUE, while Increaser II species can reach maximum WUE with less water. Under water stress conditions Increaser II species significantly (P≤0.01) do not use the water as efficiently as do Decreaser species. The WUE under water stress conditions for veld in good, moderate and poor condition was on average, during the study period, 0.90; 0.90 and 0.40 kg ha?1 mm?1, respectively, and towards under optimal water conditions, 2.47; 1.67 and 0.23 kg ha?1 mm?1, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
Uittreksel

Die uitbreidingspotensiaal van aangeplante weiding in die Vrystaatstreek is ondersoek. Die potensiaalomskrywing is gedoen aan die hand van klimatologiese oorwegings, beskikbaarheid van grond en die winsgewendheid van aangeplante weiding teen‐oor veld, mielie‐ en koringproduksie.

Die ondersoek toon aan dat daar aansienlike potensiaal vir die uitbreiding van aangeplante weiding bestaan sover dit die reenval en beskikbare grondoppervlakte aanbetref. Voorts is dit duidelik dat dit nie ekonomies geregverdig is om veld in ‘n redelike toestand vir aangeplante weiding om te ploeg nie. Dit word betwyfel of dit winsgewend is om marginale lande van koring‐ en mielieverbouing te onttrek en met aangeplante grasweidings te vestig waar gemiddelde en onder gemiddelde bestuur toegepas word. Droëlandlusern, benut deur wolskape en melkkoeie, en sorghums benut deur melkkoeie, blyk ekonomies geregverdig op marginale lande te wees.  相似文献   

4.
The production and quality of different fodder sorghum and Babala cultivars in the western Transvaal. A number of sorghum cultivars are available commercially, and periodically some cultivars are added while others are withdrawn from the market. The potential yield figures and the nutritive value of these sorghums are generally not known. Owing to erratic availability of seed, only seven cultivars could be established for three consecutive years, while eleven were included in the experiment for at least one year. Babala (SA common) was used as a control, while one imported Babala cultivar (Hypearl) was evaluated for one year. Yields varied so much over the experimental period that no cultivar could be singled out as the highest yielder. Of the seven cultivars grown for three years, the dry matter (DM) yields were ranked in the following order of magnitude: PNR 989, Domor, Babala (SA common), Supergraze, Gotcha, Mixed sorghum and PNR 841. In terms of leaf production, the highest to the lowest yielding cultivars were the following: Babala (SA common), PNR 841, Mixed sorghum, Supergraze, PNR 989, Gotcha and Domor. In vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein content showed little variation between cultivars.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

A survey conducted on sites throughout the south‐eastern Transvaal, representing 1,4 million hectares of natural veld has confirmed the parlous state of composition, cover and vigour. The implications which these conditions hold, not only for conservation of soil and water resources, but also for the livestock industry in this area, with specific reference to the current grazing capacity of the veld, are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
Uittreksel

Die produksie en kwaliteit van vyf spesies (Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Digitaria eriantha var. pentzii, Schmidtia pappophoroides en Eragrostis rigidior) is by verskillende frekwensies van ontblaring op ontbosde en onontbosde bosveld gemeet. In die daaropvolgende jaar is intensiteit bygebring met minder frekwensies en is die spesies na drie verminder (H. contortus, D. eriantha var. pentzii, en S. pappophoroides).

Ontbossing het by al die spesies, behalwe D. eriantha var. pentzii ’n hoogsbetekenisvolle verhoging in produksie tot gevolg gehad, sonder enige noemenswaardige invloed op kwaliteit.

Die spesies het verskil in hul reaksie op frekwensie van ontblaring, maar die 3‐ weeklikse en jaarlikse ontblarings het byna deurgaans swakker as die 6‐ en 9‐weeklikse onblarings presteer.

Alhoewel die spesies aanvanklik in twee groepe verdeel en aan verskillende stelle ontblaringsintensiteite onderwerp is, het die intensiteit wat 12 cm Stoppel laat, in alle gevalle die hoogste produksie gelewer.  相似文献   

7.
Shortcomings of the nearest plant methods and Dyksterhuis‐related classification systems for assessing veld condition in the semi‐arid regions. Veld condition was determined on seven farms in the Mopane veld, during two seasons using the nearest plant method and a Dyksterhuis‐related classification system. During wet periods, Increasers 2c increased faster than Increasers 2b, 2a and Decreasers and this resulted in lower veld condition scores during wet periods. The limitations of this method are discussed in the light of other driving forces.  相似文献   

8.
The impact of fertilization on veld in the Potchefstroom area was investigated. Nitrogen and phosphorus were applied annually from 1972/73 until 1981/82. The control plots and the fertilized plots were grazed with year‐old steers. Species composition and basal cover were recorded using the wheelpoint technique. The results clearly indicated the formation of a soil fertility gradient as a result of the fertilization. Although there was a decrease in the ecological status of the fertilized plots, the production and palatability of the sward increased and thus also animal performance.  相似文献   

9.
A comparison of pasture and fodder crops for the production of slaughter lambs in the Pretoria‐Witwatersrand‐Vereeniging (PWV) area. A number of pasture and fodder species were evaluated for the production of mutton with weancr lambs. Animal performance and meat production under three stocking rates, which were classified as light, medium, and heavy, were obtained with the aim of identifying best pasture/fodder for every season. The pastures/fodders included were Lolium multiflorum cv. Midmar and Triticum X Secale pastures under irrigation, Avena sativa and Vicia dasycarpa pasture mixture and maize crop residues under rainfed conditions, and Medicago sativa and Digitaria eriantha hay for the winter months. The spring pastures were L. multiflorum cv. Midmar, Lolium perenne cv. Nui and Dactylis glomerata cv. Hera under irrigation, while the summer pastures included Digitaria eriantha var. eriantha and M. sativa cv. Cuf 101 pastures under rainfed conditions and Cynodon dactylon cv. NK37 under irrigation. Of these, the midmar pasture for the winter and spring, maize crop residues for the winter, Hera for the spring and Cuf 101 for the summer seemed to be the best pasture of those tested in their season of use, from an animal production point of view.  相似文献   

10.
Uittreksel

Die bogrondse groei van Medicago truncatula, cvv. Cyprus en Jemalong, M. aculeata var. inermis, cv. SA 4438, M. orbicularis, pv. SA 2552 en M. rugosa, cv. Paragosa, afkomstig van ‘n besproeide veldproef, is vir ruproteïen en vir in vitro‐ verteerbaarheid ontleed. Die betrokke genotipes is op drie verskillende plantdatums, c. 30 dae gespasieer, van einde Februarie tot einde April, gevestig, en die gedroogde materiaal wat aan die begin van blomstadium en met die aanvang van peulverkleuring versamel is, is ontleed.

Met blom het die proteïeninhoud gewissel van 12,8% by Paragosa, wat swak genoduleerd was, tot 27,9% by SA 2552. Die gemiddelde was 21,3%. Op die peulverkleurstadium was die gemiddelde 15,2%, met ‘n wisseling van 8,5% by Paragosa tot 19,4% by SA 4438. Planttyd het feitlik geen invloed op die persentasie gehad nie. Wat proteïen‐produksie betref, was daar, met die uitsondering van Paragosa, ‘n duidelike positiewe verband tussen groeiperiode en hierdie parameter. SA 4438 met 2,3t/ha het die hoogste proteïenopbrengs op die peulverkleurstadium gelewer.

Die afgeleide verteerbaarheid op die blomstadium was gemiddeld 77,4%, met ‘n wisseling van 75,1% by SA 2552 tot 80,6% by Paragosa. Met peulverkleuring was die gemiddelde 67,9%, met ‘n wisseling van 64,9% by Cyprus tot 70,0% by SA 2552. Die invloed van plantdatum was gering.  相似文献   

11.
Uittreksel

‘n Proef is uitgevoer om die uitwerking van grondbewerking en die insaai van Eragrostis curvula op die plantkundige samestelling van erg‐vernielde veld vas te stel. Grondbewerking en insaaiing was uitgevoer vóór sowel as gedurende die reënseisoen. Die vernaamste resultate het aangedui dat grondbewerking vóór reën ‘n nadelige uitwerking op die veld het. Gedurende die reënseisoen kan ‘n tandimplement, in kombinasie met die insaai van E. curvula, suksesvol aangewend om erg‐vernielde veld te herbedek.  相似文献   

12.
Uittreksel

Daar bestaan ‘n dringende behoefte aan ekonomies geregverdigde kostes wat as riglyne kan dien vir bosbeheer in die Molopo‐gebied. In hierdie referaat word so ‘n bedrag beraam.

Navorsing het bewys dat bosverdigting, benutbare veldproduksie vir beeste laat afneem met ongeveer 970 kg droe materiaal per hektaar. Dit het ‘n afname in weidingskapasiteit van 8,7ha/GVE tot 45,8 ha/GVE tot gevolg.

Met hierdie inligting as uitgangspunt, is ‘n ekonomiese ontleding van bosbeheer teen verskillende bosdigthede gedoen.

Inkomste (11,76 %) en koste (15,68 %) is jaarliks vir 20 jaar aangepas en is vir dieselfde periode verdiskonteer na netto huidige waarde teen ‘n koers van 12 %. ’n Rekenaarmodel is ontwikkel om te bepaal hoeveel koste aangegaan kan word om bos teen verskillende digthede en oor verskillende effektiewe behandelingsleeftye te beheer.  相似文献   

13.
1. The role of both insulin‐like growth factors (IGF)‐I and ‐II in regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in chickens was examined. Seven‐week‐old male broiler chickens were injected intravenously (iv) with recombinant human IGF‐I or IGF‐II or specific anti‐IGF‐I or IGF‐II immunoglobulins. Blood samples were taken before treatment and at 15 min intervals afterwards for 1 h. Controls received saline iv.

2. Both IGF‐I and IGF‐II administration resulted in a rapid, significant decrease in plasma GH concentrations, but the concentrations of both triiodothyronine and thyroxine remained unchanged.

3. Immunisation against both IGF‐I and IGF‐II produced a significant elevation in plasma GH.

4. These data show that both IGFs can regulate GH concentrations in birds. Furthermore, the immunoneu‐tralisation data suggest that these hormones have a physiological role in the regulation of GH secretion.  相似文献   


14.
Die invloed van al die kombinasies van twee intensiteite (3 en 6 cm ontblaringshoogtes) en twee frekwensies (een en vier keer per jaar) van ontblaring, is onder drie verskillende vogbehandelings, onder natuurlike veldtoestande, vir die periode Julie 1978 tot Junie 1981, ondersoek. Die invloed van die vog‐ en ontblaringsbehandelings is geëvalueer in terme van die basale bedekking, botaniese samestelling, fitomassaproduksie en waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid (WVD: Is die fitomassa geproduseer in verhouding tot die evapotranspirasie).

Die verskillende vogbehandelings waaraan die veld onderwerp is, het meegebring dat daar aan die einde van die 1980/81‐seisoen hoogs betekenisvolle verskille in basale bedekking en botaniese samestelling tussen die drie vogbehandelings voorgekom het.

Vog toon die grootste invloed op weiveldproduksie van al die veranderlikes wat toegepas is. Die intensieteit en frekwensie van ontblaring het die produksie tot ‘n mindere mate beinvloed.

Die waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid van die grasse onder vogbehandeling 1, naamlik normale reënval, het toegeneem met ‘n afname in ontblaringsintensiteit. Onder vogbehandeling 2, naamlik optimale grondvogtoestande, neem die WVD van die grasse toe met ‘n toename in ontblaringsfrekwensie. Hoe strawwer ontblaar is (3 cm hoogte in plaas van 6 cm hoogte) onder optimale grondvogtoestande, hoe hoër is die waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid.  相似文献   

15.
Cold damage to woody plants in the Sourish Mixed Bushveld. An incident of damage to woody plants by cold in the Sourish Mixed Bushveld was investigated. Woody plants in eight paddocks which were subjected to long‐term grazing treatments and which gave rise to different tree densities, were examined. The most common form of damage was top kill, and these plants subsequently coppiced from the base. Four woody species, namely Dichrostachys cinerea (the dominant woody species in the area), Acacia nilotica, A. gerrardii and A. robusta were severely damaged by the cold. The greatest effect was on trees in a certain height range; 1,0–3,0 m in the case of D. cinerea and 0,5–2,0 m in the case of the Acacia species. There was a negative curvilinear relationship between the number of trees larger than 2,0 m per hectare and the percentage damage. In paddocks where the tree density was relatively low the number of tree equivalents (equivalents of a tree 1,5 m high) was reduced by as much as 30%.  相似文献   

16.
Uittreksel

Bogrondse droë massa‐opbrengste (DM) van Medicago truncatula, cvv. Cyprus en Jemalong, M. aculeata var. inermis, cv. SA 4438, M. orbicularis, cv. SA 2552 en M. rugosa, cv. Paragosa wat op ses verskillende datums gevestig is, is in ‘n veldproef onder besproeiing bepaal. Die plantdatums was c. 15 dae gespasieer, vanaf middel Februarie tot einde April, DM is op drie stadiums bepaal naamlik drie weke na opkoms, begin blomstadium en met die aanvang van peulverkleuring toe finale DM ongeveer bereik is. Uiteindelik is peul‐ en saadopbrengs ook bepaal.

Die DM op drie weke het in alle gevalle sterk afgeneem namate later geplant is en die temperature gedaal het, terwyl die opbrengs met blom en peulverkleuring grootliks bepaal is deur die tydsverloop vanaf plant tot die betrokke stadiums. Die gemiddelde finale DM oor die ses plantings was 11,5; 10,7; 8,4; 6,7 en 5,0 t/ha vir Jamalong, SA 4438, Cyprus, Paragosa en SA 2552 onderskeidelik. Die gemiddelde saadopbrengste het gewissel van 650 kg/ha by Paragosa tot 2460 kg by SA 2552.  相似文献   

17.
A preliminary evaluation of annual, wintergreen pastures using weaned lambs in the eastern Cape sourveld. Animal production and feed availability on oats, vetch and oats/vetch pastures were evaluated under continuous grazing, at three stocking rates, using weaned lambs. The oats and oats/vetch mixture generally produced significantly more available above‐ground phytomass (AAP) than the vetch pasture. No significant differences in AAP or average daily gain (ADG) were measured between stocking rates on the different pastures. The levels of food availability and animal production obtained with the different pastures indicate that oats, vetch and an oats/vetch mixture can be used as annual, wintergreen pastures in the eastern Cape sourveld. However, the stocking rates that were implemented were too low to determine the production potential of the different pastures and an evaluation of the pastures at higher stocking rates is recommended before any recommendation on optimal stocking rates can be made.  相似文献   

18.
Uittreksel

Plantopnames is gedurende 1970 tot 1985 in die Kalahari‐duineveld (Acocks, 1975; Veldtipe no. 16a4) op die proefboerdery‐eenheid Massakloutjie in Noordwes‐Kaapland onderneem. Reënval het gedurende die proefperiode gewissel tussen 111 mm (1982–83) en 593 mm (1973–74). Die totale basale plantebedekking het gevarieer van 2,39 % (1983) tot 6,17 % (1977). Die voorkoms van periodes met hoë en lae reënval word weerspieël in die botaniese samestelling van die duineveld.

Groep A spesies (afnemers/hooggewenstes) vorm die dominante komponent (tot 90 %) gedurende ‘n droë siklus, weens ‘n groter droogtebestandheid. In ‘n nat siklus vermeerder die Groep B, C en D spesies (toenemers/minder gewenstes en onge‐wenstes) vinniger as die Groep A spesies en maak tot soveel as 50 % van die botaniese samestelling uit. Weens die sikliese aard van die botaniese samestelling (relatiewe bedekking) vorm absolute bedekking van spesiegroepe ‘n meer betroubare maatstaf van relatiewe veldtoestand as botaniese samestelling. Geskikte plantopnametegnieke vir die Kalahari‐duineveld word be‐spreek. Daar is aangetoon dat onder ‘n realistiese veelading ‘n ekonomies vatbare veeboerdery in die duineveld bedryf kan word, sonder dat die hulpbron beskadig word.  相似文献   

19.
Uittreksel

Afloopbane met ‘n helling van 4,13% is gebruik om die afloopverliese, fitomassaproduksie en waterverbruiksdoel‐treffendheid (WVD: Bogrondse fitomassa geproduseer in verhouding tot die evapotranspirasieverliese), van natuurlike veld in verskillende suksessiestadia vir die periode Julie 1977 tot Junie 1983 te monitor.

Hoogsbetekenisvolle verskille (P < 0,01) in afloopverliese tussen die klimaks‐, subklimaks‐ en pioniergrasbedekte afloopbane, het oor die proefperiode voorgekom. Onderskeidelik 1,01, 1,55 en 2,94% van die totale neerslag wat oordie ses jaar voorgekom het, het vanaf die klimaks‐, subklimaks‐en pioniergrasbedekkings afgeloop.

Die klimaksgrasbedekking wat die hoogste fitomassaproduksie oor die ses jaar gelewer het, het ‘n afname in produksie getoon soos wat die reenval tussen seisoene afgeneem het, terwyl die pioniergrasbedekking ‘n toename in fitomassaproduksie getoon het, met ‘n afname in reënval.

Die WVD van die klimaksgrasbedekking is onderskeidelik gemiddeld twee en vier keer (P < 0,01) meer doeltreffend as die subklimaks‐ en pioniergrasbedekking oor die ses jaar.  相似文献   

20.
Uittreksel

Die potensiaal van Sporobolus fimbriatus as aangeplante weiding is ten opsigte van relatiewe groeitempo, kumulatiewe groei, droëmateriaalproduksie, weikapasiteit, blaar : stingel verhouding en kwaliteit (ruproteïen en verteerbaarheid) geëvalueer.

Die groeipatroon is tipies van ‘n tropiese grasspesie. Die droëmateriaalproduksie van onbeweide en beweide S. fimbriatus was gemiddeld 3 329 kg/ha en 2720 kg/ha onderskeidelik. ‘n Gemiddelde weikapasiteit van 4,22 ha/GVE/jaar is verkry. Die blaar : stingelverhouding het heelwat tussen seisoene verskil, terwyl die verhouding deurgaans meer gunstig onder snytoe‐stande as onder beweiding was. Beide die ruproteïeninhoud en verteerbaarheid van dieregeselekteerde plantmateriaal het feitlik deurgaans aan die behoefte van herkouers voldoen.  相似文献   

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