Design of a Motion Control System of Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope

A confocal scanning laser microscope is presented. Its motion control system is built with the DSP - based motion controller. The system worked on a double CPU structure that includes industrial control computer and motion controller, the system adopt friendly man - machine interface In the design of software. The systems tasks are divided into real - time tasks and no - real - time tasks. The lower computer deals with the real - time tasks such as position control and velocity control and the upper computer is used to deal with the non - real - time tasks. The system structure of con-focal scanning laser microscope and the constitute of motion control system as well as the software is introduced .     

Creation of an Experimental System for Testing the Dynamic Tensile Stress of Cells Using Membrane Variable Stress Wave

The constitution, design ideas and working principles of the DDC experimental system for testing dynamic tensile stress of outside body cell using membrane variable stress wave are discussed in detail. A new design measure is put forward, i.e. using airtight liquid for transferring pressure, and a space mechanism which is made up of two moveable linking axes and controlled by DDC for producing dynamic tensile stress with variable stress wave. The space mechanism is made up of two moveable linking axes, the first axis is controlled by an alternative current servo system, at the same time it drives the modulating modulating disc, and its rotation velocity is uniform and adjustable, so the rotating velocity of the disc can be controlled. Second, the hydraulic pressure worktable is driven by step electric motor. By dynamically changing the relative position of the modulating disc and the worktable, the journey of the piston in hydraulic pressure vat can be changed accordingly. The resultant motion of the modulating disc rotation and the radial direction relative movement of the piston can create liquid pressure with variable frequency and amplitude range, and the pressure can be changed into membrane tensile stress with variable frequency and pressure amplitude range using pressure fine tuning, and muhi-path disporting pressure. The system is proved to be simple, reliable, economic and controlled expediently by the experiment conducted.     

土壤无机氮解吸特性和菜稻轮作对田间渗漏水硝态氮浓度的影响

通过四季豆-瓢瓜-早稻轮作制不同氮肥用量的3年定位田间试验,探讨土壤无机氮解吸特性和模拟模型,解吸特征值和菜稻轮作对田间渗漏水硝态氮浓度的影响。结果表明,由于土壤无机氮存在形态较简单,解吸过程满足 (0相似文献   

长期稻-稻-紫云英轮作28年对水稻产量及田间杂草多样性影响

为探讨湘南红壤稻田多熟制的增产潜力,不断提高经济效益和土壤肥力,促进农业可持续发展,为生产示范、领导决策提供科学依据,从1982年开始,在湖南祁阳官山坪中国农业科学院红壤站的红壤稻田布置了长期稻-稻-紫云英轮作制度长期定位试验。试验设四个处理,即：稻-稻-紫云英（豆科）、稻-稻-油菜（十字花科）、稻-稻-黑麦草（禾本科）、稻-稻-冬闲。28年研究结果表明：1.长期稻-稻-紫云英轮作能促进水稻增产;2.长期稻-稻-紫云英轮作能够明显的降低田间杂草密度,减少早稻期间田间杂草的种类,但对晚稻时期田间杂草种类的影响不明显。3. 稻-稻-紫云英轮作是一种值得推广的种植模式。     

寒地水旱轮作及秸秆还田对土壤相关酶活性的影响

以黑龙江省水稻→玉米轮作系统为研究对象,结合秸秆还田长期定位试验,研究了水稻→玉米轮作及秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响,为确定适宜的寒地水稻→玉米轮作技术模式提供理论支撑。试验结果表明,与水稻连作相比,水稻→水稻→玉米轮作提高了土壤碱性磷酸酶和乙酰基β-葡萄糖胺酶活性;与玉米连作相比,水稻→水稻→玉米轮作降低了木聚糖酶活性。秸秆还田条件下,玉米连作处理提高了过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,而水稻→水稻→玉米轮作和水稻连作处理却降低了土壤CAT活性;秸秆还田条件下,玉米连作处理降低了乙酰基β-葡萄糖胺酶活性,水稻→水稻→玉米轮作处理提高了蔗糖酶活性。     

轮作种植制度的生态经济效益分析及发展建议

在集约化种植和经济效益的驱动下,连作在中国已经成了较为普遍的种植模式,即年复一年地在田间种植单一作物。长期的连作导致了病虫害严重、产量低下、土壤健康状况降低等诸多问题。轮作是有效解决连作障碍的方法之一,在国家粮食安全、生态环境发展以及乡村振兴等战略实施中有着至关重要的作用。本研究通过文献检索,利用对比分析法,进行文献综述,阐述相比于连作,轮作所带来的经济效益与生态效益,并且通过国内外相关轮作制度的对比,为中国轮作产业的发展提供建议。结果显示,相比于连作,轮作在经济与生态方面都有着很高的效益。同时通过对比发现,中国目前的轮作体系与国外在指导思路、推广机制、补贴方式与监管措施上均有差异,在轮作发展过程中,中国仍存在诸多问题。结合国外的相关轮作经验,中国应该着手于制定科学的轮作计划、发展轮作的配套技术（如保护性耕作、覆盖作物、节水灌溉等）、加强轮作相关的宣传与推广、精准落实轮作政策同时按时进行轮作的合理评估与政策调整,进而完善中国的轮作体系,这对于在国内大规模开展轮作种植具有一定的指导意义。     

Finger gesture detection and its application to real-time control of prosthetic finger movements

A DSP-based experimental system with real-time finger joint angle detection and prosthetic finger control is designed here. The prototype system is mainly composed of four parts: real-time finger posture detection, joint angle analysis, control pulse encode, and underactuated prosthetic hand with three individually active fingers, i.e. thumb, index finger and middle finger. The real-time finger joint movement is detected by acceleration sensor ADXL330, and the microprocessor DSPTMS320F2812 is used to collect the output of acceleration sensor and calculate angle changes of the finger joint instantaneously. Then, the angle changes are encoded to PWM pulse sequence to control the stepper motor, which drove the rotation of prosthetic finger joint. Preliminary tests are given to multi-finger motion detection and real-time prosthetic finger control, respectively. The experimental results show that the acceleration sensor ADXL330 can be used to reliably detect the gesture of finger movements, it can effectively drive flexion movement and extension movement of prosthetic finger, and the grip action can be completed with the coordination of thumb, index finger, and middle finger.     

玉米-大豆轮作及氮肥施用对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

在大豆开花期分别对3个施氮水平下(0、50和100 kg hm^-2)大豆连作(大豆-大豆-大豆)、玉米-大豆轮作I (大豆-玉米-大豆)及玉米-大豆轮作II (玉米-玉米-大豆),应用PCR-DGGE技术研究了玉米-大豆轮作及施氮对土壤细菌群落结构变化的影响。结果表明,随着施氮水平的提高,3种种植方式土壤中细菌群落多样性、丰富度均呈减少趋势。高氮处理(100 kg hm^-2)明显降低了大豆连作、玉米-大豆轮作II根际土壤细菌群落多样性及丰富度,玉米-大豆轮作I根际土壤细菌群落多样性及丰富度略有降低。玉米-大豆轮作I种植方式可减轻氮肥对其根际细菌群落多样性和丰富度的影响,但施氮明显改变了其细菌群落结构。玉米-大豆轮作II中大豆根际土壤细菌群落结构较为稳定,受氮肥影响较小。在3种种植方式的土壤中,分布着酸杆菌门、变形菌门及厚壁菌门细菌,其中前两门菌群占主导地位。     

3种水旱两熟轮作制养分运筹研究进展

以中国长江流域的3个主要水旱两熟轮作制稻-麦、稻-油和稻-玉为研究对象,分析讨论了3个水旱轮作系统中化学肥料养分投入与养分运筹特性、养分投入种类、投入量以及基肥与追肥的比例等方面问题。发现长江流域水旱轮作系统中水稻季施肥量占整个系统中投入肥料总量的比例在稻-玉轮作系统中较低(47.8%),在稻-油轮作制中基本持平(51.4%),而在稻-麦轮作制中较高(54.7%)。与其他2种轮作制相比较,稻-玉轮作中作物总产量施肥经济效益和肥料利用效率均有明显提高,具有广阔的推广前景。     

连作和轮作对谷子叶片构型和叶绿素、氮素含量的影响

研究旨在提升谷子连作障碍认知度,为谷子轮作制度和可持续生产提供理论依据和技术支持。采用周年单序轮作处理和连作处理相比较的方法,研究其对旱地谷子叶片构型、叶绿素和氮素含量的影响。结果表明,连作处理降低谷子个体的叶面积和群体的叶面积指数,严重影响谷子叶片的生长发育;降低谷子叶片的叶绿素和氮素含量,影响谷子叶绿体的发育。谷子连作种植是不科学的田间生产方式,应选择合理的年际轮作制度,以实现谷子高产稳产。     

Mathematical Model and Operation Analysis of Semi-submerged Rotary Orifice Sewage Source Heat Pump Intake Machine

To solve the flow instability and adjustment difficulty of filtering dirt-removing device in the sewage source heat pump system, which affect the efficiency of heat exchanger, semi-flooded rotary orifice sewage auto-strainer was generated. According to establishing the mathematical model, the effect is analysed of pollutant concentration and liquid level height of sewage and rotation period of orifice plate to filtered flow rate, filtered load and filtering surface block coefficient. The result shows that: in the certain condition of sewage liquid level height and orifice plate rotation period, the increase of sewage will decrease the filtered flow rate of orifice plate, and increase filtering surface block coefficient; The effect of pollutant concentration change in the sewage to orifice plate filtered flow rate could be adjusted by regulating the sewage liquid level height and orifice plate rotation period, and the moderating effect of orifice plate rotation period is better than that of sewage liquid level height.     

不同施肥模式对菜稻轮作产量和菜田氮磷平衡的影响

通过马铃薯-毛豆-晚稻轮作制2 年定位田间试验,研究不同施肥模式对菜稻轮作产量和菜田氮磷浓度的影响。结果表明：经济施肥使三季作物获得显著增产效果,一个轮作周期下净增收比CK处理增加23.7%,比习惯施肥处理增加10.5%。一个轮作制中,氮磷肥表观利用率分别达到60.5%和16.0%,比习惯施肥提高了15.6 个百分点和7.3 个百分点。马铃薯-毛豆连作在经济施肥下,土柱渗漏水硝态氮和总磷浓度分别比基础土壤提高了63.3%和30.6%,但与晚稻轮作后,土柱渗漏水硝态氮和总磷浓度与基础土壤大致持平。因此,菜稻轮作结合经济施肥是菜田养分管理的有效技术模式。     

不同前茬作物对胡麻干物质积累规律、品质及产量构成因子的影响

通过4种不同前茬耕地上胡麻干物质积累规律及产量构成因子的变化,分析其对胡麻产量和品质的影响,为胡麻合理接茬复种提供理论依据。结果表明,不同前茬作物使胡麻不同生长期干物质积累量总体呈上升趋势,在生理成熟期达到最大值。与不倒茬（T0）相比,4种前茬作物对胡麻不同生长期干物质量积累都有增加作用,其中豆茬（T3）处理胡麻干物质积累量最大。荞麦茬（T2）、谷茬（T1）对胡麻工艺长度和株高影响较大,豆茬（T3）、荞麦茬（T2）对单株有效蒴果数和千粒重影响大于其他几种茬口。与T0相比,4种茬口使胡麻子粒中硬脂酸含量都有所提高,对胡麻含油率、亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸和棕榈酸等品质性状的影响无明显差异。与T0相比,豆茬是最优前茬,荞麦茬、谷茬次之,薯茬最差。     

Open motion control architecture of wind turbineand main controller design

In this paper, we propose a method to solve the problems with stochastic nonlinear and point to point architecture of the wind turbines. The proposed method presents an open motion control architecture and a linearized torque control system based on power curve LUT. We reference the PLCopen motion control standard that is used to design the linearized torque and pitch systems of the wind turbines. This proposes a new methodology for the main controller design and the system integration of wind turbines.     

THE ELIMINATION OF UNDETERMINED MULTIPLIERS OF MOTION EQUATIONS OF NONHOLONOMIC SYSTEMS

This paper studies several kinds of motion equations of nonlinear nonholonomic constraint systems. On the basis of the motion equations of the first order nonholonomic system and the theory of the zero factor of matrix multiplying from the left, the general equations of the system without undetermined multipliers is derived. By applying the method to arbitrary order nonholonomic systems, the motion equations of the systems are gained.     

Effects of biogas digestion of clover/grass-leys, cover crops and crop residues on nitrogen cycle and crop yield in organic stockless farming systems

The trend towards specialization in conventional farming led to large agricultural areas in Germany and in Europe lacking livestock. Also stockless organic farming has increased during recent years. In organic farming clover/grass-ley (CG) provides nitrogen (N) to the whole cropping system via symbiotic N₂ fixation and also controls certain weeds. A common practice in organic farming, when ruminants are not present, is to leave the biomass from CG in the field for their residual fertility effect. CG biomass, crop residues (CR) and cover crops (CC) represent a large unexploited energy potential. It could be used by anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. A field experiment was carried out by implementing a whole cropping system with a typical crop rotation for such farming systems on the research station Gladbacherhof from 2002 to 2005. The crop rotation consisted of six crops (two legumes and four non-legume crops). The aim was to evaluate whether the use of N could be improved by processing biomass from CG, CR and CC in a biogas digester and using the effluents as a fertilizer, compared to common practice. In the control treatment, represented by the usual stockless system, the CG, CR and CC biomass were left on the ground for green manure purposes. In the biogas systems these substrates were harvested for digestion in a biogas plant. The effluents of digestion were used to manure the non-legumes in the same crop rotation. Results indicate that digestion of CG, CR and CC can increase the crop dry matter and N yields and the N content of wheat grains in organic stockless systems. Harvesting and digestion of residues and their reallocation after digestion resulted in a better and more even allocation of N within the whole crop rotation, in a higher N input via N₂ fixation and lower N losses due to emissions and probably in a higher N availability of digested manures in comparison to the same amounts of undigested biomass.     

Performance analysis on improved PDA AI for moving target tracking

Aim at the problem that the EO imaging tracking system is inconsistent with the model of probabilistic data association with amplitude information (PDA AI), which supposes that the greater the amplitude value is, the greater the probability of being the tracked target will be, a modified PDA AI (MPDA AI) is presented . Based on the fact that the amplitude and the motion of the interested target are consistent in a short period, the MPDA AI models the amplitude information and the motion information of the target as well as their consistency with Markov stationary signal to analyze the association procedure of motion and amplitude. The lower bounds of Cramer Rao estimation error for PDA AI and MPDA AI are calculated and discussed in detail. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that estimating the target motion with the MPDA AI will be more accurate and more reliable than estimating with the original PDA AI.     

基于卫星遥感的区域棉稻与稻棉轮作周期估算模型研究

根据对2001年到2004年连续4年的卫星遥感影像的解译，研究了江苏省里下河农区兴化市的棉花轮作现状，建立了棉稻和稻棉轮作周期的估算模型，并给出了棉稻和稻棉轮作周期的估算公式。结果表明，在兴化市42个乡镇中，棉稻和稻棉为主要轮作模式，但轮作水平差异较大，在假定该区域的棉稻和稻棉轮作周期为平稳随机过程的情况下，可以推算出棉稻轮作周期为2.81年，稻棉轮作周期为2.89年，两者十分接近，仅相差2.85%，符合轮作的基本规律，说明本文的轮作评估模型和相关的估算公式是合理的，遥感影像解译的精度达到了试验的要求。     

土壤动物群落多样性对3种种植模式的响应研究

为合理筛选适宜种植模式,维持农业的可持续发展提供参考。采用手捡法和改进的Tullgren干漏斗法,测定休闲轮作（FRCs）、稻菜轮作（RVCs）、蔬菜连作（VCCs）3种种植模式下,土壤动物群落组成及多样性进行研究。结果表明,3个处理样点共获得各类土壤动物526只,经鉴定有3门9纲14目。与VCCs、FRCs处理相比,RVCs处理条件下引发了一些类群的发生与消长,造成了部分类群的缺失,形成了不同的优势类群。土壤动物数量0~15 cm土层均多于15~30 cm土层,分别较15~30 cm土层多出15.7%、86.6%和110.0%。RVCs处理Shannon-Weiner指数(H)、Pielou均匀性指数(E)、Simpson优势度指数(C)均为最大,且0~15 cm土层高于15~30 cm土层。土壤动物类群的相似性综合分析表明,VCCs处理与FRCs处理类群的相似性系数较高,与RVCs处理类群的相似性系数较小。     

Effects of Cropping System, Seed Bed Management and Fertility Interactions on Biomass of Crops Grown on a Vertisol in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia

In the Ethiopian highlands, where integrated crop and livestock production takes place, the inadequate supply, in both quantity and quality, of feeds during the year is a major constraint. Native pastures and crop residues are the major feed sources, but their quality is often poor. Integration of forage legumes in the cropping system is one alternative to improve the fodder quality. Results of field work conducted over two seasons in order to assess and evaluate the potential yields of crops, crop/forage combinations and rotation systems on a Vertisol under two seed bed preparation systems showed that intercropping wheat with clover or sequential cropping of an oat/vetch mixture followed by chickpea provided high-quality fodder; the effect was greater under fertilized conditions. In addition, where monocropping treatment was tested, legume–cereal rotation resulted in higher grain and fodder yield when compared to cereal–cereal rotation. The study also showed that two short-duration crops could be produced in sequence per year. It is therefore suggested that the Vertisols in the Ethiopian highlands could provide a good opportunity for longer period cropping using improved food and forage crops, thereby improving the availability and quality of animal feed and protecting the land against erosion.