森林资源转变为森林资本的对策措施

通过资产经营可以盘活森林资源资产存量，促进森林资源转变为森林资本，在目前至少要启动活立木买卖；森林资源资产参股、联营；用森林资源资产担保、抵押取得贷款；森林资源资产有序流转等。     

合理经营呼中林业局现有森林资源的对策

本文通过对呼中林业局森林资源状况的分析与实践，提出了有偿利用森林资源；合理采伐、限额采伐；零散可采森林资源生产工艺改革；恢复和发展森林资源的具体措施。     

大兴安岭林区林资源危机与对策

本文就大兴安岭“两危”的现状及对策作论证。指出森林资源危机集中表现在结构性森林资源危机。由于森林资源危机导致企业经济危困。解决“两危”的办法：一是多渠道培育扩大森林资源，发展用材林；二是稳住主体产业；三是壮大支柱产业；四是大上第三产业；五是加快培育市场体系；六是加快实现沿边开放战略。     

楚雄州森林资源动态分析及发展方向

利用楚雄州1993年和2000年森林资源连续清查资料，对森林资源动态变化情况进行了论述和分析：林业用地面积增加；有林地面积增加；林分面积增加；无林地面积减少；森林蓄积量增加；森林覆盖率增加；消耗量小于生长量。对楚雄州森林资源特点及今后发展方向作了论述。     

森林资源资产评估智能决策支持系统的设计探讨

森林资源资产评估在森林资源管理中占有重要地位，通过研究森林资源资产评估的各个环节，分析森林资源资产评估所需的具体功能，建立森林资源资产评估决策支持系统的功能构架；在此基础上对系统的总体结构设计与实现进行探讨。构建森林资源资产评估决策支持系统。     

国家级森林资源清查的发展趋势

阐述了国外国家级森林资源清查发展趋势的４个主要特点：清查项目和内容的增加；监测的跨部门一体化和信息共享；全球森林资源监测和评价需求；新技术的不断采用。并针对我国森林资源监测体系的现状，论述了在原ＣＦＩ体系基础上建立新的国家级监测体系的必要性。     

论森林资源的合理利用

本文通过对森林资源稀缺性的分析，提出合理利用的必要性；通过对森林资源开发利用的历史回顾及发展趋势的讨论，使人们对森林资源的合理利用有一个更明确的认识；并提出了合理利用中应注意的几个问题。     

关于加强森林资源管理的几点思考

１森林资源管理及其意义森林资源的广泛含义包括四项：一是林木资源、竹木资源和经济林资源；二是上述实物资源赖以生存的林地资源；三是依附于森林群落的野生动植物和微生物资源；四是由森林资源存在而产生的环境资源和伴随森林环境产生的旅游资源。随着社会的进步和科学技术的发展，人们对森林资源的要求更加迫切，对森林资源含义的认识也在不断深化，因而对森林资源管理的理解也更加全面，不仅仅局限于那种狭义的理解，只是对林木资源和林地资源的管理，而是更广义地理解为对林木、林地及其他林区内野生动植物资源的管理。森林资源是林业…     

基于标准森林单位的中国乔木林资源物量核算方法与应用

森林资源核算是森林资源管理的基础，森林资源是数量与质量的统一体，全面的森林资源实物量核算应该综合考虑数量和质量2个方面。文中提出森林资源物量这一概念作为森林资源数量与质量的融合，进一步提出以“标准森林单位”为核算森林资源物量的基本单位，通过将质量参差不齐的各种森林折算为标准森林单位来核算森林资源物量；最后，基于中国第7和第8次全国森林资源连续清查乔木林省域汇总数据进行了试算。结果显示:乔木林资源物量最高的省份为黑龙江、内蒙古、云南等，最低的省份为上海、天津、宁夏等；第7和第8次森林资源清查间隔期间乔木林资源物量增幅最高的省份为江苏、天津、北京等，物量出现下降的为湖南和江西；根据森林资源清查各省份汇总数据计算的乔木林资源物量之和与根据全国汇总数据计算的乔木林资源物量相差不大，表明我们所建立的乔木林资源物量核算体系具有较强的一致性与稳定性。     

福建森林资源现状和林业可持续发展建议

本文概述了福建森林资源发展所具备的基础；评述了制约福建森林资源良性发展和优势发挥的５个主要问题；提出福建林业可持续发展的５点建议：（１）把扩大森林资源放在首要位置；（２）重视林业的特殊地位，稳定投入，加大扶持；（３）提倡林工结合，优化结构，加强行业管理；（４）依靠科技进步，促进林业可持续发展；（５）加强领导，健全政策，增强全民林业可持续发展意识。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.