关于土系制图的原则和方法——以安徽宣郎广样区为例

本文根据土壤系统分类的要求 ,提出了土系制图单元划分的原则和方法 ,并谈了在安徽宣郎广样区实验中的一些体会。     

闽东南漳浦样区的土系划分与土地利用

本文探讨了闽东南漳浦样区的土系划分 ,并就具体土系在土地适宜性、田间养分管理及田间水分管理中的应用进行了初步分析     

黄淮海平原粘土层在土系划分中的意义,分类指标和土系初建

通过整理分析有关粘土层对土壤水盐运动影响的研究资料和对黄淮海平原３０个有粘土层的 土壤剖面的归纳总结．研究确定了不同粘土层厚度和粘土层出现部位的土系划分指标，并将这３０个土壤剖面分类为９个土系．     

河南省典型淋溶土土系划分研究

在河南省选取8个典型土壤剖面,对其进行景观特征、剖面形态学特征的描述及其理化性质的分析,并确定其在土壤系统分类(Chinese Soil Taxonomy)中的归属,结果表明,供试土壤归属于壤质混合型石灰性温性普通简育干润淋溶土、壤质混合型非酸性温性斑纹简育湿润淋溶土、黏壤质混合型温性斑纹钙积干润淋溶土、黏壤质混合型温性普通钙积干润淋溶土、壤质混合型石灰性温性普通简育湿润淋溶土和壤质混合型非酸性温性普通简育湿润淋溶土等6个土族;并在此土族基础上,根据土系划分规则和河南地区淋溶土诊断特征及构型特征,尝试提出"土系对比检索逻辑图"以阐述土系参比划分的逻辑过程。通过对比,可将8个典型土壤剖面划分为7个土系:汤阴系、汲水系、神沟系、尚庄系、侯集系、枣林系和尚店系。     

辽宁省沈阳样区土系的划分

本文在对沈阳样区进行广泛调查的基础上 ,对约 10 0个土壤剖面进行了详细观测、描述 ,对 14个典型土壤剖面进行了取样、分析和比较 ,探讨了土族和土系划分的原则与依据 ,并在样区建立了 14个土系     

安徽宣城样区土系的划分

本文根据样区岗坡地第四纪红土、下蜀黄土与沟谷地黄土性堆积物母质所发育的土壤 ,确立了 12个特征土层 ,并以特征土层的种类、排列及性状 ,进行了土系的具体划分     

浙江衢县样区土系的划分

本文根据中国土壤系统分类中基层分类课题研究的要求 ,探讨了浙江衢县样区土划分的原则和依据 ,对样区的土系作了具体的划分     

肥熟旱耕人为土的性态分异与土族土系的划分

本文以跨越全国各主要农区菜地土壤剖面 176个 ,探讨了肥熟旱耕人为土各亚类的分异特征及土族、土系划分原则、依据和方法。考虑其颗粒大小级别及矿物类型的单一性 ,重视以土温的分异来划分土族 ,以肥熟诊断的分异属性和其他特征土层及属性划分土系。如此七个亚类共划分出土族 16个 ,土系 35个。并作典型土系介绍。     

土系划分方法研究——以江苏省新沂样区为例

作为土壤系统分类的基层分类单元,土系的划分必须经过实地调查,重视控制层段和特征土层的设立,并选择合适的分异特性作为分类指标。本文选择样区内不同景观单元中的10个土壤剖面,根据中国土壤系统分类的要求,探讨了样区内土壤诊断层、诊断特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属;并在有关土系认识的基础上,探讨了土系划分的原则、依据和具体划分方法,确立了研究区土壤所具有的特征土层,依据①特征土层的种类、排列、厚度,②土壤质地和③土壤有机质含量这三类指标,把样区土壤划分为10个土系。     

成都平原主要水耕人为土土系的划分研究

本文以成都平原主要水耕人为土为例,在中国土壤系统分类思想的指导下,通过典型采样、土壤详查、环境调查和室内理化分析,按照土系划分指标的稳定性、差异性、主导性及综合性等原则,对样区水耕人为土的土系进行了具体划分研究。     

Total lipid extracts from characteristic soil horizons in a podzol profile

The podzolization process is studied through lipids in nine characteristic podzol horizons. Organic matter accumulates particularly with aluminium in the Bh horizon, while the hard, cemented Bs horizon below this is formed mainly by iron oxides. The low soil pH seems to have no great influence on the preservation of lipids as reflected by the absolute amounts present and the presence of bacterial lipid markers throughout the profile. Independent of soil pH, lipids accumulate in organically enriched horizons. Albeit, high molecular weight organic compounds accumulate to a relatively greater extent than lipids in these horizons. A lipid signal related to the aerial parts, i.e. leaves and flowers, of Calluna is observed only in the O horizon. This ‘n‐alkane, steroid and triterpenoids’ signal is quickly lost in the underlying Ah horizon due to (bacterial) oxidation. The other total lipid extracts obtained are dominated by root‐derived compounds. In subsoil horizons rich in organic matter, i.e. the Ahb and Bh horizons, root‐derived friedooleanan and steroid compounds dominate the total lipid signal. Degraded horizons, poor in organic matter, i.e. the E2, Bhs, Bs and B/C horizons, are dominated by C₂₂ and C₂₄ω‐hydroxy acids, long‐chain (> C₂₀) n‐alkanoic acids with a strong even‐over‐odd predominance and C₂₂ and C₂₄n‐alkanols. Steroid and root‐derived triterpenoids with a friedooleanan structure have been removed from these horizons through degradation. Based on total organic carbon content and lipid composition, the formation of an E1 horizon has started, but is not yet complete. In the Ahb horizon, a contribution from buried vegetation to the total lipid signal is still present, although degradation and an input from roots have significantly altered the original signal. Overall, lipid data indicate that degradation (microbial oxidation) is an important process that should be taken into account, in addition to leaching, when describing podzolization processes in soils.     

两种土壤水分特征曲线间接推求方法对黄土的适应性评价

土壤水分特征曲线(SWCC)是模拟土壤水分运动和溶质运移的一个重要参数,利用十壤的基本物理性质来间接推求SWCC的方法已经成为当今土壤物理学领域的研究热点.为了比较两种SWCC间接推求方法——Arya-Paris物理经验方法(简称AP方法)和Tyler-Wheatcraft分形几何方法(简称TW方法)对黄土的适应性,该文分析了黄土高原296组土壤颗粒分布、容重和水分特征曲线等资料,利用简化的Fredlund(Fred3P)模型模拟得到连续的十壤颗粒分布曲线,然后应用AP和TW方法预测出相应吸力下的土壤含水量.研究结果表明,对于黄十性土壤,AP和TW两种方法的预测结果均达到了一定的精度,相比较而言AP方法的预测效果明显优于TW方法,且受质地影响小.     

论特征土层与土系划分

本文简述了用于土壤分类的各类土层、发生层与诊断层的含义、区别和应用 ,重点探讨了我国土壤系统分类中划分土系的特征土层 ,含义特性及具体应用 ,供我国土系划分研究借鉴     

Diagnostic horizons in the Russian soil classification system

The analysis of the responses of users of the substantive-genetic Russian soil classification system revealed some problems concerning the genetic (diagnostic) horizons. Applying horizons is essential since soil diagnostics are based on their identification and their combinations in soil profiles. In the recent Russian system, there are many diagnostic horizons, and their recognition is not always easy. This review is aimed at displaying the main elements and the genetic essence of the horizons, as well as the reasons to choose the diagnostic criteria and parameters for most of them. The horizons are grouped into genetic sets, and the specific properties of the horizons are emphasized, as well as the differences between the horizons and the feasibility to introduce new horizons. A rough comparison of the diagnostic horizons in the Russian and WRB systems revealed the considerable similarity of the taxa, whose definitions depend on the presence of the diagnostic horizons: these are the orders and soil reference groups, respectively.     

Use of organic carbon and loss-on-ignition to estimate soil organic matter in different soil types and horizons

Summary Loss-on-ignition (LOI) and the organic C content have been used to estimate soil organic matter. Organic matter is often estimated from organic C by applying a factor of 1.724. Several authors have examined the relationship between LOI, used as an estimate of organic matter, and C by simple linear regressions. In the present study, this approach was examined in relation to two sets of data. LOI overestimates organic matter in soils with significant proportions of clay minerals because of bound water, and correcting for bound water gives some LOI: C ratios of less than 1. It is concluded that differences in the nature of the organic matter in different soils and horizons make the simple regression approach unsuitable. More attention needs to be paid to studies of the nature of the organic matter.     

长期不同耕作方式下的土壤硬度变化特征

为探明不同耕作方式下土壤硬度变化特征,以始于1983年长期定位不同耕作方式土壤为研究对象,采用土壤硬度仪观测免耕(no-tillage,NT)、翻耕(plow tillage,PT)、间隔深松(spacing tillage,ST)和传统耕作(conventional tillage,CT)不同年份、季节、土壤剖面及冻融前后土壤硬度,研究不同耕作方式对土壤硬度的影响。结果表明:免耕增加了耕层0~25 cm土壤硬度,而土层25~45 cm免耕硬度显著降低(P0.05),但传统耕作硬度有增加趋势,间隔深松和翻耕硬度明显低于免耕和传统耕作(P0.05);不同耕作方式土壤硬度随季节的推移呈波动性变化,0~25和25~45cm变化趋势基本一致;土壤硬度随土壤深度的增加而增加,上层明显低于下层(P0.05),不同时期变化不同,前期随深度增加到20cm处呈垂直变化,而后期随深度增加呈反"S"型曲线变化;冻融交替作用可以有效降低土壤硬度,缓解冻融后土壤硬度,间隔深松降幅最大为148.97%,其次为免耕和翻耕,降幅分别为41.96%和58.44%,传统耕作降幅最小仅为3.38%。综合分析认为,间隔深松耕作是改善土壤硬度,提高土壤宜耕性的有效耕作方法。该研究可为东北雨养农业区构建合理耕层和确定适宜的耕作技术提供科学依据。     

Spatial genetic sequences of soil horizons and soil profiles on the Russian and West Siberian plains

The analysis of spatial sequences of genetic horizons as elementary constituents of soil profiles in relation to the factors of soil formation makes it possible to draw several new conclusions about the geneses and geography of soils in the north of the Russian and West Siberian plains. An important role in the spatial diversity of automorphic soils of these territories belongs to the texture of the parent materials and to the stratification of the latter within the soil profiles. The study of spatial soil sequences with due respect for the character of the parent materials suggests that the popular notion about the ideal bioclimatic zonality of the soils within these vast plains should be refined. It is shown that this notion is grounded in the phenomenon of good agreement between the bioclimatic zonality and the sedimentation zonality (or, according to I.A. Sokolov, the striated pattern of different types of sediments) in the studied territory. In turn, the sedimentation zonality was shaped by the directed movements of Quaternary glaciers over the plains from the north, northwest, or northeast.     

Abundance of ammonia oxidizing microbes and denitrifiers in different soil horizons of an agricultural soil in relation to the cultivated crops

The role of subsoils and their microbial communities for the nutrient supply for plants is to a large extent unknown, especially in comparison to well investigated topsoil layers. Therefore, in this study, the influence of three different plant species with different rooting systems and different N uptake strategies on ammonium and nitrate levels and microbial communities involved in ammonia oxidation and denitrification was investigated in different soil horizons. Overall, our results show a higher genetic potential for both processes in topsoils than in subsoils independent of the present plant. Although we found accumulation of N in top and subsoils in plots with legumes, we could not observe an impact of the higher nitrate content on the genetic potential of denitrification and ammonia oxidation. However, differences in the ratios of ammonia oxidizing archaea to bacteria and also between denitrifying bacteria harboring genes for copper- (nirK) or cytochrome- (nirS) dependent nitrite reductase in top and subsoil samples reveal different ecophysiologies of microbes involved in N turnover in top and subsoil habitats.