CTAB法提取红麻总DNA技术优化与ISSR和SRAP扩增效果

红麻基因组总DNA的提取纯度,关系到新型分子标记ISSR、SRAP的PCR扩增效果。经反复实验,对CTAB法提取红麻总DNA技术进行了改进,即采集足量的红麻嫩叶、提取时加入β-巯基乙醇、提取过程中使用2.5%CTAB、最后用预冷的无水乙醇沉淀DNA。OD260/OD280比值检测结果为平均1.824,而且DNA得率也较高,证明用此法提取的DNA能完全满足ISSR和SRAP分析的要求和获得较理想的效果,本文还讨论了高质量DNA提取应注意的有关技术环节。     

多粒型花生的SSR分子标记

多粒型花生是花生四大类型之一，具有优质、抗叶斑病、早熟等特性。共筛选出16个能在多粒型花生品种DNA中扩增出多态性片段的SSR引物，每个SSR引物能扩增出1～7个DNA片段，在24个花生品种中能扩增出1～23条多态性片段。根据SSR分子标记计算出品种间遗传距离为0．09～0．82．平均为0.59。聚类分析结果说明所分析的24个花生种质可分为不同的品种群。     

快速大量提取甜菜DNA的新方法

以甜菜幼嫩叶片为材料,通过冷冻真空干燥将材料变成干粉,利用CTAB法对DNA提取程序进行了研究,建立了一种简单、快速的甜菜DNA提取程序,既节省时间,又可获得高质量的DNA,可以满足SSR及SRAP扩增的需要。     

珍珠豆型花生的简单序列重复(SSR)多态性

从36对SSR引物中筛选出10对引物,能在24个珍珠豆型花生品种DNA中扩增出多态性片段,每对SSR引物可扩增出1～6个DNA片段,扩增位点数为2～11个,平均6.5个;多态性位点为1～11个,平均6.1个.根据SSR标记分析24个珍珠豆型花生的遗传距离为0.04～0.69,平均为0.37.聚类分析将24个珍珠豆型花生品种划分为4个品种群.     

通过分子标记估算遗传距离预测甘蓝型油菜的杂种优势

用甘蓝型油菜4个恢复系、3个保持系及其相应的12个F1代共19份材料，研究SSR和SRAP两种分子标记方法估算的遗传距离与油菜重要性状杂种优势的关系。结果发现，在4个恢复系和3个保持系中，45对SSR引物共扩增出87条多态性条带，25对SRAP引物共扩增出131条多态性条带。基于SSR标记估算的遗传距离与产量杂种优势的相关系数为0.423,决定系数为0.179。基于SRAP标记估算的遗传距离与产量杂种优势的相关系数为0.654 （达到0.05显著水平），决定系数为0.428。基于SSR和SRAP混合数据计算的遗传距离与小区产量杂种优势的相关系数为0.642（达到0.05显著水平），决定系数为0.412。表明SRAP标记对产量杂种优势预测的效果要显著高于SSR标记预测的效果，是目前为止报道的通过鉴定亲本遗传多态性预测油菜杂种优势最为有效的分子标记手段，可作为油菜杂种优势预测的一种有效辅助方法。     

CTAB法提取红麻总DNA技术优化与ISSR和SRAP扩增效果

红麻基因组总DNA的提取纯度，关系到新型分子标记ISSR、SRAP的PCR扩增效果。经反复实验，对CTAB法提取红麻总DNA技术进行了改进，即采集足量的红麻嫩叶、提取时加入β-巯基乙醇、提取过程中使用2．5％CTAB、最后用预冷的无水乙醇沉淀DNA。OD260，OD2踯比值检测结果为平均1．824，而且DNA得率也较高，证明用此法提取的DNA能完全满足ISSR和SRAP分析的要求和获得较理想的效果．本文还讨论了高庸量DNA提取应注意的有关技术环节．     

龙生型花生中的微卫星变异研究

本研究用24份龙生型花生资源作研究材料,采用31个微卫星标记引物检测其分子水平上的遗传变异,其中13个引物能在龙生型花生基因组中扩增出多态性DNA片段.研究结果表明,在龙生型花生基因组中,一对SSR引物可扩增出2条以上的DNA片段,扩增片段数最多的是Pm36,在24份龙生型花生资源中扩增出16个大小不同的DNA片段;由这些多态性标记检测出的遗传距离,平均为0.17,最高为0.33,最低为0.03,但能区分所有的24份资源.对分子标记在花生育种和资源鉴定上的利用前景进行了分析讨论.     

用磁珠富集法从AFLP片段中分离微卫星DNA标记

研究将花生基因组DNA经酶切后转变成AFLP DNA片段,然后用生物素标记的简单重复序列(SSR)作探针与其杂交,杂交复合物固定到包被有链亲和素的磁珠上,经过一系列的洗涤过程,含有SSR的AFLP片段被吸附在磁珠表面.这些片段经洗脱下来后,先用对应的AFLP引物扩增,再进行克隆和测序,根据SSR两端的保守序列设计引物,经过多态性分析后,便可得到微卫星DNA标记.整个实验过程操作简单、消耗少,可在一周内完成,可作为从植物中分离SSR的一种简单有效的方法.     

利用重组近交系群体检测花生青枯病抗性SSR标记

用抗青枯病花生品种远杂9102与感病品种Chico杂交，从F2起用单粒传法构建了花生重组近交系群体（RIL）F6和F7。采用354对SSR引物对重组近交系F6群体的基因组DNA鉴定，获得多态性标记45个。结合重组近交系群体F6和F7青枯病抗性鉴定结果，应用相关软件统计分析，构建了栽培种花生部分遗传连锁图。图谱总长度为603.9cM，含29个标记（28个SSR标记和1个表型标记）的8个连锁群，还有17个独立的SSR标记；获得了与青枯病抗性相关的SSR标记2个（7G02和PM137），位于该图谱的第1连锁群上，与青枯病抗性基因间的遗传距离为10.9cM和13.8cM，并且位于抗性基因的两侧，两标记间的距离为23.7cM。     

SRAP和SSR标记构建的甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱比较

利用SRAP ( sequence - related amp lified polymorphism)和SSR标记构建了甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱,并对 两种标记方法进行了比较。结果表明: (1)每对SRAP引物扩增出20. 36个条带,其中4. 44个是清晰、易于辩认的 多态性带;每对SSR引物扩增出3. 88个条带,均为多态性条带。(2)采用25对SRAP和SSR引物分别构建40个和 75个品种的特异指纹图谱, SRAP指纹中具有特异图谱的比例(82. 5%和50. 7% )高于SSR指纹图谱的结果( 60. 0%和44. 4% ) 。品种数越多具有特异指纹的品种越少。(3)运用引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱,大大地提高了指 纹图谱的特异性。25对SSR引物组合扩增97个多态性谱带,两个不同的品种具有相同谱带的概率只有6. 3108 × 10 - 30。组合指纹图谱比组合数码图谱更直观。与SRAP标记相比, SSR标记以其扩增谱带少、易于识别和统计而 更适合用于引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.