植物健康营养理论与健康元素

从食物链营养的角度提出植物健康营养理论,即在不影响植物正常生长发育的条件下,通过调节供给植物的营养元素而生产出符合特定需求的产品,提高植物栽培的功能性和经济价值。我们把这种同时注重植物营养和产品功能的人工栽培植物的营养理论称为植物健康营养理论,这里将不具备植物营养功能,但对整个食物链特别是对人和饲养动物有营养作用的元素称为健康元素。根据矿质元素的作用对象,可将健康元素分为营养健康元素和非营养健康元素两类。营养健康元素是指它本身是植物必需营养元素,同时又对食物链上端生物也有重要健康作用。非营养健康元素是指其对植物本身的生长发育没有营养作用,仅对食物链上端的生物有健康作用。把通过植物吸收矿质元素的方式以达到食物链促进健康的栽培管理方式称为健康栽培。本文还定义了植物健康营养理论的学科边界,指出:“奢侈吸收”与动物健康的关系研究,健康元素在植物体内的代谢,健康元素在食物链中的传递形式,植物体内健康元素的含量阈值,健康元素的高效施用与管理都是植物健康营养理论的研究范畴。     

草河口地区土壤中重金属等元素含量的相互关系及其影响因素

以草河口地区土壤为研究对象,采用相关与回归分析综合地研究了１４种元素的含量在土壤中的相互关系及其影响因素,结果表明：地球化学性质相近的元素,它们在土壤中的相关系数大多达到了显著或极显著水平。通过主因子分析,选出四个主因子,它们代表了１４个元素测定信息的９２％,以第珍上主因子、第二个主因子对应的特征向量为横、纵轴将１４个元素分成五类;并建立了大多数元素与土壤性质之间的多元回归方程,另外元素的相关性及     

The total trace element content of some scottish soils by spark source mass spectrometry

Quantitative methods of analysis by spark source mass spectrometry have been used to determine the total trace element content of the surface horizons of 10 arable Scottish soils derived from parent materials of different geological origin and used for earlier trace element surveys. Other methods have been used to supplement these analyses for 12 elements including the major elements, and results for a total of 62 elements in the 10 soils are reported. The results are discussed in terms of the geological nature of the soil parent material making use of 62-element soil fingerprints for visual comparison. It is concluded that the total trace element contents of a Scottish soil corresponds to that expected on the basis of the geochemistry of its parent materials and that the influence of agricultural operations on soil contents is of secondary importance. Average soil contents for most elements are closely similar to published values for crustal abundance.     

Water soluble elements in decomposing japanese cedar needle litter

Many studies on the decrease in the contents of elements of decomposing litter have been carried out usually by applying the litter bag method in forest ecosystems. Release of elements from the litter, however, can be divided into three routes, that is, via liquid, solid, and gaseous phases, including leaching, fragmentation, and decomposer respiration, respectively. This study focused on water soluble elements in the decomposing needle litter of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don) as a route of release via the liquid phase. Because rainfall leaches water soluble elements from decomposing litter on forest floor, the leaching process is important for the transport of elements from litter layers to soil horizons, which can affect the composition of soil solutions (Takahashi 1995). Moreover, nutrients in the leachate can be used for microbial and plant communities to control the dynamics of these communities. I investigated 1) the relationships between water soluble elements and the decomposition stages of the litter, and 2) variation in the contents of water soluble elements.     

Surface Runoff and Snowmelt Infiltration into the Soil on Plowlands in the Forest-Steppe and Steppe Zones of the East European Plain

Long-term series of observations over the spring water balance elements on fields with hydrologically contrasting agricultural backgrounds―a loose soil after fall moldboard plowing and a plowland compacted by 12–16% compared to the former soil (perennial grasses, winter crops, stubble)―have been analyzed. The values of surface runoff and water infiltration into the soil in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of European Russia have been calculated for the spring (flooding) period and the entire cold season. The hydrological role of fall plowing has been shown, and water balance elements for the current (1981–2016) and preceding (1957–1980) periods have been compared. A significant decrease in runoff and an increase of water reserve in the soil have been revealed on all plowland types. Consequences of changes in the spring water balance on plowland have been analyzed.     

Uptake of calcium and magnesium by buckwheat from limestone

Liming is a most fundamental agricultural practice for acid soils. Calcium and magnesium are necessary elements for plant growth. Strong acid soils, in addition to possible magnesium and/or calcium deficiency, may supply toxic amounts of trace elements to the plant. Soil testing has become an important factor for it indicates the need of lime and fertilizers. With advances in soil chemistry, many testing methods have been suggested and are being used. Advances have been made in the measurement of soil acidity, for instance, the “lime potential” theory of Schofield and Taylor (1,2) may provide basic information on that problem. In recent years there have been radical changes in the concept of exchangeable aluminum associated with the problem of soil acidity (3,5,5).     

Trace element concentrations and background values in the arid soils of Hormozgan Province of southern Iran

Trace element concentrations in soils of arid regions of southern Iran are described to assess the concentration ranges of selected elements in a variety of soils and rocks, and to evaluate the potential bioavailability of trace elements in relation to soil properties. The study area was classified into three sub-regions consisting of (1) shale, gypsum, and limestone (western part), (2) igneous rocks and limestone (northern part), and (3) sandstone and limestone (eastern and northeastern part). The gained background values of trace elements were used for evaluating the quality and degree of contamination with native and also with anthropogenic elements of studied soils. Some soil samples indicated a significant enrichment for Pb and Ni, with an enrichment factor (EF) of around 6.0. Soils have only been cultivated for few years compared to hundreds and thousands of years for many agricultural soils; therefore, there has been less crop removal. Furthermore, soils are not highly weathered because they are in an arid climate with low precipitation, which results in a slow rate of weathering. However, slight elemental differences between soil horizons indicated that most soils are poorly developed and also represented the similarity of trace element contents between soils and parent materials.     

Mechanisms and Factors Influencing Adsorption of Microcystin-LR on Biochars

With industrialization, great amounts of trace elements and heavy metals have been excavated and released onto the surface of the earth and dissipated into the environments. Rapid screening technology for detecting major and trace elements as well as heavy metals in variety of environmental samples has been most desired. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection limits, accuracy, repeatability, and efficiency of an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (Niton XRF analyzer) in comparison to the traditional analytical methods, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) in screening of major and trace elements of environmental samples including estuary soils and sediments, contaminated soils, and biological samples. XRF is a fast and non-destructive method for measuring the total concentration of multi-elements simultaneously. Contrary to ICP-OES, XRF analyzer is characterized by the limited preparation required for solid samples, non-destructive analysis, increased total speed and high throughout, decreased production of hazardous waste, and low running costs as well as multi-elemental determination and portability in the fields. The current comparative study demonstrates that XRF is a good rapid, non-destructive screening method for contaminated soils, sediments, and biological samples containing high concentrations of major and trace elements. Unfortunately, XRF does not have sensitive detection limits for most trace elements as ICP-OES, but it may serve as a rapid screening tool for locating hot spots in uncontaminated field soils and sediments, such as in the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge site.     

Changes of the metal composition in German white wines through the winemaking process. A study of 63 elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Elemental patterns are often used for the classification or identification of the origin of wines. A prerequisite is that the concentration of the elements is not strongly influenced by the addition of different substances such as yeast and fining products during the winemaking process. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been used in this study to determine in total 63 elements (including some nonmetals and the rare earth elements) in five German white wines from five regions of origin. The whole winemaking process was studied, from the must to the ready wine. Microwave acid digestion was used for sample preparation, and indium was added as internal standard for a semiquantitative analysis. Two winemaking processes were compared: with the addition of clarifying agents (bentonites) before and after the fermentation. The concentration of only a few elements such as Li, B, Mg, Ca, Rb, Cs, and Pb seems to be constant throughout the whole winemaking process (changes of <+/-50%) and are independent of the time of addition of the bentonites. When bentonites are added before fermentation, the concentration of other elements, such as V, Co, and Fe, remains constant. If bentonites are added after fermentation, the concentration of some other elements such as Sr, Zn, and Mn is nearly unaffected. These elements are therefore robust elements for origin studies in German white wines.     

马铃薯（SolanumtuberosumL．）全基因组水平上LTR-逆转座子的鉴定与进化分析

LTR-逆转座子是构成基因组特别是植物基因组的重要组分。它们在寄主基因组的进化过程中起到重要作用。马铃薯是重要的经济作物和粮食作物,其全基因组序列的公布为进一步研究其遗传组成和演化提供了基础。本文以马铃薯全基因组序列为材料,用结构分析和同源比对的方法分离得到9318个完整的LTR_逆转座子,7281个非完整（trtmcated）LTR-逆转座子元件和3657个soloLTR元件。进一步研究表明,gypsy类转座子在距今两百万年（millionyearsago,MYA）时转座活性被抑制,而copia类元件活跃至今。马铃薯和番茄比较基因组学的研究表明,LTR-逆转座子序列变异率为18．73％,远高于基因序列的7．37％和CDS序列的5．01％。     

Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopic determination of nine elements in infant formula: collaborative study

Results from a collaborative study of a method for the determination of 9 elements in infant formula, using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, are reported. Six collaborators analyzed 6 infant formulas for native and spiked levels of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na, and Zn. The within-laboratory and between-laboratory coefficients of variation were generally (69 of 108 samples) below 9% for all elements determined in all samples. Most of the average recoveries of the elements from spiked samples ranged from 90 to 105%. The method has been adopted official first action for determining Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na, and Zn in infant formula.     

New data from peat bogs may give a historical perspective on acid deposition

Dynamic changes in certain bog ecosystems together with environmental trace elements may be utilized to reconstruct the history of atmospheric chemicals deposited on the terrestrial biosphere. Cores collected from ombrotrophic bogs in eastern New York, western Pennsylvania and western Virginia were dated using the Pb-210 method and analyzed for 34 elements by neutron activation analysis. The fallout Cs-137 profiles were utilized to cross check the Pb-210 dates assigned for each layer and to estimate the transport of mobile elements similar to Cs. A comparison has been made between the relative enrichment factors of the elements accumulated at different times since 1800 on the dated peat bog layers and the crustal abundance of elements compared to Al. At the PA site, relative enrichments of greater than 100 times are found for C1, N, S and Br; relative enrichments of 10 to 40 times are found for Pb, Ca and Sb. At the NY site, generally lower relative enrichments are found with values of 10 to 40 times for C1, Cr, and Mn and less than 10 times for N and S.     

Determination of the oxidation states of metals and metalloids: An analytical review

The hazard of many heavy metals/metalloids in the soil depends on their oxidation state. The problem of determining the oxidation state has been solved due to the use of synchrotron radiation methods with the analysis of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). The determination of the oxidation state is of special importance for some hazardous heavy elements (arsenic, antimony, selenium, chromium, uranium, and vanadium). The mobility and hazard of each of these elements depend on its oxidation state. The mobilities are higher at lower oxidation states of As, Cr, V, and Se and at higher oxidation states of Sb and U. The determination of the oxidation state of arsenic has allowed revealing its fixation features in the rhizosphere of hydrophytes. The known oxidation states of chromium and uranium are used for the retention of these elements on geochemical barriers. Different oxidation states have been established for vanadium displacing iron in goethite. The determination of the oxidation state of manganese in the rhizosphere and the photosynthetic apparatus of plants is of special importance for agricultural chemists.     

高光谱成像技术快速检测生物质秸秆元素含量

为了探讨生物质秸秆元素含量的快速检测方法,该文运用高光谱成像技术,结合多种数据优选方法对生物质秸秆中N、C、H、S、O元素含量快速检测的可行性进行研究。选取玉米、水稻、小麦、油菜4种类别共计188个秸秆样本,采集其反射高光谱图像,并测定元素含量。采用竞争性自适应重加权采样(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)算法选取元素检测敏感变量,提取光谱维数据,结合偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)算法,建立了基于高光谱光谱维数据的元素定量分析模型,N元素采用24个变量建立模型,验证集相关系数为0.923,均方根误差(root mean square error of validation set,RMSEP)为0.196%,相对分析误差(relative analysis error,RPD)为3.11;O元素仅采用10个光谱变量建立模型,验证集相关系数为0.876,均方根误差为1.015%,相对分析误差为2.32,N、O元素的模型可以用于实际应用;C、H、S元素相验证集相关系数均小于0.80,无法实际应用分析。采用独立成分分析(independent component analysis,ICA)算法结合权重系数法,提取IC1-IC5分析图像中特征光谱波段为572.09、643.69、685.14、766.79、819.55、964.01 nm,用6个特征光谱变量建立基于高光谱图像维数据的秸秆元素定量分析模型,N、C、H、S和O 5种元素无法用于实际检测。研究结果表明,采用高光谱成像技术并应用光谱维数据结合CARS-PLS算法可以实现秸秆N、O元素的有效检测。     

Elemental deposition downwind of a coal-fired power plant

Dry deposition of fly ash emitted by a coal-fired power plant has been calculated using a surface depletion Gaussian plume model. The subject plant is located in the southwestern United States. Soil samples collected downwind of this power plant have been chemically analyzed for selected trace elements (As, B, F, Hg, Se, Sr, U, and V) to determine concentration vs. distance trends. Gaussian plume deposition calculations predict very little increase of trace element concentrations in soils, except for those elements highly concentrated in fly ash emissions compared to soils. Trace element soil concentrations as a function of downwind distance generally confirm these predictions, with the possible exception of Se.     

Trace element discharges from coal combustion for power production

Partition factors have been calculated to describe the distribution of 38 elements between slag, total fly ash, atmospherically emitted fly ash, and vapors for a coal fired steamplant. These factors have been generalized to other types of boilers, to calculate the annual U.S. discharge of trace elements due to coal combustion for power production. The magnitude of trace element mobilization by coal combustion is compared with industrial consumption of trace elements, and with estimates of their natural mobilization by weathering. Elemental flows due to coal consumption are never less than 1.5% of their weathering mobilization, and coal combustion introduces As, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sc, Se, U, V, and Zn into the environment at rates comparable to their rates of introduction by weathering.     

Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from crushed red peppers.

A new method was developed for the extraction of light filth from crushed red peppers. The method utilizes an isoprapanol defatting of the product followed by separation of light filth elements with mineral oil and n-heptane (85+15) in a 2 L trap flask. Collaborative studies resulted in good recoveries of light filth spike elements and clean extration papers. The method has been adopted as official first action.     

Analysis of Coal Ash for Trace Elements and their Geo-environmental Implications

This study determined the content of trace elements in coal ash collected from a coal-fired thermal power plant using local coal from Sawarak, Malaysia. This is crucial for the potential impact on the geoenvironment from its disposal and utilization; as coal ash has recently been produced locally in substantial amounts and very limited data is available. The trace elements concentrations presents in coal ashes are compared with the reported coal ash concentrations and the risk for the local wet tropical geoenvironment from the perspective of its vulnerability to these is studied for an indication of potential environmental implications on the wet tropics. The trace elements were found to be in concentrations that, if applied or inadvertently released into the environmental media, present a potential hazard and further necessary research in this regard is indicated.     

Comparison of studies on saccharin and sodium nitrite.

A review of long term animal studies of saccharin and sodium nitrite was undertaken to assess the effect of variability of selected protocol elements on the results obtained. These elements were divided into 4 general categories: design, including selection of test animals, basal diet, dosage form and doses of test substance, route of administration, and duration of exposure; observations, including gross observations during life and at necropsy, clinical tests, and histopathology; performance, including conduct of the test and animal husbandry; and analytical procedures, including chemical and statistical analyses. Because many of the protocol elements are not fully discussed in study reports, it was often impossible to determine what actually had been done. The review of various saccharin studies suggests that bladder tumors resulted following in utero exposure. In utero exposure with sodium nitrite did not appear to cause reticuloendothelial changes. The numerous variations in protocol elements in the nitrite studies precluded identification of a prime element responsible for the variation in reticuloendothelial changes observed. It can be concluded from this review that achievement of reproducibility in long term studies requires minimal variation of protocol elements for the new study.     

Analysis of selected elements in tobacco by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

A rapid method for the determination of 16 elements in tobacco by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has been developed. The method is accurate and precise, and requires only 9 min per sample for quantitation. Sample preparation consists of placing a portion of dried, ground tobacco in a sample cup, and pressing at 25 tons pressure to make a compressed pellet. This pellet is then automatically analyzed by X-ray fluorescence for 16 elements. The results are stored on a computer disk for future recall and report generation.