戈壁、流沙地表风沙流特性研究

通过对戈壁、流沙地表风沙流特性的风洞模拟实验研究,风沙流中的风速廓线分布满足幂函数的形式,其幂指数在0.20左右。对于戈壁地表,在不同风速下,相同高度层含沙量具有很大的相关性,风沙活动层主要集中在距地表20cm范围内;由于沙粒与戈壁地表的砾石发生碰撞,风沙流不再服从对数关系递减,其极值出现的高度随风速的增加而上移,呈现"象鼻效应"。     

毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究

运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带风沙流结构特征分析

利用多种集沙仪,通过野外实时输沙观测,对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带的地表风沙流特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 100 cm高度范围内,总输沙量的47.3%分布在30 cm高度内,这一比例小于前人的研究结果;输沙量随高度的变化比较符合幂函数分布。② 风沙流输沙的粒径以细砂、极细砂与粉砂为主,各高度层所占比例均达99%以上;风沙流输沙平均粒径随高度增加而减小,沙尘的含量随高度增加呈现“象鼻”状分布。③ 风沙流中贴地层风速廓线受风沙相互作用的影响,不再符合对数分布,更加符合幂函数u=az^b分布。     

近地层输沙率数值模拟研究

采用Euler双流体模型和k-ε湍流模型对近地层风沙气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,研究输沙率沿高度分布特征以及风速和粒径对该分布特征的影响.结果表明,输沙率沿高度分布呈现先增大后减小的规律.粒径和风速大小对该分布规律影响显著:该分布随粒径增大在不同高度层表现出不同的规律;随风速增大则整体升高,但升高程度在不同高度层表现出不同的规律.     

风速对海岸沙丘表面风沙流结构影响的实证研究

在河北昌黎黄金海岸形态典型的横向沙脊顶部,对不同风速下的风沙流结构进行了观测。结果表明:随着风速的增加,风沙流中40 cm高度内的绝对输沙量增加,40~60 cm高度内各层的绝对输沙量减少;相对输沙量,在0~4 cm高度内减少,4~20 cm高度内增加,20~44 cm高度内变化较小,44~60 cm高度内减少;风沙流结构模式在0~40 cm高程内为指数分布,但在0~60 cm高程内随风速增大由幂函数分布转变为指数函数分布,在40~60 cm高程内则转变为相关性更强的多项式函数分布。风速变化对风沙流结构的上述影响,主要与随风速增加增大了沙粒的搬运高度以及气流搬运沙物质的粒度组成有关。     

基于SPH方法的风沙流运动特性研究

文中基于光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics:SPH)方法,采用五次样条光滑函数,通过调节不同类型粒子光滑因子,对风沙流运动特性进行分析:1)在风沙流起动阶段,沙粒平均水平速度随高度增加而增大,同一高度处沙粒平均水平速度随时间推移而减小。2)风沙流稳定前后,沙粒数均随高度的增加而减少。3)风沙流形成过程中气体粒子在计算域中心位置产生涡流,并随着时间推移,涡流又出现在计算域中上及右下方位置。4)起沙前后气体脉动强度随摩阻风速增加而增加,随高度增加呈现不同变化。结果表明:该方法模拟精度较高,适用于解决风沙两相流数值模拟问题。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区野外微梯度风沙流观测

利用2014年7月至8月塔中地区沙尘与扬沙天气下风沙流运动的实测数据,对0~85 mm高度内风沙流运动进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0~85 mm高度层,输沙率(Q)随风速(v)增大呈幂函数规律增加,R2≥0.975 7,且输沙率主要集中在0~35 mm高度内。(2)总输沙率和撞击颗粒数的最佳拟合函数为线性函数,R2≥0.878 2,相关性较好;塔中地区1 min最小临界起沙风速为4.0 m·s-1。(3)跃移运动集中在10:00—20:00,总输沙率最大值出现在12:00—16:00,17:00以后输沙率明显下降。     

植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验

植被沙障在一些地区已成为沙害防治的有效手段,其应用也越来越广泛,但对其治沙机理尚不很清楚.在盖度为10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,60%情况下,对植被沙障的防风固沙效益进行了风洞试验.实验风速设置为6,8,11 m/s,测定不同植被盖度的风速廓线特征、风沙流结构特征及其防沙效果.实验结果表明:①积沙总量随盖度增加而逐渐降低,风沙流中的砂粒分布在一定的高度范围内,但分布的高度随盖度的增加呈下降趋势;②植株的茂密程度对风沙流的结构有明显影响,盖度越高,积沙量越集中在下部;③盖度并不是导致积沙量为零的唯一指标,风蚀是否发生,还与植被的疏透度、防护林的高度等有关.     

南疆铁路风沙流结构特征研究

通过对南疆铁路戈壁风沙流进行现场观测研究,提出了关于风沙流密度的计算方法,将大风所携沙粒定量化,解决了风沙运动研究中如何利用现场定时观测研究风沙流动态变化的技术难题.根据现场实测资料分析,揭示了南疆铁路风沙流密度随高度和风速的变化关系.从中可以看出,风沙流密度随高度变化显现斜"L"形,以3m高为分界点;而相对的风沙流密...     

沙漠公路防护林不同林带位置的风沙流结构

利用BSNE集沙仪对沙漠公路两侧防护林的近地表风沙流结构进行研究,结果表明:(1)随着高度的增加,不同林带位置上部的输沙量趋于一致,各点风沙流输沙量差异主要集中在近地表处,而植被覆盖与否对近地表气流中的输沙量有决定性作用,输沙量表现为:迎风面流沙地林带间背风面林带内。(2)迎风面及流沙地风沙流输沙量主要分布在距地表20 cm高度内,背风面则集中分布在50 cm高度内,均占观测高度输沙总量的74%以上,林带间及林带内风沙流输沙量在各高度层分布较为平均,介于11%~23%之间。(3)护林体系外(迎风面、背风面及流沙地),风沙流输沙垂直分布差异很大,输沙量随高度增加呈幂函数形式降低,而防护林体系内(林带间及林带内),风沙流垂直分布差异趋于减小,输沙量随高度增加呈多项式形式先降低后增加。     

尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复变规律

方格沙障的布设参数直接影响防风效应的复变作用,定量表达其复变规律,对于沙障配置模式的确定具有重要意义。在乌兰布和沙漠机械整平的风沙观测场,铺设9种不同高度、规格的尼龙网方格沙障,观测其在不同风速背景下的风速流场特征,揭示方格沙障防风效应的复变规律。结果表明:尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复合变化受不同指示风速下,沙障高度与规格共同的影响。沙障内部0. 1 m高度的风速随防护宽度的增加呈对数函数递减,指示风速增大1 m·s~(-1),风速衰减率增加0. 07倍;沙障高度增大0. 1 m,风速衰减率增加0. 20倍;方格边长增大1 m,风速衰减率减小0. 07倍。观测的9种规格方格沙障,30 cm高度1 m×1 m规格沙障复变作用最强,15 cm高度2 m×2 m规格沙障复变作用最弱。该结果可为确定沙障合理防护宽度、节约沙障铺设成本、优化沙障布设技术提供基础数据和理论支撑。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠4种结构尼龙阻沙网的防风阻沙效益对比

常用尼龙阻沙网的孔隙度为均匀分布,而风沙流结构在垂直方向上是非均匀分布的。通过设计4种孔隙度非均匀分布的尼龙阻沙网：大条带上疏下密式（A）、大条带上密下疏式（B）、小条带疏密相间式（C）,将其布设在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的垄间平地,以均匀结构阻沙网为对照（CK）。对4种阻沙网前后的风速变化、防风效能、积沙形态、积沙量进行对比。结果表明：① B阻沙网有效防护距离最短,仅为6H（H为阻沙网的高度）,其余3种结构有效防护距离差别不大,均为15H;在网后10H处0.15 m、0.3 m和0.5 m 3个观测高度,风速削弱程度的平均值存在明显差异,呈C>A>B>CK。② 在风季后期,4种结构阻沙网前后积沙量B最小,其余3种类型差别不大。③ 综合考虑防风和阻沙效益,C阻沙网提供了一个较好的结构模式,防护效益最好,B阻沙网最差,A和CK阻沙网效益相差不大。研究结果为高立式沙障结构优化设计提供了参考依据。     

保护性耕作农田风沙流空间分布规律研究

为了解保护性耕作农田风沙流的空间分布规律,对保护性耕作农田进行了野外风洞原位风蚀测试.结果表明:保护性耕作农田在不同风速下各高度的风沙流水平分布符合三次多项式规律,经过27行残茬、5.5 m的水平距离风沙流基本达到了平衡稳定状态;在垂直方向上风沙流分布符合高阶多项式规律,具有与砾石戈壁地表输沙量垂直分布极为相似的"象鼻"效应.试验还发现保护性耕作农田风沙流主要活动在近地表40 cm高度以下范围,占到风蚀物总质量的90%左右.     

Wind tunnel test on the effect of metal net fences on sand flux in a Gobi Desert,China

The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through an expansive windy area in a Gobi Desert, and sand-blocking fences were built to protect the railway from destruction by wind-blown sand. However, the shielding effect of the sand-blocking fence is below the expectation. In this study, effects of metal net fences with porosities of 0.5 and 0.7 were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effectiveness of the employed two kinds of fences in reducing wind velocity and restraining wind-blown sand. Specifically, the horizontal wind velocities and sediment flux densities above the gravel surface were measured under different free-stream wind velocities for the following conditions: no fence at all, single fence with a porosity of 0.5, single fence with a porosity of 0.7, double fences with a porosity of 0.5, and double fences with a porosity of 0.7. Experimental results showed that the horizontal wind velocity was more significantly decreased by the fence with a porosity of 0.5, especially for the double fences. The horizontal wind velocity decreased approximately 65% at a distance of 3.25 m(i.e., 13 H, where H denotes the fence height) downwind the double fences, and no reverse flow or vortex was observed on the leeward side. The sediment flux density decreased exponentially with height above the gravel surface downwind in all tested fences. The reduction percentage of total sediment flux density was higher for the fence with a porosity of 0.5 than for the fence with a porosity of 0.7, especially for the double fences. Furthermore, the decreasing percentage of total sediment flux density decreased with increasing free-stream wind velocity. The results suggest that compared with metal net fence with a porosity of 0.7, the metal net fence with a porosity of 0.5 is more effective for controlling wind-blown sand in the expansive windy area where the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through.     

不同砾石盖度戈壁床面动力学特征研究

利用野外车载移动式风洞,对莫高窟顶不同砾石盖度戈壁床面的动力学特征进行了实地模拟实验。结果表明：砾石盖度直接决定戈壁床面的粗糙元数量和分布状况,进而影响近地表风速廓线、摩阻速度、床面粗糙度和剪切力;随着风洞进口指示风速的增加,摩阻速度呈线性递增,而动力学粗糙度在波动中呈下降趋势;相同高度,随着砾石盖度的增加,近地表风速逐渐降低,而摩阻速度、动力学粗糙度和剪切力呈线性增加;当床面盖度增加至35%时,动力学粗糙度达到0.30 cm,摩阻速度相应提高到0.93 cm/s,床面剪切力增加至1.11 N/cm。     

Effect of the W-beam central guardrails on wind-blown sand deposition on desert expressways in sandy regions

Many desert expressways are affected by the deposition of the wind-blown sand,which might block the movement of vehicles or cause accidents.W-beam central guardrails,which are used to improve the safety of desert expressways,are thought to influence the deposition of the wind-blown sand,but this has yet not to be studied adequately.To address this issue,we conducted a wind tunnel test to simulate and explore how the W-beam central guardrails affect the airflow,the wind-blown sand flux and the deposition of the wind-blown sand on desert expressways in sandy regions.The subgrade model is 3.5 cm high and 80.0 cm wide,with a bank slope ratio of 1:3.The W-beam central guardrails model is 3.7 cm high,which included a 1.4-cm-high W-beam and a 2.3-cm-high stand column.The wind velocity was measured by using pitot-static tubes placed at nine different heights(1,2,3,5,7,10,15,30 and 50 cm)above the floor of the chamber.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in the wind tunnel was measured by using the sand sampler,which was sectioned into 20 intervals.In addition,we measured the wind-blown sand flux in the field at K50 of the Bachu-Shache desert expressway in the Taklimakan Desert on 11 May 2016,by using a customized 78-cm-high gradient sand sampler for the sand flux structure test.Obstruction by the subgrade leads to the formation of two weak wind zones located at the foot of the windward slope and at the leeward slope of the subgrade,and the wind velocity on the leeward side weakens significantly.The W-beam central guardrails decrease the leeward wind velocity,whereas the velocity increases through the bottom gaps and over the top of the W-beam central guardrails.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux measured by wind tunnel follows neither a power-law nor an exponential function when affected by either the subgrade or the W-beam central guardrails.At 0.0H and 0.5H(where H=3.5 cm,which is the height of the subgrade),the sand transport is less at the 3 cm height from the subgrade surface than at the 1 and 5 cm heights as a result of obstruction by the W-beam central guardrails,and the maximum sand transportation occurs at the 5 cm height affected by the subgrade surface.The average saltation height in the presence of the W-beam central guardrails is greater than the subgrade height.The field test shows that the sand deposits on the overtaking lane leeward of the W-beam central guardrails and that the thickness of the deposited sand is determined by the difference in the sand mass transported between the inlet and outlet points,which is consistent with the position of the minimum wind velocity in the wind tunnel test.The results of this study could help us to understand the hazards of the wind-blown sand onto subgrade with the W-beam central guardrails.     

An improved particle tracking velocimetry(PTV) technique to evaluate the velocity field of saltating particles

Velocity is a key parameter characterizing the movement of saltating particles. High-speed photography is an efficient method to record the velocity. But, manually determining the relevant information from these photographs is quite laborious. However, particle tracking velocimetry(PTV) can be used to measure the instantaneous velocity in fluids using tracer particles. The tracer particles have three basic features in fluids: similar movement patterns within a small region, a uniform particle distribution, and high particle density. Unfortunately, the saltation of sand particles in air is a stochastic process, and PTV has not yet been able to accurately determine the velocity field in a cloud of blowing sand. The aim of the present study was to develop an improved PTV technique to measure the downwind(horizontal) and vertical velocities of saltating sand. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new technique, we used it to investigate two-dimensional saltation of particles above a loose sand surface in a wind tunnel. We analyzed the properties of the saltating particles, including the probability distribution of particle velocity, variations in the mean velocity as a function of height, and particle turbulence. By automating much of the analysis, the improved PTV method can satisfy the requirement for a large sample size and can measure the velocity field of blowing sand more accurately than previously-used techniques. The results shed new light on the complicated mechanisms involved in sand saltation.