A comparison of pre-planting treatments on hardwood cuttings of four hybrid poplar clones

Rooting and early growth of four hybrid poplar clones (Populus spp.) planted in a greenhouse were examined after applying 40 pre-rooting treatment combinations to dormant cuttings. Treatments included 2 cutting lengths (5 and 10 cm), 5 soaking times (0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days), and 4 dips (chitosan, rooting hormone powder, liquid rooting hormone added to the soaking water, and none). Significant differences in both rooting percentages and growth were shown between clones after 7 weeks of growth. Ten cm cuttings had 29% greater rooting success, 28% more above-ground growth, and 12% lower root/shoot ratios than 5 cm cuttings. Cuttings planted without soaking had the lowest rooting success, at less than 45% on average. Commercial rooting hormones decreased the number of rooted cuttings but increased root/shoot ratios. For optimal rooting, we recommend using 10 cm cuttings, soaked for 2 days in water (4 days for the Jackii10 clone) without any additional dipping/hormone substance.     

Seasonal dependence of rooting success in cuttings from natural forest trees in Madagascar

Four ligneous species from the tropical forest in the east of Madagascar, with a proven or potentially high economic value, were subject to ‘low-tech’ vegetative propagation tests from stem cuttings. The species concerned were Aphloia theiformis, Ilex mitis, Prunus africana and Ravensara aromatica. The cuttings were three-node segments of stems on which one leaf was retained. All the species proved amenable to rooting. The maximum percentage of rooting ranged from 33% for P. africana to 60% for I. mitis. Rooting success was dependant on the season of cutting (high in the hot season, from October to May, and null in cold season). This study is the first successful attempt at propagating cuttings from Malagasy forest species. This result is of particular importance to P. africana, threatened by destructive exploitation in Madagascar. It goes a step further in the domestication of this species by demonstrating the ability of cutting from 10 year old ortets collected in natural forest to root as it offers the possibility of a reliable and effective method of reintroduction for the species in overexploited zones.     

Crop productivity under differently lopped canopies of multipurpose trees in Central Himalaya, India

Ficus species are multipurpose trees well known by rural populations in Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Africa. Their uses are well documented but their amenability for vegetative propagation has not been extensively studied. This paper compares the rooting ability of stem and aerial root cuttings from thirteen Ficus species found in West Africa. It highlights the differences between species belonging to the sub-genera Sycomorus and Urostigma. The former show no capacity to propagate from cuttings whereas the latter, with epiphytic development, can be propagated by cuttings, although this capacity varies among species. Thus, F. thonningii, F. leprieurii and F. ovata are easily propagated, while F. platyphylla and F. elasticoides are propagated with difficulty. The rooting capacity also varies depending on the cutting material used. It decreases in the following order: long leafless hardwood cuttings (pole) > nodal cuttings > apical cuttings. Rooting potential increases when the cuttings are harvested towards the end of the dry season(March to May). Aerial root can be used for cuttings in all species of the sub-genus Urostigma. The capacity of root cuttings to regenerate is greatest when cuttings are collected at the beginning of the dry season (November). In this case, wound-induced adventitious roots arise at the basal end of the cutting while de novo buds are developed from the cambium at the distal end. The subsequent morphological development is identical to that of a stem cutting. These results clarify and allow the optimal use of the knowledge and methods developed by the indigenous people of the Sahel and could assist and promote fig tree (Ficus sp.) domestication in the dry tropics.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

母株年龄和插穗基部切削方式对日本落叶松生根的影响*

在无激素处理的条件下，１．５年生幼龄母株的插穗易于生根，平均生根率达９６．０％以上，且发根最大，偏根率低；４．５年生时，插穗生根率极显著低于１．５年生母株，而与８．５年生母株无显著差异；１２．５年生母株插穗生根率又极显著低于８．５年生母株。母株年龄与插穗生根率和偏根率分别呈显著的负相关（ｒ＝－０．９６５２）和极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９９９３），但与生根量和平均最长根长度无显著相关。插穗基部切削方式不     

Vegetative propagation of African Mahogany: effects of auxin, node position, leaf area and cutting length

Applied auxin, node position, leaf area and cutting length were examined to investigate the requirements for rooting stem cuttings of Khaya ivorensis. All these variables were shown to be important factors affecting rooting, confirming the hypothesis that successful rooting can be achieved if these primary variables are optimised.The best concentration of the auxin IBA was found to be 200 g per cutting, which hastened rooting, increased the percentage of cuttings rooted and increased the number of roots per cutting. One clone (8013) was unresponsive to auxins in terms of the percentage of cuttings rooted, but was the most responsive in terms of the numbers of roots per cutting. A greater percentage of cuttings from basal nodes were rooted than from apical nodes. Cuttings cut squarely at the base produced a radially-arranged root system, whereas an oblique cut resulted in a one-sided root system.Trimming the leaf area of cuttings to 10 cm² gave greater rooting percentages than trimming to 100 cm². In general, long cuttings (39 mm) rooted better than short cuttings (19 mm), however, there was an interaction between leaf area and cutting length, in which cuttings with short stems and large leaves had the lowest rooting percentage.     

Rooting of baldcypress cuttings

A test of the rooting performance and growth of cuttings from 1-year-old and 25-to 50-year old baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L.) branch tips is reported. Rooting of cuttings from one-year-old trees averaged 75% (0.1% IBA treatment) and 88% (control), cuttings from 25 to 50-year-old trees averaged 12% in both the IBA treatment and the control treatment. Indole-3-butyric acid at a 0.1% concentration did not enhance rooting, but resulted in a significant increase in shoot dry weight on cuttings from one-year-old trees. The results of this experiment suggest that cuttings from mature baldcypres trees have the potential to root, thereby, additional rooting techniques such as girdling and stump sprouts is worthy of pursuing.     

Rooting Success of Cuttings from Young Picea abies in Transition to Flowering Competent Phase

Abstract

Abundant flowering occurred in a central Swedish trial with 10-yr-old Picea abies L. (Karst.) cuttings, taken on 4-yr-old seedlings. Large deviations in cone-set between clones were assumed to reflect different stages in transition from juvenile to flowering competent phase. Rooting success and first-yr growth performance (leader length, leader origin and plagiotropic growth) were studied on cuttings originating from the upper and lower parts of the crown in 15 clones with heavy cone-set and 15 clones without cones. Twigs from the lower part of the crown had a significantly higher rooting percentage. Cone-set did not have an effect on any of the variables analysed. The results suggest that flowering ability and rooting capacity are independent age-related processes, implying that selection for high rooting capacity in clonal forestry does not reduce flowering competence. The results will have a great impact on breeding of P. abies, since both early flowering and high rooting ability are important traits for reducing the turnover time of the breeding cycle.     

The effects of propagation environment on the rooting of leafy cuttings of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

The effect of propagation environment on the rooting of field collected leafy cuttings of ash (Fraxinus excelsior, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, rooting of all three species in mist enclosed inside a polythene tent was greater than 50%, while rooting of ash cuttings was reduced from 63% in enclosed mist to only 16% in open mist. Rooting in open mist, enclosed mist, and contact polythene was studied in a second experiment. Sycamore cuttings rooted equally well in the two mist systems with an average rooting of 78%. In contrast cuttings of both ash and sweet chestnut rooted most under the enclosed mist system, at 64 and 46% respectively. Rooting of ash cuttings was again depressed in the open mist system where less than 30% of cuttings rooted. This reduction was related to an increase in the percentage of cuttings which remained alive without rooting, while showing proliferation of callus at the cutting base. The percentage of sweet chestnut cuttings which callused without rooting was also much greater in the open mist system than in enclosed mist or contact polythene.     

Key roles of leaves, stockplant age, and auxin concentration in vegetative propagation of two African mahoganies: Khaya anthotheca Welw. and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev

Leaf area, IBA concentration and age of stockplants were all found to be important factors for successful rooting for vegetative propagation using single-node cuttings of the two main African mahogany species: Khaya anthotheca and K. ivorensis. Cuttings with leaf area of 30–50 cm² had the best rooting percentage and cuttings with about 30 cm² had the most number of roots per cutting in K. anthotheca. Khaya ivorensis, cuttings with 10–30 cm² leaf area had the highest rooting percentage. Cuttings collected from 1-year-old stockplants recorded the highest rooting percentage and largest number of roots per cutting. Cuttings from 3-year-old stockplant of the same seeds sources had the lowest rooting suggesting aging negatively impacted rooting ability. The effect of auxin concentration, on rootability was examined with cuttings of K. anthotheca. An IBA concentration of 0.8% was the best exogenous auxin concentration for percentage rooting, number of roots per cutting and the length of the longest root per cutting.     

马尾松插穗生根能力的家系变异与选择效应

用马尾松19个家系1年生苗及18个家系3年生苗为母株建立采穗圃,采集半木质化插条在人工气候室的条件下扦插试验,研究生根率、每穗生根数、最长根长、平均根长、当年插条苗高的家系间变异程度,生根性状间的表型相关,遗传力等。结果表明,各生根性状在家系间存在显著差异,且受较强的遗传控制。根系效果指数是评价马尾松插条生根能力的较理想综合指标,但从不同生根性状的相关性分析结果来看,用生根率性状更简便直观。在家系选择基础上建采穗圃,可明显提高马尾松扦插繁殖能力。从种子园优良家系中筛选出生根率高的优良家系建立采穗圃,是马尾松扦插繁殖应用的有效途径。     

IBA与人工复合基质对11个黄花黄叶树种扦插生根的影响与分析

以11个黄花黄叶树种为材料,采用3种人工复合基质、以插穗基部速蘸3个质量浓度的IBA处理进行生根试验。结果表明,扦插基质对黄阔边红瑞木、美国金钟连翘,金边黄杨、红果金丝桃、龟甲冬青、花叶榕的生根有显著影响,不同的IBA质量浓度对黄阔边红瑞木、美国金钟连翘、金边黄杨、金叶小檗、花叶榕的根长有显著和极显著影响;基质类型与IBA质量浓度的交互作用对美国金钟连翘、黄阔边红瑞木生根数有显著和极显著影响;但对生根率与根长基本无影响;适于各树种扦插生根的最佳IBA质量浓度及最佳基质配比不同。     

不同植物生长调节剂对美人梅硬枝扦插生根的影响

不同组合和质量浓度植物生长调节剂处理美人梅硬枝插穗试验结果表明：（1）不同植物生长调节剂及质量浓度促根效果不同：NAA、IAA和IBA都表现出低质量浓度促进生根,高质量浓度抑制生根的现象;同时低质量浓度的生长调节剂能使愈伤组织形成提前10～20 d,从而促进提前生根。NAA250 mg/L（浸泡30 min）处理调节生根率最好,其次是IAA500 mg/L（浸泡30 min）的处理,分别达56.67%,54.44%;在对平均单株生根数量上却以IAA500mg/L（浸泡30 min）处理效果最好,平均达11.48条。（2）NAA 250 mg/L不同浸泡时间对美人梅扦插生根效果不同：在供试质量浓度范围内,随着处理时间的增加,生根率、单株平均生根数量均增加,以NAA250 mg/L处理60 min促进生根效果最好,平均生根率达71.11%,平均生根数达10.68条。     

Vegetative propagation of African Blackwood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dalbergia melanoxylon</Emphasis> Guill. &; Perr.): effects of age of donor plant,IBA treatment and cutting position on rooting ability of stem cuttings

A study to determine the best vegetative propagation protocol was carried out for Dalbergia melanoxylon. Natural regeneration of D. melanoxylon is limited due to poor seed viability and germination. The effects of age of donor plant, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment and cutting position on rooting of stem cuttings were investigated. The effect of age of donor plant was significant (P < 0.001) only for percent rooting, position effect was significant for all studied parameters, and IBA treatment at 300 ppm was insignificant only for percent callusing. Interactive effects of cutting position × age of donor and cutting position × IBA treatment were significant for percent rooting and root number per cuttings while interactive effect of age × IBA was significant only for percent rooting. Observed difference in rooting performance could be due to uneven distribution of root promoting and inhibiting substances with respect to age of donor plant and IBA which intensified root formation. Cuttings from juvenile donor plant performed better in all rooting parameters than mature donor plant. The highest percentages in rooting were (71.11%) and (24.42%) for cuttings from juvenile and mature donor plants, respectively. IBA treated cuttings produced higher percentage rooting, number of roots and root length than untreated cuttings which revealed a strong IBA influence on rooting ability of stem cuttings in D. melanoxylon. It was concluded that stem cuttings should be taken from juvenile donor plants and basal cutting position should be used to produce high quality planting stock material for the afforestation and conservation programme of D. melanoxylon.     

引种新资源卡亚扦插技术研究

本文以卡亚(Cnidoscolus aconitifolius)为对象,研究不同基质,不同木质化程度以及植物生长调节剂不同种类、浓度对其扦插生根的影响.研究结果显示:砂基质扦插效果最好,扦插8d后生根,生根率达95.3％,平均生根数为35.2条,平均根长为3.56条;不同木质化程度的穗条扦插效果存在差异,以顶芽(嫩枝)扦插效果最好;添加ABT的处理生根率高于添加IBA、NAA的处理,ABT、IBA、NAA等3个不同激素浓度为2000mg·L-1的处理生根数最多,从成本和配制难易程度来看可选择浓度为500mg·L-1的ABT作为卡亚扦插的最佳适用植物生长调节剂种类和浓度.     

Effects of resource plant size on rooting of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dryobalanops lanceolata</Emphasis> cuttings

 Cuttings from older trees of the Dipterocarpaceae generally lose their ability to root. However, branches in a canopy of adult dipterocarps are a possible source of cuttings because they show juvenile characteristics in architecture due to “adaptive reiteration”, suggesting physiological rejuvenation. Effects of resource plant size on the rooting of cuttings and the possibility of using cuttings from reiterated branches of adult trees were studied for Dryobalanops lanceolata, an emergent dipterocarp species. A cutting experiment with non-mist propagators was conducted for cuttings collected from resource plants of four different size classes: <2 m, 2–5 m, 8–15 m, and 70 m in height. The smallest size class included two different age classes: <2 and >2 years old. Cuttings from the tallest resource plant were collected from reiterated branches. Rooting percentage was negatively correlated with resource plant size: 77–78% for resource plants <2 m, 63% for 2–5 m, 36% for 8–15 m, and 0% for 70 m. Rooting percentages of cuttings collected from different individuals were not different for the 2–5 m tall class, while they were significantly different for the 8–15 m tall class. Resource plant size was negatively correlated with the number of roots for rooted cuttings. No significant relationship was observed between resource plant size and mean length of each root, total root length or total root dry weight for rooted cuttings. The results suggest the possibility of collecting cuttings from relatively large resource plants up to 15 m tall and >20 years old if we chose good individuals for resource plants. The results, however, show the difficulty in using reiterated branches of adult trees as a source of cuttings for D. lanceolata. Received: October 15, 2001 / Accepted: November 11, 2002 Acknowledgments We express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. Tamura, Dr. K. Ogino, and Mr. A.A. Hamid for their kind support. The tree tower was constructed in a cooperative project between Japan and Sarawak supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (Grant NP0201). The cutting experiment was partly funded by the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS-RFTF96R16001). Correspondence to:A. Itoh     

Vegetative propagation of Ulmus villosa: effects of plant growth regulators,collection time,type of donor and position of shoot on adventitious root formation in stem cuttings

Techniques for the vegetative propagation of Ulmus villosa, an indigenous agroforestry tree species of the north-western sub-Himalayas, were developed. Studies investigated the effects on rooting of stem cuttings of growth regulators with sucrose and fungicide (0%, 0.2% p-HBA + 5% sucrose + 5% captan, and IBA concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.0% plus each containing, 0.2% p-HBA + 5% sucrose + 5% captan). Cuttings were collected at two times of the year (February and July) from two types of stock plant (seedling and mature trees) and from two positions within the shoots (lower and upper nodes). Cuttings collected in February were leafless, while those collected in July had about 80 cm² leaf areas. These cuttings were then set under a mist unit. Percentage rooting and primary root number differed significantly between treated and untreated cuttings. Treatment of cuttings with chemical formulations of 0.4% IBA + 0.2% p-HBA + 5% sucrose + 5% captan maximized rooting (82.0%), while, survival (80%) and primary root number (14.7) were greatest with: (i) 0.6% IBA + 0.2% p-HBA + 5% sucrose + 5% captain and (ii) 0.8% IBA + 0.2% p-HBA + 5% sucrose + 5% captan, respectively. Rooting success and root number were better in propagules set in February rather than in July. Cuttings from seedlings rooted better, with more roots ensuring better survival, than cuttings from mature trees (12–13-years-old). In cuttings from seedlings, those cuttings collected from the lower part of the shoots had greater percentage rooting and primary root number than those from the upper part. Maximum root regeneration (100%), roots number (19.0), and survival (98.5%) were achieved when the time of collection (February) and shoot position were optimized. Rooting was best when cuttings had higher levels of sugar, total carbohydrate and peroxidase enzyme activity, and low N.     

三角梅扦插繁殖技术研究

通过试验研究了4种不同生根促进剂（ABT-1#）浓度及3种不同木质化程度的插穗对三角梅生根率、生根数及生根长的影响。结果表明：生根促进剂（ABT—1#）质量分数6．0×10^-4＋半木质化的绿枝试验效果最好,生根率高达96．8％、生根数达8．6条、生根长达10．3cm。     

The influence of stockplant environment on morphology,physiology and rooting of leafy stem cuttings of Albizia guachapele

Studies in controlled environmentconditions investigated the effects ofirradiance and nutrients (NPK) on morphologicaland physiological characteristics of Albizia guachapele stockplants, and rootingability of subsequently severed cuttings innon-mist propagators. The study assessed gasexchange and chlorophyll fluorescence ofstockplants before cutting severance and ofcuttings during the propagation period. Anegative interaction was found betweenincreasing irradiance(200–500 mol m^{minus 2} s^{minus 1}) andincreasing nutrient supply (0.25–1.25% NPK)on stockplant growth, and a similar effect wasfound in the subsequent rooting of cuttings.Rooting percentage decreased from 53.8% withlow irradiance/low nutrients to 11.2% withhigh irradiance/high nutrients. Single-node,leafy cuttings from high irradiance/highnutrient stockplants were much shorter thanthose from any other treatment, whichnegatively affected their rooting ability. Nodifferences were found among treatments inchlorophyll fluorescence ratios duringpropagation, suggesting that A.guachapele cuttings are dependant for rootingnot only on current photosynthesis, but also ontheir initial pre-severance reserves ofcarbohydrate. It was concluded that A.guachapele, which can be propagated with thenon-mist propagation system utilized in thisstudy, was markedly affected by pre-severancestockplant environment through its impact oncutting size and products of photosynthesis.Growing stockplants under low irradiance andlow nutrients resulted in longer cuttings withhigher rooting ability.     

油橄榄插穗二次处理生根研究

对已扦插50 d未生根的油橄榄插穗进行二次生根剂处理,研究了落叶后抽芽插穗的生根能力。结果表明,油橄榄叶片凋落抽芽后仍具有生根能力,6%B12+2%根旺处理3 h后扦插40 d,生根率可达51.1%,平均不定根数量为2.5条,平均不定根长1.2 cm,根系效果指数为0.103。油橄榄冬春季扦插易落叶,导致推迟生根或不生根,二次处理可以大幅度提高生根率,缩短育苗周期。油橄榄扦插育苗宜选择在夏秋季节进行。     

Metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tectona grandis</Emphasis> Linn. f. (teak) cuttings as affected by age of donor plants and auxin (IBA and NAA) treatment

Aging of the donor tree decreased adventitious root formation in shoot cuttings of Tectona grandis Linn. f. (teak). Exogenous application of auxins, i.e., α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) has a significant positive effect on the percentage of rooting. The maximum percent rooting was obtained with 4,000 ppm IBA as compared to other treatment. Significant increase in root number was recorded in shoot cuttings treated with 4,000 ppm NAA. The overall rooting response was better in the treatment with IBA rather than with NAA. Further periodic samples (0, 10, 20, and 30 days) were taken to assess the total soluble sugar, starch, protein, and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone of shoot cuttings of teak during adventitious root formation. Application NAA and IBA to shoot cuttings resulted in an increase in the level of total soluble sugar, starch, protein, and PER-activity in the rooting zone. The stored carbohydrates were utilized during adventitious root formation. Hence, total soluble sugar and starch contents of cuttings, irrespective of age of donor plants, decreased with the passage of time in cuttings planted for rooting. Significant fluctuations were observed in the protein content of cuttings during the time of root induction. There was an increase in the protein content with the passage of time from the day of planting up to its 20th day, followed by a sharp decline in the protein content of cuttings at the 30th day of planting, irrespective of the age of donor plants or the treatment of cuttings with auxins. Irrespective of donor plant age, PER-activity in the cuttings increased from the day of their planting for rooting up to the 20th day, and then declined at its 30th day of planting. It was interesting to note that PER-activity remained higher at all stages in the cuttings of 2-month-old seedlings which rooted profusely as compared to the cuttings of 15- and 30-year-old donor plants those rooted poorly. This study suggested that the exogenously applied NAA and IBA at different concentration seems to activate sugar metabolism for release of energy, protein and PER-activity which are necessary for cellular division and differentiation during adventitious root primordium initiation or development in the rooting zone of shoot cuttings.