氮肥水平和刈割间隔对杂交狼尾草根系活力和粗蛋白含量的影响

为探明氮肥和刈割间隔对杂交狼尾草根系活力和粗蛋白含量的影响,在杂交狼尾草第1次刈割后,采用裂区设计(主区为4个N肥水平0,33.75,67.50和101.25 kg/hm2,副区为4个刈割间隔21,28,35和42 d)进行试验,结果表明,1)根系伤流液强度、伤流液中氨基酸总量平均值均以施肥水平33.75 kg/hm2显著高于其他处理,硝态氮总量平均值随施肥水平提高而增加,不同处理间差异均显著.根系伤流液强度、伤流液中氨基酸总量平均值刈割间隔为28 d时显著高于刈割间隔21,35和42 d,硝态氮总量平均值刈割间隔35 d时显著高于刈割间隔21,28和42 d;2)植株粗蛋白含量N肥水平间差异显著,N肥水平101.25 kg/hm2时平均粗蛋白含量达到13.34%,显著高于氮肥水平33.75 kg/hm2和不施N处理,而与N肥水平67.50 kg/hm2的平均粗蛋白含量12.59%无显著差异,刈割间隔28 d时平均粗蛋白含量为13.83%,显著高于刈割间隔21,35和42 d的粗蛋白含量11.86%,11.83%和11.05%;3)植株粗蛋白含量与根系伤流液中的氨基酸总量呈二次曲线关系;4)根系伤流液强度及其氮素形态变化规律为杂交狼尾草适宜施肥技术和刈割间隔的确定提供了依据.     

种植密度和刈割频率对杂交狼尾草产量和品质的影响

于2009年4-10月在河北邯郸采用大田试验种植杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)种茎,研究不同种植密度(6944,13889,27778株·hm^-2)和不同刈割频率(2、4、6次·年^-1)对其生长及产量的影响,为杂交狼尾草在某些生态条件下的高产栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:当密度为13889株·hm^-2时,产量最大,茎叶比也最大,粗蛋白含量随种植密度增加而呈下降趋势;当一年刈割2次时,鲜草产量最高;而刈割次数越多,茎叶比越小,鲜干比越大,粗蛋白含量越高,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)越低,品质则越好;当种植密度为13889株·hm^-2、刈割2次时,鲜草产量最高,达198.10 t·hm^-2;当种植密度为27778株·hm^-2、刈割6次时,粗蛋白含量最高,达到17.88%。综合分析,杂交狼尾草要达到高产高品质,研究地区适宜种植杂交狼尾草的密度为13889株·hm^-2,适宜刈割频率为4次·年^-1。     

不同刈割高度对禾王草干草和青贮品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同刈割高度对禾王草干草和青贮品质的影响,以确定禾王草的最佳刈割时间。以禾王草为原料,比较1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0 m 5种刈割高度禾王草制作的干草和青贮的营养成分,及青贮的发酵品质。结果表明:随着禾王草干草刈割高度的增加,DM、NDF和ADF含量逐渐升高,相对价值指数(RFV)和CP及Ash含量逐渐降低,差异显著(P0.05)。所有刈割高度的青贮p H均在4.2以下,1.0和1.5 m高度青贮品质较差,2.5 m青贮乳酸含量显著高于其他高度(P0.05),乙酸含量最低,2.0和2.5 m青贮氨态氮与总氮比值显著低于1.5 m青贮(P0.05);禾王草青贮随着刈割高度的增加,RFV和CP及Ash含量显著降低(P0.05),NDF和ADF含量显著增加(P0.05),2.5 m青贮WSC含量显著低于1.0 m青贮(P0.05)。综上所述,刈割2.0~2.5 m高度的禾王草制作干草和青贮最为合适。     

寒冷地区不同刈割方式对紫花苜蓿产量、品质的控制效果研究

为了探究紫花苜蓿合理刈割时期及技术,于2016—2017年在哈尔滨地区对农菁8号紫花苜蓿的适宜刈割方式(刈割时期和留茬高度)进行了研究,综合分析了刈割时期、留茬高度对紫花苜蓿产量、营养成分含量的影响。结果表明:最终的优化组合为第1,2,3次刈割时期为孕蕾末期,留茬高度为5 cm;孕蕾期粗蛋白含量达20%以上,若想获得最大总蛋白量可选择在孕蕾期刈割,孕蕾末期粗蛋白含可达到18%以上,如若作为青饲料使用选择在孕蕾末期刈割最佳。     

杂交狼尾草生长过程中营养成分含量与生物量变化规律的研究

本试验研究了杂交狼尾草在北京地区从春季萌发到7月17日100d生长时间内营养成分含量、瘤胃降解率和生物量的变化规律及刈割次数（1次或2次）与刈割时间对营养物质含量、瘤胃降解率和生物量的影响。试验结果表明：随着生长时间的延长,杂交狼尾草水会和粗蛋白含量大体上逐渐下降,NDF和ADF含量大体上逐渐上升,干物质48h瘤胃降解率逐渐下降;对于第一次刈割或第二次刈割杂交狼尾草鲜草亩产、干草亩产、有机物亩产、粗蛋白亩产和瘤胃48h可降解干物质亩产大体上逐渐上升。特别是第一次刈割杂交狼尾草瘤胃48h可降解干物质亩产在达到一定的生长时间后不再升高,甚至出现随生长时间的延长而下降的趋势。刈割次数和刈割时间均对100d生长时间的总生物量有较大影响。总鲜草亩产以第二期生长时间最长者为最高。粗蛋白总亩产大体上随第一次刈割时间的后延而逐渐降低。以单位土地面积收获反刍动物可消化干物质的最大量为衡量指标,杂交狼尾草在100d的生长时间内,以6月17日和7月17日各刈割一次为最佳选择,第一阶段的生长时间为70d,第二阶段的生长时间为30d。     

刈割时间对黄土高原紫花苜蓿产量与营养品质的影响

刈割时间是影响紫花苜蓿产量和营养品质的关键因素之一。本研究于2009年和2010年,开展了不同的第1次刈割时间和第2次刈割时间的田间试验,分析刈割时间对紫花苜蓿产草量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,苜蓿产草量与粗蛋白产量均以初花期最高,此后随第1次刈割时间的推迟逐渐下降(P<0.001),第1次刈割提前会导致产草量和粗蛋白产量下降(P=0.003)。随着第1次刈割与第2次刈割间隔时间的延长,紫花苜蓿的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和粗纤维含量逐渐增加(P<0.001),粗蛋白含量逐渐下降(P<0.001);初花期第1次刈割,第2次刈割间隔时间分别为72 d(2009年)和68 d(2010年)时,产草量和粗蛋白产量最高,分别为2275.2和180.2 kg/hm²、2063.6和263.1 kg/hm²。研究区紫花苜蓿适宜刈割时间为初花期(6月中旬)第1次刈割、70 d左右(8月下旬)第2次刈割。     

施肥和刈割日期对杂交狼尾草钙、磷、镁含量的影响及其与家畜需要的关系

研究了不同施肥处理和刈割日期对杂交狼尾草Ca、P和Mg含量的影响及其与家畜营养的关系,结果表明,有机肥的施用显著降低了植株Ca含量,对植株P和Mg含量无显著影响;随无机氮施用水平的提高,杂交狼尾草植株Ca和Mg含量显著提高,P含量显著降低;植株Ca、Mg含量均随刈割日期的推迟而显著提高,植株磷含量随刈割日期的推迟呈先降后升的规律;根据NRC推荐的饲养标准(奶牛、肉牛和绵羊),所有处理杂交狼尾草植株Mg含量均能满足家畜的需要,Ca:P为(0.95～2.67):1;利用杂交狼尾草饲喂高产奶牛时,应注意日粮中Ca、P的添加.     

不同刈割期对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同刈割时间对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响,以自选品系和育成品种为材料,采用2种不同的刈割方案分别测定不同品种的饲草产量,粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量以及干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)。结果表明,同4月1日开始刈割相比较,4月16日开始刈割单位面积饲草总产量极显著增加(P＜0.01),不同品种单位面积干物质产量提高16.0%～50.2%。相同刈割茬次的饲草品质相比较,饲草中粗蛋白含量以早刈割高于晚刈割,单位面积粗蛋白产量存在品种差异;WSC、ADF、NDF的含量均以早刈割的低于晚刈割。饲草干物质体外消化率总的变化趋势趋于一致,第1次刈割＞第2次刈割＞第3次刈割。在不同刈割方案中以4月1日开始刈割的各刈割茬次饲草IVDMD均高于4月16日开始刈割。综合考虑饲草产量和品质,适当推迟首次刈割时间有利于提高单位面积饲草产量和可消化干物质产量。     

氮肥用量、刈割高度对饲用苎麻产量、营养品质及败蔸的影响

探讨了氮肥用量和刈割高度对“湘苎3号”(Xiangzhu-3)和“多倍体1号”(Tri-1)饲用产量、营养品质及败蔸的影响,为“湘苎3号”和“多倍体1号”作为饲用作物的开发利用提供理论支持。采用两因素随机区组设计,刈割高度设3个水平,分别是40 cm(D₁)、70 cm(D₂)和100 cm(D₃);氮肥设置3个水平,分别是每次施氮0 kg/hm²(N₁)、92 kg/hm²(N₂)和138 kg/hm²(N₃)。通过测定各处理饲用苎麻鲜物质产量、干物质产量、营养物质含量及败蔸率,对不同氮肥用量和刈割高度处理的苎麻饲用价值进行综合评价。结果表明,氮肥用量和刈割高度对湘苎3号和多倍体1号鲜物质产量、干物质产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维和磷含量影响显著,其中刈割高度是苎麻鲜物质产量、干物质产量和粗纤维有关参数的主要决定因子,湘苎3号粗蛋白含量主要由刈割高度决定,而多倍体1号粗蛋白含量主要由氮肥用量决定。其交互作用对湘苎3号和多倍体1号粗脂肪和粗纤维含量影响显著。在相同刈割高度下,湘苎3号和多倍体1号鲜物质产量、干物质产量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均以N₂处理最高,粗纤维含量随着氮肥用量的增加而降低。在相同氮肥用量下,湘苎3号和多倍体1号粗蛋白、钙和磷含量随刈割高度的增加而降低,生物产量和粗纤维含量随刈割高度的增加而增加。与此同时,多次刈割会引起湘苎3号和多倍体1号不同程度的败蔸。在本试验条件下,湘苎3号和多倍体1号最适合的刈割高度是70~100 cm,氮肥用量是92 kg/hm²。     

不同刈割时期和留茬高度对羊草割草地产量和品质的影响

适宜的留茬高度对羊草割草地的牧草生长与牧草营养品质有着重要的作用。本文以呼伦贝尔羊草割草地为研究对象,研究不同的刈割时期与刈割留茬高度对牧草的经济产量及养分含量的影响。本实验设置3个刈割时间,4个留茬高度,每个处理3次重复,采用随机区组实验设计。结果表明,8月15日刈割的植物群落地上生物量显著高于其他刈割时期;随着刈割时间的推迟,群落ADF和NDF含量先上升后下降。留茬高度2 cm的群落地上生物量显著高于留茬高度8 cm(P<0.05),但与留茬高度5 cm间无显著差异(P>0.05),不同刈割时期不同留茬高度下群落粗蛋白(CP)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。呼伦贝尔羊草割草地适宜刈割时间为8月15日左右,以留茬高度2-5 cm为宜。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.