Effect of bovine hypodermosis on various health indicators of milk in first-calvers]

The effect of the last developmental phase of the warble fly (Hypoderma bovis de Greer) larvas was studied as exerted on some health indices of milk in 20 experimental (treated) and 18 control (untreated) first-calvers of the Pinzgau breed at two localities of an area affected by bovine hypodermosis in the period from May to June, 1975. The preparation Hypocid, at a dose of 15 ml per 100 kg of body weight, was applied externally in the lumbosacral region to the experimental animals in November, 1974. Throughout the experimental period (61 days) the milk was repeatedly examined bacteriologically and cytologically, the content of chlorides and the milk electric conductivity were determined. In none of the followed health indices of milk were significant differences in the values obtained from experimental and control first-calvers proved statistically.     

Therapy of hypodermyiasis in heifers from the economic point of view]

The test set of animals consisted of sixty one- to two-year-old heifers of the Slovak Spotted and Pinzgau breeds kept at three sites. The Hypocid preparation (containing 40% trichlorphon) in the dose of 15 ml per 100 kg of live weight was applied to these cows by the lavage method in the sacrolumbar region of the spine in 1973. Another group, consisting of 58 heifers, was left untreated as controls. In the experimental period extending over 158, 150 and 120 days at different sites (143 days on an average), weight gains and the health condition of the experimental and control animals were checked in monthly intervals. The average extensity of invasion in the control heifers was 79.31% and the intensity of invasion was 14.58%. The extenseffectiveness of Hypocid (EE) was 97.90% and the intenseffectiveness of the preparation (IE) was 99.99%. The results prove a negative effect of hypodermatosis on the weight gains of untreated heifers and high profitability of the therapy: after subtraction of the costs of therapy the savings were 1.74, 3.88 and 2.25 crowns per kg gain per day (2.62 crowns on an average). The veterinary measures gave the following savings per each crown expended: 2,243.55; 3,066.85 and 922.83 crowns (depending on site).     

奶牛日粮添加"NPN"补充料试验研究

[目的]为了解"NPN"的饲喂效果.[方法]选取年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳阶段、日产奶量相近的中低产奶牛24头,随机区组为试验组和对照组,每组12头.对山西省现代农业研究中心和山西省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所联合开发的专利产品"反刍动物'NPN'补充料"进行了为期70 d的应用试验.[结果]表明:试验组12头奶牛70 d总产...     

复合酶制剂对奶牛生产性能的影响

[目的]本试验研究了在日粮中添加复合酶制剂对泌奶牛生产性能的影响。[方法]采用奶牛一般饲喂方法,设立对照组和试验组。[结果]表明,在日粮中添加0.1%"天多利"奶牛复合酶,试验组(21.62kg)比对照组(20.75kg)提高产奶量4.19%,差异极显著(P<0.01);平均乳脂率比对照组提高了3.38%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验期间,试验组每头泌乳牛平均每天获毛利23.55元,对照组每头泌乳牛平均每天获毛利20.43元,试验组比对照组每头多盈利3.12元,增收效益明显。[结论]试验表明,奶牛日粮中添加加0.1%"天多利"奶牛复合酶,可显著提高奶牛的产奶量和乳脂率,提高奶牛养殖的经济效益。     

The effect of cellulase on calves fed an acidified milk diet]

The purpose of this research was to establish the influence of 3 j Cx cellulase applied per gram of COT concentrate mixture, fed in combination with a milk diet acidified by formic acid to the value of pH 4.6, on calf growth performance in one metabolism and two field experiments. In the metabolism experiment two groups of calves, with six animals in each, were fed acidified whole milk, which was diluted stage by stage till weaning at 60 days of age. The average live weight gain in the control at the end of the milk feeding period, i.e. from 14 to 60 days of age, was 29.90 kg. This corresponds to a daily live weight gain of 0.650 g. The total live weight gain of male calves in the experimental group was 29.30 kg, corresponding to a daily live weight gain of 0.638 g (Tab. I). Tab. II shows the average feed and nutrient intakes per kg live weight gain. The calves which received the enzyme supplement tend to have the higher feed conversion rate. During the forage feeding period, i.e. from 61 to 90 days of age, the average daily live weight gains were 1.10 kg and 0.980 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively (Tab. III). The average live weight of 90 days old male calves was 107.70 kg and 103.90 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively. The amount of consumed nutrients (digestible protein and starch units); in relation to the total feed intakes, is lower in the experimental groups, which proves the higher feed conversion rate (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。选择胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳牛30头,随机分为2组,即试验组和对照组,试验组每日在TMR中添加复合酶制剂50g。结果显示,试验组奶牛日均产奶量对比照组提高了6．6％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验组乳蛋白率比对照组提高0．19％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳脂率比对照组提高0．3％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳糖含量比对照组提高0．2％;经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利3．88K。说明每日在奶牛TMR中添加50g复合酶,可提高奶牛产奶量,改善牛奶品质,增加经济效益。     

Bovine hypodermosis—a global aspect

Cattle hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a notorious veterinary problem throughout the world. Larvae of Hypoderma species cause a subcutaneous myiasis of domesticated and wild ruminants. This disease is caused by, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum in cattle whereas, Hypoderma diana, Hypoderma actaeon, and Hypoderma tarandi, affect roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively. Adults of the cattle grub are commonly known as heel flies, warble flies, bomb flies or gad flies. The biology of hypodermosis is complex because it passes through ecto- as well as endoparasitic stages in the life cycle. The parasitic stage of hypodermosis lasts about 1 year in domesticated as well as in the wild animals, while in the adult stage, a free-living fly lasts only for few days. The diagnosis of hypodermosis is of prime importance for planning treatment and the eradication program. Generally, there are two methods that are routinely used for diagnosis of hypodermosis, i.e., the direct clinical examination and immuno diagnosis by the use of pooled serum and/or milk sample. For the control of hypodermosis, different preparations are available and their use in most of the countries is limited to an individual level but never cover the whole cattle population of a country. Re-infestation in the herd occurs due to the untreated animals that remain the reservoir of the disease. The disease causes huge economic losses in animal production due to the effect of this disease on meat, milk, and the leather industry. It can also affect the general health status as well as the immune system of the body of the diseased animals. As regards the control measures of the disease, different methods have been efficiently practiced and consequently this disease is controlled at national level in many European countries.     

Cattle grub infestation by Hypoderma sp. in Albania and risks for European countries

In order to estimate the presence and the seroprevalence of hypodermosis in Albania, 625 head of cattle were bled during two sampling seasons (i.e. from February to March 2003 and from November to December 2003). The cattle came from three collection sites in Northern (site A), Central (site B) and Southern (site C) Albania. Milk samples were collected monthly from four animals from October 2002 to May 2003 during the lactating period. The animals were also clinically examined for the presence of warbles by manual palpation from April to July 2003 and 2004 and third instar larvae were collected and morphologically identified. Serum and milk samples were processed by ELISA. One hundred and thirty-three (38.6%) out of 344 and 116 (41.3%) out of 281 animals were found to be seropositive for Hypoderma during the first and the second sampling season. In particular, the animals from site C presented the highest percentage of seropositive results (i.e. 72.8% and 97.8% in the first and in second year, respectively) followed by the animals from sites A (i.e. 35.8% and 23.8% in the first and in second year, respectively) and B (i.e. 17.8% and 3.4% in the first and in second year, respectively). The kinetics of anti-Hypoderma antibodies in milk samples showed the highest antibody titres from October to February 2003. All the seropositive animals in both the sampling periods showed the presence of one or more warbles under the skin during April and May 2003 and 2004 and the third-stage larvae collected were morphologically identified as Hypoderma bovis. The results of this survey indicate that hypodermosis is widespread in Albania and that early prophylactic treatments must be carried out accordingly. The hope is not only to reduce the parasitic intensity with obvious benefits for livestock production, but also to avoid the risk of spreading this parasitic disease to neighboring countries.     

Economic significance of the prevention of losses caused by blood-sucking diptera in grazing dairy cows]

It was was demonstrated in an experiment that the blood-sucking dipterous insects adversely affected the efficiency of cows on pasture; these cows showed a significantly decreased milk yield and milk fat percentage. The experiment was conducted in South Bohemia at Chlum u Trebon? where seven species of gnats occurred in considerable abundancy, including the largest populations of Aedes sticticus (Meig.), Ae. cinereus Meig., Ae. vexans Meig. and Ae. punctor Kirby, which represented more than 80% of all gnats, and where gad-flies lived at the same time, represented by 18 species of five genera, chief among which were the species Tabanus bromius (L.) and T. maculicornis (Zett.), forming over 60% of all gad-flies. The experiment with 25 control dairy cows of the Bohemian Spotted breed lasted 62 days (July, August 1977). Diethyltoluamide in a 10% water emulsion was used as repellent with which cows were sprayed (with a special spraying apparatus) in 48h intervals. In the experimental (sprayed) cows, compared with the untreated control cows, milk yield per head per day increased by 6.23%, i. e. 43.56 kg milk, and butterfat percentage increased by 11,81%, representing 3.62 kg per head per day. In conversion to fat-corrected milk (milk with a constant 4% fat content), milk yield increased by 9.69%. In conversion to values per 1000 cows on pasture the net value of milk increased by 709.41 Kcs per day. The return rate of the money expended is 1.31 crowns. The results were statistically significant to highly significant.     

Dairy production practices among smallholder dairy farmers in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts in Western Kenya

A survey was conducted on 176 smallholder dairy farms in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts of Western Kenya to establish the dairy production practices and constraints in the industry. There was low milk production (16.6 kg of milk per capita), which was attributed to the low number of dairy animals. The average land size was 2.4 ha with only 30.3% being allocated to pasture or fodder crops. Farmers with large farms (>2 ha) set aside bigger pieces (1.2 vs 0.4 ha) for pasture/fodder crop cultivation (p < 0.001), owned more (5.25 vs 3.18) dairy animals (p < 0.01) and produced more (9.2 vs 7.5 kg/cow per day) milk (p < 0.05) compared to those on smaller farms of less than 2 ha. The average herd size was 4.2 animals, of which only 45.0% were in milk, producing 8.0 kg/animal per day. Every kilogram of dairy meal fed increased milk production by 0.68 kg (p < 0.001). Over 90% of milk produced was consumed locally. The public institutions provided 74% of total extension services to farmers. About 49.5% of total dairy animals were bought from other districts owing to scarcity.     

不同方式处理的全株玉米青贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

[目的]探究不同方式制备的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛后,对其生产性能和经济效益的影响。[方法]选定中国荷斯坦牛开展全株玉米青贮饲喂试验。将28头奶牛随机分为对照组和试验组,每组14头。前者饲喂不添加菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮,后者饲喂添加青贮菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮。统计各组奶牛日均干物质采食量、日均产奶量、料重比、乳脂率和乳蛋白率,计算各组奶牛日均经济效益和试验期总经济效益。[结果]采用添加青贮菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛后,奶牛日均干物质采食量和料奶比与对照组差异不显著,但日均产奶量、平均乳脂率和乳蛋白率显著提高（P<0.05）。每头牛日均产奶量增加1.91 kg,乳脂率增加0.22个百分点,乳蛋白率增加0.06个百分点。试验组经济效益明显提高,每头牛日均经济效益增加4.73元,正试期内总经济效益增加1 986.60元。[结论]采用添加青贮菌剂的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛,能有效提高奶牛的生产性能和经济效益。     

酵母蛋白饲喂泌乳奶牛试验报告

本试验通过在荷斯坦泌乳牛日粮中添加酵母蛋白部分替代豆粕,研究其对泌乳牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳成分及身体健康情况的影响,选取400头胎次、产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦泌乳牛分为对照组和试验组各200头,试验组每头牛每天饲喂500g酵母蛋白,通过60d的试验,结果表明试验组和对照组奶牛平均日产奶量差异不显著（P〉0.05）,分别为32.54kg/d与32.34kg/d。在产奶量不变的基础上,试验组平均干物质采食量降低1.7kg（DM）/d,产奶效率提高,与对照组相比差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

Effect of anthelmintic treatment of second-year cattle on growth performance during winter housing and first lactation yield

The effect of nematode infections on growth performance during winter housing and on first lactation yield was investigated in heifers on 69 farms. Half of each herd was treated with albendazole after housing, which resulted in significantly reduced egg output, antibody titres against Ostertagia and Cooperia, and pepsinogen values compared with the untreated control groups. Albendazole-treated groups gained on average 0.007 cm day-1 heart girth (i.e. 0.05 kg day-1) more than control groups during the housing period (P less than or equal to 0.10), varying from -0.060 to +0.137 cm day-1 among herds. Albendazole-treated heifers produced 195.4 kg milk per 305-day lactation more than untreated heifers (P less than 0.01). Per herd, the mean milk yield response to treatment was +313.8 kg milk (P less than 0.01), varying from -876 to +1950 kg. Milk production of untreated heifers increased by 10.5 kg milk kg-1 extra body weight, adjusted for age, measured after the second grazing season (P less than 0.05). This suggests that nematode infections occurring in the first 2 years of life negatively influence milk production by reducing weight gains and hence body weight at calving.     

Milk production increase following treatment of Dutch dairy cattle with thiabendazole

Summary In a trial involving 542 dairy cattle on 28 farms, 276 were treated once with thiabendazole within two days of calving. The treated group showed an average increase in milk yielded over the non-return group of 229.8 kg during the subsequent lactation. In the treated group, total milk fat production was increased over that of the controls by 7.4 kg per cow; milk protein was increased by 6.9 kg per cow. All treatment parameter differences were highly significant at the 1% level of probability.     

Durably controlling bovine hypodermosis

Cattle hypodermosis, due to insect larvae, is widely spread over the northern hemisphere. Very efficient insecticides are available and their use in most countries are done on an individual level but never cover the whole cattle population of a country. Untreated animals remain the reservoir of the disease and annually re-infest the cattle population. The economic effects of this disease on animal production (meat, milk and the leather industry) but also on the general cattle health status, have led many European countries to launch organised control programs. The first example of definitive hypodermosis control goes back one hundred years ago when Danish farmers eradicated hypodermosis from the Danish islands by manual elimination of the warbles. Since then, more and more European countries have considered the feasibility and economic returns of such programs. The various factors which foster these programs are related to (i) biological factors, (parasite cattle specificity, synchronous biological cycles of both species of insects involved), (ii) the development of more and more efficient insecticides used only once a year by systemic application, with high efficiency at very low dosages against the first larval stage of Hypoderma spp., (iii) the development of acute techniques of detection of the disease for the monitoring of hypodermosis free countries and (iv) the durable successful results obtained in more and more European countries. Although the programs were imposed by different partners of the livestock channel production (farmers, dairy industry, leather industry) and have been engaged within the last 50 years in many European countries (Denmark, The Netherlands, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Germany, France and Switzerland) common features have emerged among these different eradication programs. They all need a preliminary statement of the economic impact of this pest and the farmers' awareness of the economic returns of such programs. The programs' efficacy depends: (i) on a good knowledge ofthe epidemiology of the parasites, (ii) on the simultaneous implementation of the control program on the whole national cattle population whatever the structure monitoring the treatments (veterinary services, farmers association), (iii) on a national Warble fly legislation making the treatments compulsory and (iv) on an acute epidemiological survey as soon as the status of a hypodermosis free country is reached and the treatments are suspended. The sanitary and financial returns of such programs are a benefit to all the partners of livestock production, to the quality of the environment and to the consumers.     

Milk Production Effect of a Morantel Tartrate Treatment at Calving in Dairy Cows with Subclinical Parasitism

A field trial involving 217 dairy cows from 13 herds located in four different areas of Quebec was conducted to determine the level of subclinical parasitism. The effect on milk production was evaluated on 116 cows following a single anthelmintic treatment with morantel tartrate administered at freshening. The results showed that this treatment increased milk production in nine herds, which was statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05 in one of the herds and decreased yields in four herds. Overall, this treatment increased milk production by an average of 255 kg per cow for the official 305 day production period. This increase was found to be not statistically significant (P>0.05).     

Milk production increase following treatment of Dutch dairy cattle with thiabendazole

Summary

In a trial involving 542 dairy cattle on 28 farms, 276 were treated once with thiabendazole within two days of calving. The treated group showed an average increase in milk yielded over the non‐return group of 229.8 kg during the subsequent lactation.

In the treated group, total milk fat production was increased over that of the controls by 7.4 kg per cow; milk protein was increased by 6.9 kg per cow. All treatment parameter differences were highly significant at the 1% level of probability.     

Production effects related to mastitis and mastitis economics in dairy cattle herds

Mastitis is the most prevalent production disease in dairy herds world-wide and is responsible for several production effects. Milk yield and composition can be affected by a more or less severe short-term depression and, in case of no cure, by a long-acting effect, and, sometimes, an overlapping effect to the next lactation. Summary values in the literature for losses of milk production were proposed at 375 kg for a clinical case (5% at the lactation level) and at 0.5 kg per 2-fold increase of crude SCC of a cow. Due to the withdrawal period after treatment, composition changes in milk can almost be neglected in economic calculations. Lethality rate for clinical mastitis is very low on the average, while anticipated culling occurs more frequently after clinical and subclinical mastitis (relative risk between 1.5 and 5.0). The economics of mastitis needs to be addressed at the farm level and, per se, depends on local and regional epidemiological, managerial and economic conditions. To assess the direct economic impact of mastitis, costs (i.e. extra resource use) and losses (i.e. reduced revenues) have to be aggregated. To support decision making for udder health control, it is necessary to use a marginal approach, based on the comparison of the losses avoided and the additional costs of modified plans, compared to the existing ones.     

Assessment of cattle grub (Hypoderma spp.) prevalence in northeastern Italy: an immunoepidemiological survey on bulk milk samples using ELISA

Hypodermosis is a myiasis of cattle mainly found in the Northern Hemisphere. In Italy it has been reported primarily in southern regions with a farm prevalence reaching a peak of 85%, while few data are available in the north of the country.This paper reports the results of a serological survey carried out on hypodermosis in Vicenza province (northeastern Italy). During January and February 1999, bulk milk samples were collected from 224 dairy farms and tested, using an hypodermosis ELISA kit. Epidemiological data, such as farm location, herd size, number of cows, grazing management, treatments against Hypoderma larvae, presence of imported animals, were gathered and statistically analysed in relation to the serological results. In 15 farms the presence of warbles was monitored by manual palpation and larvae collected for identification.Ninety-seven (43.3%) samples were detected as positive, whereas 12 (5.4%) and 115 (51.3%) were inconclusive and negative, respectively.Thirteen farms were positive upon parasitological examination and the larvae collected were identified as Hypoderma bovis.Seroprevalence was highly correlated with the practice of free grazing and slightly, but significantly, correlated with the number of cows on the farm. The mean antibody level of positive herds was significantly higher on farms without imported animals. On farms with warbled animals there was a high inverse correlation between antibody level and quantity of milk in the tanks and the number of lactating cows.The ELISA test on bulk milk samples has been shown, under field conditions, to be a useful, cost-effective and easy test for the diagnosis of bovine hypodermosis.     

饲用甜菜块根混贮饲喂荷斯坦牛的试验研究

采用75%切碎的饲用甜菜根茎与15%芦苇草粉、8%棉籽壳及2%玉米粉进行混合青贮,并替代荷斯坦奶牛常规日粮中的部分玉米青贮,进行饲喂对比试验。结果表明,饲用甜菜混贮饲料干物质含量为27.8%、粗蛋白含量为2.76%、粗脂肪含量为0.92%、粗纤维含量为11.28%、粗灰分含量为3.23%、钙含量为0.10%和磷含量为0.04%。饲用甜菜混贮饲料等量替代10kg奶牛日粮中的玉米青贮饲喂奶牛,试验组比对照组每头奶牛日平均产奶量降低0.09kg,试验末期对照组和试验组的乳蛋白率分别为3.17%和3.18%,乳脂率分别为3.66%和3.73%,分析结果表明,产奶量及乳品质差异均不显著。可见饲用甜菜块根混贮是一种较好的饲料,可以替代玉米青贮饲喂奶牛,混贮是饲用甜菜块根一种理想的贮藏方法。