冷地早熟禾种子生产的优化栽培技术研究

采用３因素５水平二次回归正交组合设计试验,建立了冷地早熟种子产量（Ｙ）与播种量（Ｘ１）、行距（Ｘ２）和施肥量（Ｘ３）的回归方程：Ｙ＝４２．６１＋５．０１Ｘ１－７．８１Ｘ２＋７．７７Ｘ３＝２．２１Ｚ１Ｘ２＋１．４１Ｘ１Ｘ３－０．４１Ｘ２Ｘ３＝４．６４Ｘ１＾２＋６．３６Ｘ２＾２＋８．５６Ｘ３＾２;并提出西宁地区冷地早熟禾种子生产的优化农艺措施,播咎量８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,播种行距２０－３０ｃｍ,种肥１５０     

“利用荒漠和盐碱地建立人工草地的研究”总结报告

课题在柴达木盆地实施，４年的研究结果：①碱茅是利用盐渍地建立人工草地的首选牧草，可在中一重度含盐量（０．５％～１．４７％）的土壤上生长，种植第三年产青于草４５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２；②在荒漠地区采用围栏封育２年产量比对照提高３．９１倍，封育＋灌溉提高４．２９倍，灌溉＋补播＋封育提高１．４２～６．２倍；③用沙棘、小红柳、绵柳建立物围栏５ＫＭ，成活率分别为７６％，９６．８％和９４％；④以单位面积粗蛋白产量     

黄河故道沙荒草地生物量及营养价值特性研究

对黄河故道沙荒草地生物量季节变化规律以及牧草营养物质出动态进行了分析，结果表明：（１）沙荒草地牧草生物量的增长呈二次曲线变化规律：ｙ＝１／（３．７９×１０＾－７ｔ＾２－９．３２×１０＾－５ｔ＋７．８３×１０＾－３），并且其生物量在９月份达到最大值；（２）从５月份开始沙荒草地牧草营养价值逐渐降低，且于物质消化率（ＤＭＤ）与其粗蛋白质（ＣＰ），木质素（ＬＩＧ）含量分别表现为显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９４）和     

利用荒漠和盐碱地建立人工草地的效益分析

１９９１～１９９２年，在海西州德令哈市利用荒漠建立半人工草地８６．１ｈｍ＾２，利用盐碱弃耕地建立人工草地７４．６ｈｍ＾２，取得了明显的生态、社会和经济效益，建植第三年的沙打旺人工草地植被盖度由原来的１５％提高至７０％～８０％，耕层（０－３０ｃｍ）总盐平均含量由原来的９．３ｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，下降１．２３ｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，脱盐率达８６．２６％，在受益期内，１６０．７ｈｍ＾２人工、半人工草地可新增牧草３６０     

蛋鸡饲喂稀土饲料添加剂的效果

１９９５年１１月到１９９６年７月在平安县种鸡场对罗曼商品代蛋鸡进行２３４ｄ饲喂稀土试验。试验设４个组，每组２９５只。试验１，２，３组鸡日粮中分别添加０．０１％、０．０１５％和０．０２％的ＲＣＴ－３有机稀土饲料添加剂，对照组鸡不喂稀土。结果：试验１，２，３组母鸡日产蛋总重比对照组鸡分别提高１３．９１％（Ｐ＜０．０１），８．３６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和０．９７％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；产蛋率分别提高９．５９，５．７２和０．８３百分点；只均纯收入增加８．５２元，５．０１元和０．２１元。     

NH565型方草捆捡拾打捆机引进使用效果分析

本文对ＮＨ５６５型方草捆捡拾打捆机的机械性能，应用效果以及经济效益进行了研究。通过３年的中间生产试验，结果表明，该机具有使用的可靠性达９５％以上，成捆率为８６．５％，草捆密度可达１７４．６ｋｇ／ｍ＾３，牧草损失率为８％～１０％，经济效益显著，利用成本原理进行盈亏分析，年作业量只要达到３２．３ｈｍ＾２，即可盈亏平衡，通过对机具敏感度分析，表明机具的每公顷收费标准，使用寿命和年利用率是影响经济效益的主     

高寒地区牧草引种栽培试验研究

本试验于１９９３年在青海省晏牧场进行，共引２５种优良耐寒２抗旱牧草品种。通过一年的研究，间比淘汰、筛选出３种豆科牧草，５种本科牧草。其中，禾本科草产干草４６６７．７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，豆科牧草干草产量１２００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。经营养成分分析，８种牧草的营养成分、适口性均高于当地栽培的燕麦品种，而燕麦品种高于天然草场牧草品种。     

手术治绵羊脑包虫病

１手术过程１．１术前虫体寄生部位的确定可根据临床表现，确定虫体寄生部位。１．２有效手术区域及中心区定位在两眶上孔后１．５cm处作连线（间距为５cm）作为脑室的前壁起点，向后８cm与顶间骨后缘凹陷处（作为大脑室的后壁）形成８×５cm的长方形有效手术区域。有效区域中心部位，骨厚度最薄为３．５～４．５mm，但无角羊与有角羊有所区别。１．２．１无角绵羊定位：有效手术区域前后壁骨厚均为７～８mm，中心区（５×５cm）厚度为３．５～４．５mm，选择中心区为手术通路最理想。１．２．２有角绵羊定位：由于有角羊常顶架头骨易变形，…     

安宁河流域鸭瘟、鸭霍乱综合防制研究Ⅰ．鸭瘟母源抗体测定

本试验测定了母鸭免疫后不同时期所产雏鸭的母源抗体及其卵黄吸收情况。结果表明：（１）１～４周龄雏鸭血清中均含母源抗体，在１～３周内可获得不同程度保护。５～８ｄ为母抗高峰期，保护率１００％（６／６），３～４ｄ和１０～１４ｄ的保护率８３．３％（５／６），２０ｄ后保护率不到５０％。（２）同居感染结果，５日龄保护８０％（４／５），１０日龄保护４０％（２／５），１５日龄２０％（１／５），２０，２５日龄均无存活。（３）正常情况（脐带收得好）下，出壳７２ｈ卵黄吸收率达８４．８％，１２０ｈ吸收率９５．１％，１７２ｈ几乎全部（９８．９％）吸收。     

对新城疫CS2株与4株疫苗毒株有关性能的比较

对鸡新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）中等毒力毒株ＣＳ２株、ＮＤⅠ系、Ｒｏｋｉｎ、Ｋｏｍｅｒｏｖ和低毒力ＬａＳｏｔａ株病毒的脑内致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）、鸡胚的半数感染量（ＥＩＤ５０）等指标进行了测定,结果是ＩＣＰＩ分别为１．２７～１．５２、１．６６～１．７０、１．４６、１．４３和０．２９～０．５;ＥＩＤ５０分别为１０＾７．５、１０＾７．５≥１０＾８．５、１０＾＾７．９和≥１０＾８．５／０．１ｍｌ。用１０倍剂量的ＣＳ２株病毒注射１月龄和１．５月龄ＳＰＥ雏鸡,均安全无不良反应,测定ＣＳ２株病毒保存期,结果在－２０℃保存６年的鸡胚２代（Ｅ２）、鸡胚６代（Ｅ６）、鸡胚１０代（Ｅ１０）毒的ＥＩＤ５０均≥１０＾７．５／０．１ｍｌ。ＮＤＣＳ２株病毒的各项指标均在中等毒力范围内,对鸡胚的半数感染量仍保持原毒（Ⅰ系）的特性,ＩＣＰＩ比原毒有所下     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein